根据人卫激光测距、GRACE和地球物理模型求解地球低阶重力场季节变化

本文利用2002年4月至2010年10月的Lageos1和Lageos2两颗激光卫星观测数据、GRACE以及地球物理模型三种独立的方法计算地球低阶重力场系数J 的变化,根据大气压强数据计算 J 时分别按反变气压计（IB）和非反变气压计(NIB)两种假设进行计算。通过分析 J 的季节特性表明,大气在NIB假设下得到的周年振幅比在IB假设下得到的振幅大3倍左右,相位相差47°;大气和陆地水的质量变化对 J 周年变化的贡献占主导地位,海洋的影响最小;大气、海洋和陆地水得到 J 半年振幅和相位值与SLR得到的振幅和相位值吻合较差,尤其是在IB假设下大气得到的结果与SLR结果相差最大; SLR、GRACE和地球物理模型三种独立方法得到的 J 周年项之间吻合相对较好,GRACE得到的周年振幅比SLR得到的周年振幅大50%左右, SLR观测得到的 J 周年振幅介于在NIB和IB两种假设下地球物理模型得到的结果之间;GRACE与SLR得到的 J 半年项的振幅相同,在IB假设下AOW得到的 J 半年振幅和相位与SLR结果差异最大。     

SNREI地球形变理论模拟研究进展

获取固体地球在内外力驱动下的形变特征是认识地球内部结构和动力过程的关键,全球和区域形变的观测与研究是高精度时空基准建立和维持的重要内容之一。本文系统介绍了地球形变理论模拟研究的主要进展,重点介绍了大气、海洋、陆地水和热在地表的负荷效应,以及内部的地震位错产生的形变问题。内容涉及基本的地球(热)弹性变形的初边值理论,及其有效求解方法与计算过程中遇到的困难及解决方案。最后在弹性形变的基础上,结合现今观测精度不断提高和人类活动对环境影响的背景,展望了未来在地球形变理论上的发展需求与应用前景。     

利用独立成分分析法研究新疆地区陆地水储量及其地壳垂向变化

中国新疆地区水文气候变化复杂,其水储量变化及其负荷形变特征的精确提取极为重要。采用卫星重力数据GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment）反演新疆地区2010—2014年陆地水储量变化,利用独立成分分析法（independent component analysis,ICA）分解时空模式,提取时空特征信号。在此基础上,反演陆地水负荷迁移引起的地壳垂向变化,引入重力位系数与负荷勒夫数一阶项改正,回加非潮汐大气与海洋信号,结合尺度因子法校正GRACE反演结果,引入全球降水气候计划月降水资料分析形变影响,将其与测区12座连续运行参考站形变位移进行定量比较,重点分析各测站陆地水负荷信号与全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）垂直位移的相关关系。结果表明,经ICA方法分解的新疆地区陆地水储量呈现多时间尺度特征,表现为明显的周年与长期变化;周年信号在西部帕米尔高原附近尤为显著;长期变化以逐年减少为主,在乌鲁木齐西部、天山一带信号较强;总体上,陆地水负荷垂直形变的时间序列波动幅度相对较小,幅值...     

环境因素对山东GPS基准站垂直位移的影响分析

基于山东地壳运动GPS观测网络(CMONOSD)提供的连续观测结果,经过GAMIT/GLOBK软件处理,再采用GRACE,LAD,SG及GLDAS分析陆地水引起的重力变化,分析证明,在该地区陆地水导致的空间重力变化可达100.12±0.7 nms-2量级,采用LAD模型会导致重力长期以微小趋势上升,反之采用GLDAS模型会导致重力长期以微小趋势下降。通过研究大气负荷、陆地水和非潮汐海洋对山东省各基准站垂直位移的影响,发现大气负荷对台站垂直位移的影响最大为8 mm,陆地水次之,非潮汐海洋的影响最小。     

