长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

运用碳稳定同位素进行底栖生物组合环境古盐度的比较研究

从葡萄牙卢西塔尼亚盆地侏罗纪生物底栖组合的化石中选取了５４件样品用作碳稳定同位素成分测试，分析其古盐度。按这种方法所恢复的古盐度数据和按底栖组合分析所得到的古盐度能够较好地吻合，由此可作下列结论：（１）尽管化石壳体的原始稳定同位素值可能会受到成岩作用、生物效应、温度差异等因素的影响，但碳稳定同位素值与氧同位素值相比，其重结晶作用产生的成岩影响很小，生物效应却是非常明显地表现于双壳类壳顶区和壳缘的碳同位素值的差异。（２）碳同位素的古盐度表明，葡萄牙卢酉塔尼亚盆地在侏罗纪时曾是一半咸水海湾，其水体含盐度低于２４‰。，所以生物组合中以机会种和半咸水地方性种占优势。（３）机会种分布于中盐至高半咸水的盐区域，而大部分地方性半咸水种局限于中盐度域．（４）卢西塔尼亚盆地晚侏罗世的牡蛎类生存于真盐和高半成水域，定量的盐度研究可能提供牡蛎类自中生代以来对盐度的适应演化。（５）卢西塔尼亚盆地晚侏罗世双壳类虽然属于半咸水属种，但仍然具有厚壳体大的特征。     

基于数值模拟探讨提高咸水层CO2 封存注入率的途径

咸水层CO2地质封存是减少大气中CO2排放量的有效途径。CO2注入率是衡量咸水层中CO2注入能力的有效因素,因此,研究注入速率的变化规律及提高的措施是很有工程价值的。在很多区域,地层的低渗透性限制了CO2的注入率。针对鄂尔多斯盆地的水文地质条件,通过数值模拟,探讨在低渗透性咸水层中提高CO2注入率的途径,包括改变储层中的盐度、采用水平井注入、增加注入井段的长度以及采取水力压裂等工程措施。其中改变储层中的盐度可通过在注入CO2前向储层中注入一定量的水来实现。模拟结果表明,这些方式可以有效地提高CO2注入率,其中水平井改造方式和水力压裂工程措施效果显著,盐度改造措施在地层初始含盐度较高时,会有更好的效果。研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盆地和类似地区的咸水层CO2地质封存项目提供参考。     

近50年来降水变化和人类活动对黄河入海径流通量的影响

以黄河流域的降水、实测径流量、天然径流量、净引水量以及上中游流域的水土保持措施面积等资料为基础,运用经验统计分析法,研究了近50年来黄河入海径流通量的变化及其与降水和人类活动的关系。结果表明,不同的径流来源区降水的变化对入海径流通量的影响是不同的。引水所形成的侧支循环强度的急剧增大,使入海径流通量大幅度下降。上中游大规模水土保持生效后,这一地区的天然年径流有所减少,也导致入海径流通量的减少,入海径流通量与历年梯田、造林、种草面积之间具有一定的负相关。以入海径流通量作为因变量,以净引水量、流域年降水量和上中游梯田、林草面积作为自变量,建立了多元回归方程。     

渭河上游水利水保措施的减水减沙效应分析

依据渭河上游实测水文资料和水利水保措施统计数据, 分析了流域水文要素和水利水保措施的变化规律。根据双累积曲线、 有序聚类、 Lee-Heghinan、 滑动T检验等方法, 结合流域内水利水保措施的变化, 将研究期分为基准期（1956 - 1981年）和措施期（1982 - 2016年）。采用水量平衡法, 分析还原了河流天然径流量和输沙量, 评价了水利工程取用耗水的减水减沙作用; 分别建立拟合了基准期和措施期年径流量、 年输沙量与年降水量的相关公式, 分析计算了措施期的减水减沙效应。结果表明： 基准期主要为水利工程减水减沙, 分别减水6.8%, 减沙3.9%; 措施期综合减水效应42.9%, 综合减沙效应76.5%, 水保措施减水减沙效应大于水利工程减水减沙效应, 综合减沙效应大于综合减水效应。     

