2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震的同震粘滑过程研究

2008年5月12日中国汶川发生了M_W7.9地震,全球数字地震仪台网（GSN）74个台的地震仪和陕西周至地震台的数字水位仪都很好地记录到了该地震的同震粘滑错动过程和止滑过程。分析GSN 74个地震台的记录后发现：汶川M_W7.9地震的同震粘滑错动过程是一次多点粘滑错动过程,主要由四个子粘滑错动事件构成,整个粘滑错动过程的持续时间不少于86.6 s;地震的弹性破裂过程与粘滑错动过程同时进行,是粘滑错动和弹性破裂共同作用的结果,是一种"粘滑错动+弹性破裂"的机制。对周至地震台数字水位仪记录分析后发现：汶川地震的同震粘滑错动过程与P.N.Sundaram^[1]作的岩石粘滑错动实验结果一致,粘滑错动过程可细分为粘结（stick）和滑动（slip）二个过程。汶川地震在止滑过程中激发出了长周期勒夫面波（XsQ）和瑞雷面波（XsR）。研究粘滑震相有助于认识震源的粘滑错动过程,研究止滑震相有助于预判震灾损失。     

岩石粘滑及天然地震应力降

众所周知.岩石的摩擦滑动有两种方式,一种是粘滑,另外一种是稳滑.当发生粘滑时,应力突然下降并伴随有急剧的能量释放.从1966年 Brace 等人指出粘滑可能是导致浅源地震的原因以来,粘滑作为一种震源机制已引起地震学家的普遍关注.但是,粘滑的研究还有许多问题,如粘滑发生的条件,围压对粘滑及其应力降的影响,特别是室内粘滑实验应力降远高于天然地震应力降这一问题,到目前还没有解决(陈顒,1988).本文建立了一个岩石摩擦的自锁模型,这一模型能够反映围压与粘滑之间的关系.分析结果表明,天然地震应力降低于室内粘滑实验应力降是由围压刚度引起的.      

滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动实验研究(英文)

应用双剪法对滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动特性进行了研究。实验的岩石有花岗岩、玄武岩、正长岩和片麻岩。实验的正应力为10—40MPa。实验表明,花岗岩、玄武岩和正长岩三种岩石,当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时发生粘滑。稳滑与粘滑过程均出现位移强化现象。片麻岩当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时样品未滑动而发生破裂。摩擦强度值比Byerlee定律的值稍低。与济南辉长岩相比,滇西三种岩石粘滑发生时的平均应力降较低,平均错距较小,平均重复周期较短。花岗岩粘滑前声发射率明显增加,玄武岩与正长岩粘滑前声发射率变化不明显。     

岩石高速摩擦实验与地震物理过程

简述了最近20年来国内外岩石高速摩擦实验研究领域的进展和动态:岩石高速摩擦实验技术的发展实现了对高滑动速率、大位移的地震过程的实验模拟;其结果揭示了岩石和断层泥在地震滑动速率下的力学性状,深化了对断层滑动弱化机制、临界滑动距离、以及地震发生过程的认识和理解;实验在假玄武玻璃成因方面取得了重要进展,并提出了断层发生地震滑动可能留下的其它地质证据,可望为研究断层滑动性状与地震物理过程提供新的思路和信息.岩石高速摩擦实验今后的发展方向主要包括:发展具有加温系统和孔隙压系统的岩石高速摩擦实验装置,研究水热作用下岩石和断层泥的高速摩擦性状;室内实验和地震资料分析相结合研究断层滑动和地震机制;室内实验和野外地质调查相结合探索断层发生地震错动的地质证据等等.     

