高放废物处置系统地下水同位素特征

在高放废物处置库场地特性评价中,对于深地质处置方案而言,最有可能使放射性核素进入生物圈的机制是地下水的迁移,因此,水文地质研究是场址预选和评价中的一个重要内容.本文以甘肃北山预选区旧井地段为例,根据地下水同位素数据,结合所获得的地质、水文数据和信息,分析研究了研究区基岩地下水的起源、形成、演化和循环特征.研究表明,北山预选区旧井地段,深部地下水和浅部地下水均源自大气降水的补给,弱含水、低渗透、低流速是该区的主要水文地质特征.     

根据地球物理场特征评价核废物处置场址——对疏勒河断裂带稳定性评价

以疏勒河断裂带中段及其以北的北山地区遥感地质图象特征为基础，从该地区地球物理场（包括磁场、电磁场、射气场和地温场）特征的角度，对建造高放废物处置库的稳定性进行评价，得出结论：疏勒河断裂带中段及其北山地区的地质稳定性较好，是高放废物处置库选址的有利地区。     

高放废物处置库北山预选区岩体筛选定量研究

以北山预选岩体的地学数据集成为基础、GIS技术为支撑,开展预选区众多岩体筛选特征分析,针对预选区岩体规模、形态与完整性开展定性及定量研究,为北山预选区岩体筛选和评价提供方法与依据。     

高放废物处置库北山预选区地下水同位素组成特征及其意义

在高放废物处置库选址中,场地水文地质条件的认识极为重要,因为任何从处置库释放出来的放射性物质都将通过地下水搬运向人类生存环境或生物圈迁移.甘肃北山地区是我国高放废物处置库的重要预选区之一,位于我国西北甘肃省西北部.为了认识预选区的水文地质条件,从水文地质角度评价其作为高放废物处置库场地的适宜性,在过去的10 a,在该区开展了同位素水文地质调查工作.野外调查和氢、氧稳定同位素分析结果表明,研究区地下水主要源自大气降水补给.浅部地下水主要由现代区内降水补给形成,而深部地下水则可能由地质历史时期降水补给形成;浅部地下水系统具有相对开放性特征,水循环交替能力较强,而深部地下水系统具有相对封闭性特征,水循环交替能力较弱.     

CFC在中国高放废物处置库预选区地下水研究中的应用

本文介绍了地下水测年的CFC方法及其原理,并将这种方法实际应用于我国高放废物处置库预选区--甘肃北山地区的水文地质研究,结果表明,研究区内沟谷洼地浅部地下水的CFC年龄在15~26 a,基岩裂隙浅部地下水多为不含CFC的老水与含CFC的新水的混合水.在描述了确定混合比方法的基础上,根据样品CFC含量计算了研究区地下水的混合比.与氚相比,CFC是目前年轻地下水测年更好的工具,具有更多的优越性.     

高放废物处置库芨芨槽预选场址深部地下水同位素研究

深地质处置是目前国际上普遍接受的高放废物安全处置方案.对于这种方案而言,安全处置高放废物的前提是选择适宜的场址,而场址的适宜性在很大程度上取决于其水文地质条件.高放废物处置库场址需要低渗透岩体作为处置库围岩,对于低渗透岩体而言,经典和传统的水文地质研究方法受到了很大的限制,而同位素技术与其他水文地质方法结合时,却能发挥出良好的作用.本文以目前我国高放废物处置库预选场址之一的芨芨槽场址为例,重点讨论了同位素方法在花岗岩体场址水文地质研究中的应用.根据钻孔不同深度的地下水环境同位素(δD、δ18O、3H和14C)组成特征,结合场址水文地质条件,识别了区内地下水的来源,揭示了控制地下水运移交替速率的主要因素.结果表明,该区深部地下水14C年龄高达8000 a左右,说明其交替、运移十分缓慢,但同时也含有少量的氚,说明地下水以侧向补给的“老水”为主,接受当地大气降水入渗补给的“新水”所占比例很小.此外,通过地下水14C年龄与取样段岩芯采取率的对比,认识到对于区内的花岗岩体而言,决定地下水交替、运移速率的主要因素是裂隙的发育程度,而不是深度.     

Seismological hazard assessment for a site in Northern Germany, an area of low seismicity

Potential sites of nuclear waste deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany are situated in areas of low seismicity. Nevertheless, seismic hazard assessment has to be performed for a very long time period in order to prove the facilities of the repositories able to withstand seismic induced loads; even though there is a considerable debate whether or not it is possible to quantify the seismic risk in such an area.

A combination of deterministic and probabilistic methods is used to assess the seismic hazard for a site in Northern Germany, fulfilling the standards of the German building code for nuclear power plants. As an example, the site of the former iron ore mine Konrad is investigated. The deterministic method is based on the assumption that the strongest earthquakes inside a tectonic region can happen everywhere there, also near the selected site. For the probabilistic method, several models describing the seismicity in an area of 200 km around the site are used to show the influence of the variability in input parameters, like the maximum intensity of each source region on the exceeding probability of the site intensity. It can be shown that the seismic hazard of a site in an area of low seismicity is mainly caused by the effects of distant but strong source regions and the background seismicity for very low probabilities.

Probabilistic evaluation has the advantage of quantifying the seismic risk. But deterministic and probabilistic methods together seem a practical tool for mutual control of the results and to overcome the weakness of each approach alone. The historical German earthquake catalog with an observation period of about 1200 years is the basis for the input data for a probabilistic model. From a deep knowledge of geological development and structural geology, the time history of the surrounding faults is developed. Indications were found that the nearest and most important fault was active at least 5 Ma ago. The combination of both seismicity and tectonics provides the basis for a long term prognostic with probabilities of exceedance in the order of 10⁻⁵ per year.

For the investigated site the following parameters were derived: site intensity as a function of exceeding probability; site acceleration; strong motion duration; site dependent response spectra for the surface and the underground inside the mine.     

Application of Dimensional Analysis in Calibration of a Discrete Element Model for Rock Deformation and Fracture

Summary A discrete element approach was used in the simulation of rock fracture. The numerical synthetic material was made of rigid circular particles or cylinders that have interaction through normal and shear springs. The cylinders were bonded to each other at the contact points to withstand the applied loads. To characterize the microscopic properties of this synthetic material, a dimensional analysis approach was presented. It was shown that the dimensionless parameters and graphs obtained were useful tools for fast and efficient calibration of a synthetic material. This calibration method was employed for finding a numerical model for Pennsylvania Blue Sandstone. The numerical model could mimic many deformational and failure characteristics of the sandstone in both conventional and some non-conventional stress paths.     

岩体裂隙饱和/非饱和渗流机理初步研究

基于裂隙局部开度为平行板模型的假定,按一定分布抽样生成裂隙面上开度随机数,并分别对单裂隙饱和及非饱和渗流进行了数值模拟.裂隙饱和及非饱和渗流在渗流机理上都是由于水势差引起的,只不过在非饱和渗流情形下,湿润相水压力小于非湿润相空气的压力.饱和渗流时,水流主要集中在大开度,即“沟槽”中;而非饱和渗流时,水流运动多发生在小开度,即“狭缝”中.