河西内陆河径流对气候变化的响应及其流域适应性水资源管理研究

为探讨河西地区内陆河径流对气候变化的响应, 选取1955-2008年石羊河、黑河和疏勒河的河流流量资料进行计算和分析. 结果表明: 50多年来, 石羊河年径流总体呈明显下降趋势, 黑河呈略有增加趋势, 疏勒河呈明显增加趋势, 地域上呈现愈往西部的河流年径流量增加愈明显. 三大河流进入1990年代后有下降趋势, 进入21世纪均有明显增多趋势. 三大河流径流对气候变化有不同响应, 石羊河流域主要受季风气候影响, 气候变暖, 蒸发加剧, 水分散失量大, 是造成径流减少的主要原因;黑河和疏勒河流域主要受西风带环流影响, 径流增多的重要原因是气候变暖降水明显增多. 为减缓气候变化对流域水资源利用的不利影响, 在分析三大内陆河流量对气候变化响应特征的基础上, 提出了适应性水资源管理的建议. 建议应提高水资源利用效率;改变生产方式, 调整农业种植业结构与布局;加大祁连山自然保护区建设, 搞好水资源可持续利用;积极开发祁连山丰富的空中云水资源、哺育祁连山冰川等流域适应性水资源管理对策, 对流域进行综合治理与开发利用, 这些措施和对策将为流域水资源开发提供科学依据.     

环状河网水质模型在水污染控制规划中的应用

结合一维圣维南方程及CSTR水质概念模型的机理,开发了平原环状河网非稳态水质模型,并用于温州市温瑞塘河水污染控制规划的编制中。模型由水文子模型和水质子模型两部分构成,描述了水体中COD、氨氮和DO浓度随时间、空间的动态变化。利用新开发的模型,采用试错法,估算了河网的水环境容量,并以此为基础确定了远、近期污染物排放控制目标;通过研究水质恢复的滞后性,提出可以采取引水冲污、人工曝气复氧等非常规措施来改善河网水质;并且利用情景分析方法,分别设定不同流量与不同开闸方式相组合的9种冲污情景,定量化探讨了引水冲污方案;根据曝气复氧对河网水质改善的作用特征,筛选出需要曝气复氧的重点河段和次重点河段。     

Water resource management problems in Romania

Water supply is an important contextual theme in programme of planned economic development. Using the Romanian example it is shown how increasingly heavy demands for water call for a more sophisticated approach to planning in each drainage basin, with measures to increase water storages and reduce pollution. Such activity can also bring important benefits for navigation, flood control and hydroelectricity output. Substantial investment in multi-purpose projects is now required by the economy which is, nevertheless, hardpressed to generate the financial and technical resources that are required. At the same time it is shown how the theme of water resource management, taken in historical perspective, can act as a theme for analytical regional geography. River navigation (backed up with schemes for flood control and hydroelectricity generation) constituted a powerful stimulus in the nineteenth century. Hydroelectricity became a more significant factor after the First World War but construction of major projects has been accelerated by a multi-purpose approach, strenghthened recently by the psychological impact of the 1970 and 1975 floods. Finally, with major rivers forming long sections of Romania's international frontiers', relations with neighbouring countries must be considered a critical factor in the development programme.     

基于流域水资源合理配置的塔里木河流域生态调度研究

塔里木河流域近期综合治理已近尾声,众多山区水库及水电开发建设将大规模展开,开展流域生态调度对巩固综合治理已取得的成效,强化水资源统一管理,构建和谐流域具有重要的现实意义. 基于流域已确定实施的水资源分配方案和近10 a来的生态输水实践,分析了生态调度与水资源合理配置的关系以及流域生态调度关键问题、主要技术路线和基本框架结构,计算了流域生态调度关键控制断面阿拉尔断面生态流量,探索了源流区、干流中上游、干流下游生态调度的目标和措施,提出了源流"集中同步组合"、干流"分段耗水控制"、干流下游"地下水位调控"的生态调度方案,以期为流域水资源统一管理、控制性水利工程运行管理和流域生态环境保护提供参考依据.     