利用GPS垂直位移反演云南省陆地水储量变化

地表质量的重分布会引起固体地球的弹性形变,GPS连续运行观测站能够精确测定地表负荷引起的地壳形变。本文通过模拟数据对利用云南省及其周边47个中国大陆构造环境监测网（陆态网）台站反演云南地区陆地水储量的可行性进行分析：以水文模型周年振幅为真值,计算47个台站点的负荷形变,同时加入随机误差构成模拟观测数据,最后采用模型反演陆地水储量变化;1000次的随机模拟试验表明利用当前GPS台站数据可有效地反演云南地区陆地水储量变化。基于上述结论,笔者反演了云南省2010—2014年陆地水储量变化,GPS反演结果表明：云南省陆地水变化呈现明显的地域分布特征,西南部高山地区的水储量周年变化高于东部平原地区;在时间尺度上,云南省大部分地区水储量在10月（夏季末）达到最大值,在4月（冬季末）达到最小值;云南省2010—2014年陆地水呈缓慢增长趋势,约为20 mm/a。通过GPS陆地水储量反演结果与GRACE、GLDAS以及TRMM数据综合对比分析,表明利用云南地区当前GPS台站可以作为独立观测量用于GRACE与GRACE Follow-on衔接期间的陆地水储量变化监测。     

海洋非潮汐变化对时变重力场的影响

基于全球海洋数值模式,估计了海水质量非潮汐变化对低阶地球引力场季节性变化的贡献。激发模型预测的大气、地表水、海洋潮汐和非潮汐变化对引力场的组合影响被用来与卫星激光测距(SLR)的观测值进行比较。结果表明,在季节性变化时间尺度上,为克服海洋数值模式的体积守恒近似而采用的质量守恒改正对ΔJ₂具有较明显的影响,对ΔJ₃的影响可以忽略,SLR观测的ΔJ₂周年和半年振幅介于海洋、地表水、大气(IB)和(NIB)的组合结果之间。     

天球有效大气角动量中的周年和半年项估计

为了讨论大气对非刚体地球章动周年和半年项的贡献,本文将大气有效角动量(1980.0～1998.33)从地面参考系转换至空间参考系得到大气的天球有效角动量CEAM,低通滤波后用最小二乘方法拟合得到顺、逆向周年和半年项的振幅估计。     

遥感与地球系统科学

地球作为一个高度复杂的非线性系统,各圈层(大气、海洋、陆地、生物、冰雪圈、固体地球)尤其是人类活动等任何组成成份的变化,都会引起地球系统的变化。人类可持续发展面临的巨大科学挑战之一是认识人类赖以生存的、复杂变化的地球系统,认识地球系统如何变化及主要驱动因素,认识地球系统未来变化趋势及如何提高对全球变化的适应能力。卫星独特的全球覆盖和日尺度的观测改变了地球科学的研究方法,它强调所能探测到的多时空尺度上的物理动力过程,在全球范围应对气候变化、能源和环境挑战具有重要作用,揭开了地球系统多学科交叉的新纪元。以地球系统的视野,抓住驱动地球系统的关键循环过程(如能量、水、生物化学循环),是当前地球系统科学的发展趋势。地球系统科学(全球变化)研究需要长期稳定、准确性较高的卫星观测数据,以水循环为例,卫星遥感具备获取全球范围水循环关键参数能力,但是系统性综合观测能力不足,整体精确性受到综合化的可靠空间数据集的限制。目前中国正在积极研制发展新型水循环卫星WCOM(Water Cycle Observation Misssion),并寄希望以此为核心传感器发起全球分布式水循环观测星座系统,进一步提高中国在国际水循环观测与地球系统科学研究方面的话语权与领先能力。     

基于GPS垂向位移测定云南地区陆地水储量及其对累积降雨的响应机制

本文基于中国大陆构造环境监测网（陆态网）GPS台站垂向形变数据,通过主成分分析计算云南省6大流域陆地水负荷形变,并与降雨数据进行相关性分析和交叉小波分析。结果表明,云南省各流域陆地水储量变化相对于降雨在半年和年周期上分别存在1.5~2.25和3~6个月的滞后,不同周期滞后的叠加使陆地水储量与累积降雨量之间存在显著的负相关性,6大流域的降雨累积天数各不相同,均在47~109 d之间。本文由此提出一种云南地区陆地水储量对累积降雨的响应机制。     

水文气象因素对中国北疆流动重力变化的影响

水文气象因素引起的重力变化是影响地震重力变化成果解释的重要因素。以中国北疆地区为研究区域,借助全球陆地数据同化系统（global land data assimilation systems,GLDAS）全球水文模型数据、大气模型数据,计算2016-01—2017-12时段内水文气象因素对研究区域的重力影响。计算结果表明,陆地水影响的年变化为1.3 μGal,两期陆地水影响空间分布的差异低于1 μGal;大气影响的年变化为8 μGal,两期大气影响空间分布的差异达到6 μGal。利用2016-04、2016-08和2017-06三期流动重力测量数据,对比扣除水文气象因素前后的重力变化,可以看出,在中国北疆流动重力数据处理中,大尺度水文因素可以不予考虑,气象因素应予考虑。同时,为更好分析流动重力变化,建议流动重力测量过程中同时开展测点附近的土壤湿度、大气气压等观测。     