固体围压下完整花岗岩粘滑现象的实验研究

本文用完整的花岗岩样品在固体围压三轴实验装置上压缩,研究围压和应变速率对岩样变形破裂过程、粘滑应力降、粘滑复发间隔及样品主破裂几何分布的影响。结果表明,加载速率较低时,粘滑应力降较大,复发间隔较长且分布无规律。加载速率越大,粘滑应力降越小,复发间隔也近似相等,粘滑事件表现出准周期性。围压和应变率较低时,岩石的主破裂会演变成两个交叉的共轭断裂面;而围压和应变率较高时,岩石的主破裂则演变成单一断裂面或入字形断裂面。本文结果对认识中国大陆板内地震孕育、发生及重复过程;研究地震重复发生的机制及影响地震复发间隔的主要因素都有重要意义。     

岩石摩擦-滑动中的声发射b值动态特征及其地震学意义

双剪试验的结果表明,岩石摩擦滑动过程中的AE b 值动态曲线可归纳为锯齿状和台柱状两类,分别对应于不规则粘滑和规则粘滑.滑动瞬间滑面上摩擦系数变化△μ的分布决定岩石的滑动方式,不均匀分布易发生不规则粘滑.均匀分布易引起规则粘滑;破裂和滑动是摩擦滑动过程中的两类AE 机制,两类AE 的能量分别与破裂面面积及△μ成正比.研究结果提示,平直光滑的地震断层可能显示出特征地震的发震特点.     

粘滑过程中的多点错动

最近十多年来,通过高密度宽频带台网对许多地震的观测发现,一些大地震并非只由一个震源引起,在地震的瞬间可能有多个震源存在.例如汶川地震就曾经被拆解为多个顺序发生的次级地震.那么在实验室尺度上的粘滑事件可能存在类似于天然大地震的多震源或多点位错现象吗?本文从声发射和应变场两方面来分析粘滑过程中震源多点错动的现象,包括对粘滑事件的定位,近场声发射波的初动方位空间分布,应变场形态,快速滑动应变波振荡频率和失稳瞬间的应变增量初动方位空间分布等.     

岩体失稳过程中的振荡现象及断层的多向错动形迹

对三轴实验中岩石突发式破坏和粘滑失稳的瞬时动态过程的研究表明,应力下降和位移增加都不是单一的,而是一种含有多种频率成分的振荡过程。用扫描电镜对错动面的观察表明,这种振荡导致双向或多向错动形迹的发育。结合天然断层面上常见的双向或多向错动的擦痕、阶步等形迹,以及断层带的异常构造,如反错列等,提出一次断层活动中失稳振荡——地震可能是这些特征的形成原因之一。反之,它们也有可能成为地震的一种标志     

流体孔隙压和断层面的摩擦生热

本文认真分析了地震破裂期间热迁移和流体流动对断层面热、水文学和力学响应的影响。采用数学模拟方法解释热、流体压力和应力场的耦合。结果表明,在地震期间,破裂面受热而达到孔隙流体热膨胀所需要的温度,热膨胀可抵消因流体流动产生的流体损失率和因孔隙膨胀产生的流体容积变化。这种条件一旦确立,孔隙流体增压和剪切强度迅速降低到足以将孔隙流体的热增压维持在岩石静压力值附近。如果初始流体压力是静水压力,那么破裂面上达到的最终温度将随深度而增加,这是因为达到接近岩石静压力值以前能够发生比较大的温度上升。热增压的速率主要取决于周围多孔介质的水力学特点、断层面的摩擦系数和滑动速度。如果渗透率超过10(-15)米~2,或多孔介质的压缩率超过10(-8)/帕,那么热增压起重大作用以前断层面上可能会发生摩擦熔融。如果摩擦系数低于10(-1);并且滑动速度低于10(-2)米/秒,那么在地震期间断层面上的热增压或摩擦熔融是否能引起断层动力剪切强度的降低尚不能确定。     