Hydrochemical investigation of water from the Pleistocene wells and springs, Jericho area, Palestine

Rising salinity levels is one of the significant signs of water-quality degradation in groundwater. The alluvial Pleistocene wells in the Jericho area, Palestine show high salinity and a high susceptibility to contamination. Future exploitation and management of the water resources under these conditions will require an in-depth understanding of the sources and mechanisms of contamination. The Jericho area is located in the basin of the Jordan Valley. The basin is underlain by alluvial deposits of soil, sand and gravel of Quaternary units Q1 and Q2, and marl clay and evaporites of the upper part of unit Q2. This paper deals with the source of salinity in the wells penetrating these units, using hydrochemical tracers. The study reveals three main zones of different salinity by using different diagnostic hydrochemical fingerprinting as tracers for elucidating the sources of salinity. It was concluded that the most probable sources of salinity are (1) the geological formations of the region, which form inter-fingering layers of both the Samara and Lisan formations of Pleistocene age, where the eastern Arab Project aquifers show the highest amount of sulphate. The location and geological formation of these wells within the Lisan suggested that the source of high sulphate content is the dissociation of gypsum. (2) The NaCl water within the same area may also be upwelling from a deep brine aquifer or from a fresh-water aquifer which contains salt-bearing rocks with particles becoming finer from west to east. This noticeable high TDS to the east should be affected by the rate of pumping from the upper shallow aquifer, especially in the wells of the Arab Project which are in continuous pumping during the year. (3) The third possible source of salinity is from anthropogenic influences. This can be easily shown by the increment of nitrate, bromide and sulphate, depending on whether the location of the well is coincident with urban or agricultural areas. This reflects the addition of agricultural chemical effluents or sewer pollution from adjacent septic tanks which are mainly constructed in top gravel in the Samara layer. Further studies are required, using different geochemical and isotopic techniques, to confirm these suggested salinity sources.The revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the order of the authors.     

陆相断陷咸化湖盆地层水化学场响应及与油气聚集关系——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷为例

东营凹陷古近系水化学场分布与湖盆演化有着良好的对应关系,矿化度从深到浅逐渐降低,体现出沉积环境开放性的增强。高矿化度分布是咸化湖盆重要特征,盐岩溶解、扩散、运移和断裂沟通是其主要成因。在这种高矿化度地层水化学场中主要发育CaCl_2水型,在盆地边缘低矿化度地层水中,以NaHCO_3水型为主,同时发育有少量低—较高矿化度的Na_2SO_4水型和MgCl_2水型。对东营凹陷大量实测地层水及油气性质资料分析表明:东营凹陷CaCl_2水型指示地层封闭性条件较好的还原环境,在该环境中油气藏分布最为广泛,目前发现的高矿化度(100 g/L)油藏与CaCl_2水型相关;低矿化度(10 g/L)NaHCO_3水型指示封闭性条件差、水交替强烈的水文流畅环境,对油气聚集不利,可形成次生油气藏;高矿化度(30～100g/L)的NaHCO_3水型对油气聚集也有利,在该水型中多形成原生油气藏,其成因与地幔高浓度的CO_2运移及断裂通道的沟通作用有关;研究区高矿化度(30 g/L)Na_2SO_4水型的形成与膏盐有关,其中可形成原生油气藏;低矿化度Na_2SO_4水型指示封闭性条件差的氧化环境,对油气聚集不利。研究结果表明,在东营凹陷断陷咸化湖盆中,含NaHCO_3水型的地层环境更能代表地层水交替强烈的开放性沉积环境,而Na_2SO_4水型分布多与硫酸盐有关;东营凹陷表现出高矿化度的NaHCO_3水型和Na_2SO_4水型等异常地层水环境,但在各类型地层水环境中油气藏都有所发现,显示出典型断陷咸化湖盆中水化学场分布特征及与油气成藏之间独特的相互关系。     