Atmospheric, oceanic and hydrological contributions to seasonal variations in length of day

 The annual and semiannual residuals derived in the axial angular momentum budget of the solid Earth–atmosphere system reflect significant signals. They must be caused by further excitation sources. Since, in particular, the contribution for the wind term from the atmospheric layer between the 10 and 0.3 hPa levels to the seasonal variations in length of day (LOD) is still missing, it is necessary to extend the top level into the upper stratosphere up to 0.3 hPa. Under the conservation of the total angular momentum of the entire Earth, variations in the oceanic angular momentum (OAM) and the hydrological angular momentum (HAM) are further significant excitation sources at seasonal time scales. Focusing on other contributions to the Earth's axial angular momentum budget, the following data are used in this study: axial atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) data derived for the 10–0.3 hPa layer from 1991 to 1997 for computing the missing wind effects; axial OAM functions as generated by oceanic general circulation models (GCMs), namely for the ECHAM3 and the MICOM models, available from 1975 to 1994 and from 1992 to 1994, respectively, for computing the oceanic contributions to LOD changes, and, concerning the HAM variations, the seasonal estimates of the hydrological contribution as derived by Chao and O'Connor [(1988) Geophys J 94: 263–270]. Using vector representation, it is shown that the vectors achieve a close balance in the global axial angular momentum budget within the estimated uncertainties of the momentum quantities on seasonal time scales. Received: 6 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 December 2000     

Prediction of Earth orientation parameters by artificial neural networks

 Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) [polar motion and length of day (LOD), or UT1–UTC] were predicted by artificial neural networks. EOP series from various sources, e.g. the C04 series from the International Earth Rotation Service and the re-analysis optical astrometry series based on the HIPPARCOS frame, served for training the neural network for both short-term and long-term predictions. At first, all effects which can be described by functional models, e.g. effects of the solid Earth tides and the ocean tides or seasonal atmospheric variations of the EOPs, were removed. Only the differences between the modeled and the observed EOPs, i.e. the quasi-periodic and irregular variations, were used for training and prediction. The Stuttgart neural network simulator, which is a very powerful software tool developed at the University of Stuttgart, was applied to construct and to validate different types of neural networks in order to find the optimal topology of the net, the most economical learning algorithm and the best procedure to feed the net with data patterns. The results of the prediction were analyzed and compared with those obtained by other methods. The accuracy of the prediction is equal to or even better than that by other prediction methods. Received: 6 February 2001 / Accepted: 23 October 2001     

Climate Change Studies Using Space Based Observation

Climate change is associated with earth radiation budget that depends upon incoming solar radiation, surface albedo and radiative forcing by greenhouse gases. Human activities are contributing to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere (greenhouse gases, aerosols) and biosphere (deforestation, urbanization, irrigation). Long term and precise measurements from calibrated global observation constellation is a vital component in climate system modelling. Space based records of biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere over more than three decades are providing important information on climate change. Space observations are an important source of climate variables due to multi scale simultaneous observation (local, regional, and global scales) capability with temporal revisit in tune with requirements of land, ocean and atmospheric processes. Essential climatic variables that can be measured from space include atmosphere (upper air temperature, water vapour, precipitation, clouds, aerosols, GHGs etc.), ocean (sea ice, sea level, SST, salinity, ocean colour etc.) and land (snow, glacier, albedo, biomass, LAI/fAPAR, soil moisture etc.). India’s Earth Observation Programme addresses various aspects of land, ocean and atmospheric applications. The present and planned missions such as Resourcesat-1, Oceansat-2, RISAT, Megha-Tropiques, INSAT-3D, SARAL, Resourcesat-2, Geo-HR Imager and series of Environmental satellites (I-STAG) would help in understanding the issues related to climate changes. The paper reviews observational needs, space observation systems and studies that have been carried out at ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) towards mapping/detecting the indicators of climate change, monitoring the agents of climate change and understanding the impact of climate change, in national perspectives. Studies to assess glacier retreat, changes in polar ice cover, timberline change and coral bleaching are being carried out towards monitoring of climate change indicators. Spatial methane inventories from paddy rice, livestock and wetlands have been prepared and seasonal pattern of CO₂, and CO have been analysed. Future challenges in space observations include design and placement of adequate and accurate multi-platform observational systems to monitor all parameters related to various interaction processes and generation of long term calibrated climate data records pertaining to land ocean and atmosphere.     

