Challenges Of Elephant Conservation: Insights From Oral Histories Of Colonialism And Landscape In Tsavo,Kenya

Understanding the reasons for conflict between elephants and people who live adjacent to conservation areas remains key to recruiting them as allies in preserving elephant populations. The Tsavo region of Kenya has become a notable battleground for elephant conservation in East Africa, characterized by ivory poachers, crop damages by elephants in communities adjacent to parks, and electric fencing to control human and wildlife mobility. Oral histories of six ethnic groups reveal how such human‐elephant conflict emerged during colonial times through a landscape transformation process involving elephants, livestock, people, and vegetation. The general trend over the past two centuries involves a transition from a precolonial modality characterized by human and elephant mobility to their increasing immobility, spatial separation, and conflict. Understanding of the historical emergence of that conflict forces recommendation of a change in policy direction, from further reducing mobility to restoration of mobility and spatial reintegration of people in parks. Keywords: colonialism and landscape, East Africa, elephant conservation, historical political ecology.     

海南岛鹿回头珊瑚岸礁沉积物的沉积特征

鹿回头岸礁处于比较平静的水动力条件下,自海向陆,可分出礁体生长带、外礁坪、内礁坪和海滩四个相带.沉积物的分布主要受水动力支配,沉积物粒匪分布和参数变化可以反映水动力条件的变化.通过对岸礁与陆源碎层物组成的无障壁海岸对比,进一步说明岸礁礁体生长带是重要的物源区,岸礁沉积物搬运的距离较短,且受生物、地形等因素的影响. 鹿回头岸礁沉积物的生物组分以软体动物壳屑为主,珊瑚屑次之,二者占总量的87.06%,再依次为钙藻、有孔虫、棘皮动物、苔藓虫和八射珊瑚骨扑.由陆向海,珊瑚、钙藻、有孔虫和苦藓虫层逐渐增加,软体动物壳层和八射珊瑚骨针则递减. 本区水尾岭上升礁剖面自下而上可分为原生礁、礁体生长带、礁坪和海滩四个相带,它代表了高海面渐进型序列.