黄河流域天然河川径流量演变归因分析

受气候变化和人类活动影响,黄河流域水资源量持续衰减。以往水资源归因分析的研究主要针对气候变化和人类活动对实测径流量衰减的贡献,对天然径流量衰减的原因关注不够,不利于支撑黄河流域水资源高效利用和科学管理。基于黄河二元水循环模型评价不同时期黄河流域天然河川径流量,并采用多因素归因分析方法分析主要影响因素对天然河川径流量衰减的贡献。结果表明,2016年水平年情景相比于1956—1979年水平年情景,花园口断面多年平均天然河川径流量减少114.6亿m³,其中气候变化、下垫面变化和社会经济取用水影响的贡献率分别为24.4%、25.0%和50.6%。从分区来看,兰州以上气候变化是主导因素,兰州以下人类活动是主导因素。为遏制天然河川径流量衰减的趋势,促进黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展,应加强深度节水、刚性控水、适度增水、强化管水和立法护水。     

The role of deuterium excess in determining the water salinisation mechanism: A case study of the arid Tarim River Basin,NW China

Understanding the water salinisation mechanism is the basis for regional salt management. Mineral dissolution, evaporation and transpiration are the main factors controlling natural water salinity in arid inland basins; however, the two are difficult to differentiate. Because deuterium excess decreases during evaporation and is unrelated to the isotopic composition of the initial water, it is a potential tool for determining the contribution of the evapoconcentration of a given water body using the relationship between deuterium excess and salinity rather than between δ¹⁸O (or δ²H) and salinity. In this paper, the relationship between the residual water fraction and deuterium excess was derived from the Rayleigh distillation equation. The contribution of evapoconcentration and mineral dissolution and/or transpiration for a given water body can be determined by comparing the residual water fraction and salinity between the initial water and the evapoconcentrated water. The extremely arid Tarim River Basin in NW China is taken as an example to demonstrate deuterium excess and salinity evolution from the source stream to river water, lake/reservoir water and groundwater. The results show that mineral dissolution contributes most of the salinity (67–77%) for Boston Lake and the Kongque and Tarim rivers relative to the source stream. Mineral dissolution and/or transpiration contribute greater salinity (73–99.6%) to the groundwater recharged by the river water in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River. The study provides a method for determining the salinisation mechanism and is important for salt movement and management.     

Alternative water management options to reduce vulnerability for climate change in the Netherlands

Urbanization, land subsidence and sea level rise will increase vulnerability of the urbanized low-lying areas in the western part of the Netherlands. In this article possibilities are explored to reduce vulnerability of these areas by implementing alternative water management options. Two main water management fields are distinguished, water supply and flood control. A four-component vulnerability framework is presented that includes threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity, and adaptive capacity. By using the vulnerability framework it is shown that current water supply and flood control strategies in the Netherlands focus on increasing threshold capacity by constructing higher and stronger dikes, improved water storage and delivery infrastructure. A complete vulnerability decreasing strategy requires measures that include all four capacities. Flood damage reduction, backup water supply systems and emergency plans are measures that can contribute to increasing coping capacity. Recovery capacity can be increased by multi-source water supply, insurance, or establishing disaster funds. Adaptive capacity can be developed by starting experiments with new modes of water supply and urbanization. Including all four components of the vulnerability framework enables better understanding of water and climate related vulnerability of urban areas and enables developing more complete water management strategies to reduce vulnerability.     