东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

2001年11月14日,青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段发生了MS8.1地震。此次地震的发震断裂在地质史上具有高速左旋滑动的特征,特别是晚更新世晚期以来库赛湖断裂的平均滑动速率达(14.8±2.8)mm/a。库赛湖断裂不同的滑动速率可能会对其未来发生的运动行为产生影响,为此文中研究了东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段不同滑动速率和不同断裂面初始摩擦系数对断裂破裂行为的影响,建立了库赛湖断裂段对应的速度和状态依赖摩擦定律控制的单自由度弹簧滑块模型。为得到合理的模型参数,模拟中采用了断裂位错模型,考察了相关古地震研究资料、历史地震资料以及前人的相关研究成果。通过模拟库赛湖断裂段在不同滑动速率下未来6ka的破裂行为,发现断裂滑动速率快可使地震复发周期缩短,滑动速率慢会使地震复发周期延长。例如,若断裂以现今平均14mm/a的初始滑动速率运动时,地震复发周期为2.1ka;若以18mm/a的初始滑动速率运动,其对应地震复发周期为1～1.5ka;而滑动速率为8mm/a时地震复发周期为2.1～2.5ka,但断裂滑动速率对地震发生时断裂错动的位移和错动速度没有规律性影响;断裂面初始摩擦系数的大小对地震复发周期有影响,初始摩擦系数较大可能会使地震周期减小,初始摩擦系数小可能会使地震复发周期增加;同时,断裂面初始摩擦系数较小可能会使地震发生时断裂错动的位移和错动速度变大。     

ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE OF TECTONIC STRESS BASED ON THE FRICTION CRITERIA OF FAULT AND ANALYSING THE PARAMETERS' INFLUENCE

Based on Zoback's method for estimating the tectonic stress magnitude and the two assumptions, we consider the conditions that three principal stresses are vertical principal stresses respectively(corresponding to three kinds of tectonic stress types). We deduced the formulae for estimating the tectonic stress magnitude by using the stress form factor and frictional strength of the fault and discussed the correlative influence of friction coefficient, pore pressure parameter and stress form factor on the stress value. When the maximum principal stress is approximately horizontal (when stress regime is strike-slip or reverse), the maximum principal stress (or the slope of stress increasing linearly with depth) is positively related with the friction coefficient and negatively related with the pore pressure coefficient. When the minimum principal stress is approximately horizontal (when stress regime is strike-slip or normal), the minimum principal stress (or the slope with depth) is negatively related to the friction coefficient, and positive to the pore pressure. Besides, these three parameters have great influence on the estimation of the tectonic stress magnitude. If the friction coefficient is too big and the pore pressure is too small, there could be a wide difference between the slope of the maximum principal stress increasing with depth and the slope of the minimum principal stress increasing with depth, which could lead to an unreasonable result. Our method is just an approximate estimation for the tectonic stress magnitude when crustal rocks have undergone brittle rupture or frictional sliding. The estimated results are not the tectonic stress magnitude when crust is in steady state.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF INTERGRANULAR PRESSURE SOLUTION OF PLAGIOCLASE GOUGE UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE: METHOD AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS

To understand the mechanism of lower-crust earthquake and slow slips, it is necessary to study the frictional properties of mafic rocks and their major rock-forming minerals. Previous studies have performed a series of experimental researches on gabbro, basalt and their major constituents. According to the results of previous experiments, frictional sliding of plagioclase under hydrothermal conditions(100~600℃)shows a property of velocity weakening, and the experimental results show that both the direct rate effect parameter(a)and the healing effect parameter(b)increase with temperature, a typical feature for thermally-activated processes. Velocity weakening means property of a shear band that has a stronger friction healing effect than the direct rate effect in the rate and state friction constitutive framework, and the healing effect(b value)in constitutive relation mainly reflects the increase in contact area with time under hydrothermal conditions, with some minor effect of structural changes. Since the microphysical mechanism of feldspar minerals at the contacts is mainly brittle cataclasis for temperatures below 600℃, the significant frictional healing effect in this case can only be explained by the mechanism of pressure solution. In order to determine if the dissolution process of plagioclase actually occurs on the laboratory time scale, we conducted hydrostatic experiments on plagioclase powder samples under hydrothermal conditions whereby frequent contact switch between particles seen in frictional sliding experiments can be avoided, making the observation on the dissolution sites possible. Experimental temperatures were 400℃ and 500℃, with confining pressure of 90~150MPa, pore pressure of 30MPa, with 2mm initial thickness of fault gouge. The mechanical data show that a creep process occurred in the plagioclase fault gouge in the experimental temperature and pressure range; and the microstructures of the experiment show that precipitation of new grains is prevalent as the product of pressure solution process between plagioclase particles. At the same time, it is observed that the contact points have an appearance similar to fused, fuzzy structure as signatures of dissolution. The results of our experiments provide a definite experimental evidence for the healing mechanism in friction of plagioclase and for the theoretical relation between unstable slip and the pressure solution process. The results of the experiments are summarized as follows: (1)Drainage rate of pore water in plagioclase gouge was high in the first few hours of experiment, but gradually decreases over time for both temperature and pressure series of experiments slowing down to a steady state. This feature indicates that there is a creep process that evolves inside the plagioclase gouge. In the temperature-series experiments, the drainage rate of the pore water in the plagioclase gouge at 400℃ is relatively low than the cases for higher temperatures. Thus, the applied temperature is positively correlated with the creep of plagioclase gouge. (2)Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations of the experimentally deformed samples were performed on thin sections cut along the sample axis. Firstly, from the images of microstructure, it was found that the degree of particle fracture became more significant at a higher effective pressure, with smaller pore volume between particles. In the temperature-series experiments it was found that the degree of compaction of plagioclase gouge increased with increasing temperature. Precipitation of plagioclase grains in layered structures was generally observed in high-magnification images, indicating the presence of pressure solution processes. Contact points were also found to be in a state of ambiguity that seems to be a fused morphology, but the details of the structure remain to be determined by further observations. The above results indicate that the pressure solution process of plagioclase particles can occur on a typical laboratory time scale, and the results of this study provide robust experimental evidences for the theory that links between pressure solution and the mechanism of frictional healing and unstable slips for plagioclase.     

INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE HEAD CHANGE AND ITS CHANGE RATE ON RESERVOIR TRIGGERED SEISMICITY -A CASE STUDY OF ZIPINGPU RESERVOIR

For analyzing the role that reservoir impounding plays in triggering earthquake, the process of diffusion of pore pressure and its mechanism of action should be understood firstly. The temporal distribution of seismicity, which occurred before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, following the impoundment of Zipingpu reservoir is studied in this paper. Then the mechanisms of the occurrence and development of reservoir triggered seismicity are discussed. A comparative analysis of the temporal distribution of seismicity and the submerged area by reservoir impounding is carried out firstly. Then the influence of various factors on modeling is analyzed in detail. After calculating, the pore pressure change by the Zipingpu reservoir impoundment is obtained. The following observations are made:(1)Conspicuous swarms of earthquakes, of which the sources are located on the same fault of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, occurred orderly with the impoundment of Zipingpu reservoir.(2)Because of the influences of the terrain and the medium, the range of effect of pore pressure change by the impoundmemt is limited and anisotropic. Hydraulic diffusivities(D)of 0.7 and 0.35m²/s along the fault strike and the fault dip are reached respectively by a semi-quantitative assessment. Of course, the qualitative pressure constraints on the surface are also applied for the modeling.(3)The calculation results show that the temporal distribution of seismicity near the Zipingpu reservoir is related with the pore pressure change. After the pore pressure reached the threshold of triggering earthquake, whether the pressure head change is high or not, the change rate of pressure head change plays a key role in the decrease or increase of seismicity. It means that the triggered seismicity by pore pressure is a dynamic triggering process.     

热水条件下花岗质糜棱岩的摩擦滑动实验研究

为了探讨大陆地壳断层深部的力学性质,我们选择了采自红河断裂带的糜棱岩作为实验样品,进行热水条件下的高温高压摩擦滑动实验.实验在一个以气体为介质的高温高压三轴实验系统中进行.实验条件是：有效正应力为200 MPa;孔隙水压为30 MPa（在400 ℃到600 ℃之间为超临界水条件）;温度为100 ℃到600 ℃;轴向加载的速率范围从0.04 μm/s到0.2 μm/s再到1 μm/s.实验结果表明：（1）当温度小于300 ℃时,糜棱岩的摩擦强度随着温度的上升而增大;当温度大于300 ℃时,糜棱岩的摩擦强度随着温度的上升而减小.这种趋势和以往花岗岩的摩擦滑动数据基本一致;（2）糜棱岩在200 ℃和400 ℃时表现为速度弱化,其余温度下为速度强化;（3）糜棱岩与已有花岗岩的摩擦滑动数据并不完全一致;（4）花岗质糜棱岩速度弱化向速度强化转变的温度在430 ℃附近,以此我们可以推测：在变形机制为摩擦滑动的深部条件下,地震成核的深度范围可以比以往的估计更深.     