地球系统空间观测:从科学卫星到月基平台

五十多年来,全球性对地观测已形成强大的技术能力和系统体系,在不同应用领域发挥了重要作用。随着对陆地、大气、海洋研究的深入,地球系统科学和全球变化研究正在向空间对地观测技术提出新的重大战略性需求。本文描述了面向全球变化应对、发展全球变化系列科学卫星的方案;提出面向宏观地球科学现象探测、构建月基对地观测系统的设想;同时,作为宏观地球科学现象研究的一个方向,论述了利用地球科学卫星和月基对地观测技术开展全球变化"三极"对比研究的思路。     

Seasonal global mean sea level change from satellite altimeter, GRACE, and geophysical models

We estimate seasonal global mean sea level changes using different data resources, including sea level anomalies from satellite radar altimetry, ocean temperature and salinity from the World Ocean Atlas 2001, time-variable gravity observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, and terrestrial water storage and atmospheric water vapor changes from the NASA global land data assimilation system and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis atmospheric model. The results from all estimates are consistent in amplitude and phase at the annual period, in some cases with remarkably good agreement. The results provide a good measure of average annual variation of water stored within atmospheric, land, and ocean reservoirs. We examine how varied treatments of degree-2 and degree-1 spherical harmonics from GRACE, laser ranging, and Earth rotation variations affect GRACE mean sea level change estimates. We also show that correcting the standard equilibrium ocean pole tide correction for mass conservation is needed when using satellite altimeter data in global mean sea level studies. These encouraging results indicate that is reasonable to consider estimating longer-term time series of water storage in these reservoirs, as a way of tracking climate change.     

Combination of temporal gravity variations resulting from superconducting gravimeter (SG) recordings, GRACE satellite observations and global hydrology models

Gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE)-derived temporal gravity variations can be resolved within the μgal (10^?8 m/s ²) range, if we restrict the spatial resolution to a half-wavelength of about 1,500 km and the temporal resolution to 1 month. For independent validations, a comparison with ground gravity measurements is of fundamental interest. For this purpose, data from selected superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations forming the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) network are used. For comparison, GRACE and SG data sets are reduced for the same known gravity effects due to Earth and ocean tides, pole tide and atmosphere. In contrast to GRACE, the SG also measures gravity changes due to load-induced height variations, whereas the satellite-derived models do not contain this effect. For a solid spherical harmonic decomposition of the gravity field, this load effect can be modelled using degree-dependent load Love numbers, and this effect is added to the satellite-derived models. After reduction of the known gravity effects from both data sets, the remaining part can mainly be assumed to represent mass changes in terrestrial water storage. Therefore, gravity variations derived from global hydrological models are applied to verify the SG and GRACE results. Conversely, the hydrology models can be checked by gravity variations determined from GRACE and SG observations. Such a comparison shows quite a good agreement between gravity variation derived from SG, GRACE and hydrology models, which lie within their estimated error limits for most of the studied SG locations. It is shown that the SG gravity variations (point measurements) are representative for a large area within the accuracy, if local gravity effects are removed. The individual discrepancies between SG, GRACE and hydrology models may give hints for further investigations of each data series.     