黄河流域水循环演变若干问题的研究

从若干方面的研究结果揭示了黄河流域水循环发生的巨大变化.水循环是水资源科学评价与合理开发利用的基本依据.水循环主要要素的变化取决于气候条件的变化与人类活动的影响.对前者宜采用适应性对策,在研究气候变化的基础上,分析水循环变动的规律并预测其趋势,制定相应的适应性措施;对于后者则应加强水资源开发利用的科学管理,以维持流域天然水资源的可更新(可再生)性.     

青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性分析

为查明青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性及其理化特性与湖塘分布之间的关系,选取青藏工程走廊楚玛尔河至风火山段为研究区域,沿青藏公路从北向南依次选取19个热融湖塘进行水深、面积等几何特征调研并取水样,进行阴阳离子等理化参数测定。分析了热融湖塘水的理化特性,并结合调研资料探讨了热融湖塘理化特性与区域环境及湖塘分布之间的相关性。结果表明在3个研究亚区湖的水理化特性有较大差别,楚玛尔河高平原从北向南湖水矿化度逐渐升高,水质由淡水向咸水再到强咸水过渡,主要与该区域"碟"状湖的分布特征和寒旱多风及蒸发量大有关;可可西里山区和北麓河盆地的湖水矿化度较低,水质以弱咸水或淡水为主。这两个亚区湖较深,地形以丘陵盆地为主,降低了湖面的蒸发量。     

Capacity development as a key factor for integrated water resources management (IWRM): improving water management in the Western Bug River Basin,Ukraine

There is growing consensus in the global water community that the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is only the starting point in the IWRM implementation process. This paper proposes that special attention should be drawn to well-elaborated and adapted Capacity Development (CD). It is argued that measures for solving existing water problems can only be sustainable and effective, if the knowledge generated about possible solutions is deeply rooted within the originating region. General guidelines for CD and knowledge transfer are elaborated, and these constitute the basis for region-specific CD strategies as exemplified in the Ukrainian Western Bug River Basin, one of five model regions within the International Water Research Alliance Saxony (IWAS). As a first step towards improving river basin management, situation analysis and capacity assessment are undertaken to evaluate social and political circumstances, identify relevant stakeholders, existing competencies, and antici- pated difficulties in establishing an operational IWRM and appropriate tailor-made measures are proposed. The experiences gained during this process indicate that neither IWRM nor CD can be expected to stand alone when considering sustainable development in water resources management.     

生态输水影响下地下水化学特征的时空变化分析

对塔里木河下游自2000年以来的4次生态输水的地下水位变化与地下水监测井的水化学资料比较分析,结果表明:地下水化学特征随4次生态输水,在时间与空间上发生明显变化.沿输水河道方向(纵向),下游上段的监测断面的地下水化学特征受输水的影响明显早于下游下段的水化学特征,且变化幅度也较大.沿垂直河道的方向(横向),距输水河道不同距离处的地下水化学特征先后呈现相似的变化规律,即:在受输水影响的初期,地下水化学成分中的主要离子含量和矿化度都明显上升,随着生态输水的继续进行而逐步下降.同时,地下水化学的变化特征反映出生态输水的影响范围在逐渐扩大,4次输水后地下水的响应范围在距离输水 000 m左右态输水虽然对地下水中盐分浓度起到了暂时冲淡和区域盐分再分配作用,但要使下游水质真正好转只有采取一系列工程和管理措施.     

流域水资源实时监控管理系统研究

根据我国流域水文水资源特点和供用水特征,基于目前流域所面临的水资源短缺和污染问题,需要研究和开发流域水资源实时监控管理系统.其重点应放在现有监测站点的调整与完善,水库运行规则、技术参数的校核与调整,洪水资源调控与地下水人工回灌,污水处理回用与生态环境需水量,防洪与兴利统一调度,地表水与地下水资源联合运用管理等技术研究,以及水资源实时调度管理方案付诸实施后效益与风险分析、系统的标准化等方面.