Preliminary analysis on the tectonic stress level in the source region of Tangshan earthquake

Introduction Analyzing tectonic stress field based on focal mechanism data is an important way to the study tectonic evolvement of lithosphere and associated dynamic process. Such studies growrapidly in China and abroad (Zoback, 1992; Plenefisch, Bonjer, 1997; XU, 1985; CUI, XIE, 1999). At present most of the studies focus on the inversion of focal mechanism data for the direction and relative magnitude of stress tensor, and few on absolute stress. Using focal mechanism and fault scratch,…     

绿泥石片岩和斜长角闪岩在高温高压下的物理力学性质及其应用

在高温高压下绿泥石片岩和斜长角闪岩中含水矿物的脱水作用可以引起岩石物理力学性质的异常变化。在半封闭条件下，含水矿物的脱水温度有随压力增加而降低的趋势。脱水作用可能是华北地区壳内低速高导层（体）的形成原因之一。这一低速高导层（体）同时也是低强度的软弱层（体），有利于地震在其上覆脆性岩层中的孕育与发生     

孕震过程中孔隙压及地下水位变化的数值模拟

地震孕育过程中孕震区内各点的应力应变都将发生变化，介质的物性参数也将改变，因此孔隙压和地下水位随之改变。本文在研究孕震过程中包括扩容和断层蠕变效应在内的应力应变场的基础上，根据应力场与孔隙压场的耦合方程，把孔隙压场随应力场的应力变化定量地计算出来。计算结果表明，孕震过程中孔隙压的变化与应力场变的化的强弱及南的渗透性能等因素相关。孕震过程后期，震源区表现为扩容区并且孔隙压强以负压为主，此结果显示着震     

郯庐活断层的分段及其大震危险性分析

郯庐活断层长３６０ｋｍ，通过系统的填图可将其分为３个独立的活断层破裂段。对每段的几何形态、最新活动时代、大震复发间隔、现今活动状态以及分段障碍体等作了介绍，并对各段未来的大震危险性做了初步分析     

水的渗透作用及新丰江水库地震的特点和机制

据具有孔隙的岩石中水的渗透作用及Mogi的地震分类原则,提出水的渗透过程形成了库区有效应力分布的非稳定的不均匀状态,水库地震的序列特点与其密切相关;讨论了水的渗透对引起主震的作用,得出水库区的渗透率约为10~(-4)达西,认为在蓄水前库区的构造应力场未达到临界状态,库水与地下水形成新水系,后在此基础上进一步渗透,孔隙压力增加,构造应力进一步集中,激发主震;根据库仑准则讨论了应力场的转换,提出主震后应力场的转换是造成前震和余震的震源应力场方向不同的原因     

福建仙游震群的孔隙压扩散特征

2010年8月至2015年12月,福建仙游地区发生了一系列小震群活动。基于孔隙压力扩散机制对精定位的小震数据进行分析,结果显示仙游震群序列在空间上呈丛集分布,且具有明显的分区现象,发震时间受金钟水库水位变化的调制作用较为明显。5个分区（A—E）的流体孔隙压力扩散系数分别为0.04,0.08,0.07,0.12和0.05 m2/s,伴随着地震活动性由强至弱,孔隙压扩散系数呈先增后减的变化规律。仙游震群位于断裂构造发育区内,震中分布优势方向与石苍断裂一致,沿着断裂走向的孔隙压扩散系数最大,说明地下流体沿狭长的石苍断裂由NW向NE活动。各分区的流体孔隙压系数与扩散最大距离、最大诱发地震震级及地震释放能量均有较好的相关性。此外,当金钟水库水位下降时,各分区的扩散距离r呈现减小趋势,震群范围收缩,地震频次增加,并伴有较大震级的地震,说明水位下降时,流体孔隙压力的扩散作用在同一地点反复作用,使得触发源附近区域的应力水平更容易达到饱和或临界状态,进而触发较大震级的地震,这也解释了水位下降过程中地震更为强烈的原因。