Thermosteric Effects on Interannual and Long-term Global Mean Sea Level Changes

We investigate global mean sea level (MSL) changes and different geophysical contributions at interannual and long-term (decadal) time-scales. Thermosteric effects of global MSL changes are estimated from ocean temperature anomaly data for the period 1955–2003 from the World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01), plus additional data processed through June 2004. Estimates based on WOD01 show significant differences to previously published results based on similar temperature anomaly data from the World Ocean Database 1998 (WOD98), especially during the period overlapping with the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimeter mission. During this period (1993–2004), the WOD01-estimated thermosteric contribution of global MSL change is less than half of the estimate from WOD98 (1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 3.0 ± 0.6 mm/year), as compared to the rate of 2.6 ± 0.06 mm/year observed by satellite altimeters. The larger uncertainty in ocean temperature profiles and incomplete data collection in WOD98, especially in the later years (1997 and 1998) appear to be the major error sources to the overestimated steric effects by WOD98. During the entire 50-year period, the steric effect on global MSL change amounts to about 0.34–0.39 (±0.05) mm/year. Strong interannual and decadal variability exists in estimated thermosteric contributions to the global MSL change, and (surprisingly) the thermosteric effect does not show any pronounced contribution to the strong interannual variability during the 1997/1998 El Niño/La Niña event. Our analysis based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis atmospheric model and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center global land data assimilation system indicates that atmospheric water vapor and terrestrial water storage changes show strong interannual variability that is well correlated with observed global MSL change, and could have significant effects on interannual global MSL changes.     

Comparison of polar motion with oceanic and atmospheric angular momentum time series for 2-day to Chandler periods

During a 4-year period starting in July 1996 and using intervals ranging from 3 days to 4 years, four precise polar motion (PM) series have been compared to excitation by atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) augmented with oceanic angular momentum (OAM) data. The first three series (C03, C04 and Bulletin A) are multi-technique combinations generated by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) and the fourth combined series (IGS00P02) is produced by the International GPS Service (IGS) using only GPS data. The IGS PM compared the best with the combined excitations of atmosphere and oceans (AAM+OAM) at all intervals, showing high overall correlation of 0.8–0.9. Even for the interval of only three days, the IGS PM gave a significant correlation of about 0.6. Moreover, during the interval of February 1999 – July 2000, which should be representative of the current precision of the IGS PM, a significant correlation (>0.4) extended to periods as short as 2.2 days and 2.5 days for the x_p and y_p PM components, respectively. When using the IERS Bulletin B (C04) PM and an interval of almost 6 years, starting in November 1994, the combined OAM+AAM accounted for practically all the annual, semi-annual and Chandler wobble (CW) PM signals. When only AAM was used, either the US National Centers for Environment Prediction reanalysis data, which were used throughout this study, or the Japanese Meteorological Agency data, two large and well-resolved amplitude peaks of about 0.1 mas/day, remained at the retrograde annual and CW periods.     

虚拟地球在态势感知中的应用

地理信息科学是现代地理学与计算机信息科学之间的一个交叉学科,其主要理论、方法来源于这两门学科。随着地理信息科学自身的发展,＂虚拟地球＂的理念越来越被大家所关注。＂虚拟地球＂以基础地理信息数据为基础,集成了其它各学科的专题数据,大大地拓展了地理信息科学本学科的研究范围,吸引了众多的研究者投入到其中进行各类相关研究,产生大...     

Excitation of non-atmospheric polar motion by the migration of the Pacific Warm Pool

Changes in the annual variation of the Earths polar motion are found to be largely caused by the variation of the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM). Recent simulation results of oceanic general circulation models further suggest global oceanic effects on the annual polar motion in addition to the atmosphere. In comparison with previous model studies of global oceanic effects, this research particularly singles out a large-scale ocean anomaly and investigates its effect on the annual polar motion, determined from satellite observations of the movement of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). Although the scale of the warm pool is much smaller than that of the solid Earth, analysis of the non-atmospheric polar motion excitation has shown that the WPWP contributes non-negligibly to the annual polar motion. The analysis consists of over 30 years of WPWP data (1970–2000) and shows values of polar motion excitation for the x-component of (2.5 mas, –79°) and for the y-component of (0.6 mas, 173°). Comparison of this result with the total geodetic non-atmospheric polar motion excitation of (10.3 mas, 59°) for the x-component and (10.6 mas, 62°) for the y-component shows the significance of the WPWP. Changes in the Earths polar motion have attracted significant attention, not only because it is an important geodetic issue, but also because it has significant value as a global measure of variations within the hydrosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and solid Earth, and hence global changes.Tel: 86–21–64386191 Fax: 86–21–64384618Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to Dr. R. Gross (JPL) and two anonymous reviewers for providing invaluable comments. They also thank Dr. J.L. Chen (CSR) for helpful discussions. Y. Zhou, D. Zheng and X. Liao were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10273018, 10133010) and Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-T1). X-H. Yan was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through Grant NAG5–12745, and by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Presidential Faculty Fellow award to X-H. Yan (OCE-9453499). W.T. Liu was supported by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program.