粤北石漠化地区植被退化及其与降雨截留量和土壤的相关性

在粤北石漠化地区运用面上调查、定位观测和模拟降雨试验相结合的方法,研究了石漠化地区植被退化特征及其与降雨截留量、土壤的相关性。结果表明：石漠化土地从轻度→中度→重度→极重度变化时,植物群落从草本+藤本+乔灌木→草本→苔藓变化,群落层片从4层→4层→2层→1层变化, 平均高度从87.06 cm→63.32 cm→42.13cm→6.21 cm变化,物种减少比例从0%→14%→46%→86%变化,植物优势种从黄连木+苎麻+黄荆+三裂叶野葛→黄连木+青蒿+野菊→五节芒+野古草+牛筋草→苔藓变化,Margalef丰富度指数从2.33 →2→1.25→0.33变化,Shannon-Wiener指数从2.96→2.31→1.94→0.42变化。植被退化特征与降雨和土壤理化性质都呈显著相关性。     

广州的城市化与生态环境建设

广州市在现代化过程中 ,要建成山水城市 ,也即生态城市 ,首先要正确理解城市化 ,合理布局城镇体系 ,搞好生态环境建设 ,包括林业、农业、水体等环境建设 ,优化城市环境 ,形成具有良性循环的城乡经济—生态体系。为此 ,必须搞好土地利用总体规划和科学的城市规划 ,保证建立合理用地结构     

Dykes on Bikes: mobility,belonging and the visceral

This article contributes to growing scholarship on fluidity, embodiment and the politics of festivals. Such scholarship is crucial to understanding belonging as an embodied, visceral experience. Extending on this work, this paper seeks to draw further attention to the fluidity of festival boundaries and experience, by exploring how belonging holds the potential to become detached from location, and be manifested forcefully through movement to and from events. I focus on a group of six Dykes on Bikes members, who rode motorbikes 1800 kilometres as part of a larger group from Brisbane to the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade. Through this exploration I illustrate how attention to the visceral experience of belonging on the move allows geographers to address what holds individuals ‘in place’ so to speak, when attachment takes place through movement. In doing so I argue that the visceral is crucial to understanding belonging as mobile because it provides a framework to stand against universalised discourses that locate belonging within the temporal and spatial confines of events.     

地理科学的中国进展与国际趋势

中国地理学取得了骄人的进展,表现在科研方向的突破、对国家建设的贡献、研究手段的革新、对科学和教育的贡献、对社会的贡献等方面。但当前中国也存在基础研究薄弱、学科整合不足、学术走向迷茫、竞争能力堪忧、全球视野欠缺、地理教育错位等问题。国际地理学对科学界所确定的关键研究问题表示出更大的关注,科学界也将更加了解地理学及其视角能对科学知识做出的贡献。地理学所关切的科学问题直指今天决策者的紧迫需求。地理学家以多种方式对解决实际问题做出贡献。国际地理学的发展聚焦在：揭示复杂系统中的不平衡和动态,认识全球化 (包括环境、经济、人口、政府和文化等)的潮流及其影响,建立从地方到全球的空间连续系列研究,利用包括时间系列数据在内的纵向数据进行过程比较研究,加强地理学理论、技术和研究成果对决策的影响,加强地理教育,包括努力提高公众的地理学能力,改进高等院校地理学家的训练,提高地理理解力,加强地理组织机构。     

批判实在论在城市空间研究中的应用

批判实在论是一种有关社会科学的哲学理论,它从浅显易懂的本体论出发,抨击了传统科学研究中背离客观实在的种种理想主义倾向,如对“规律性”的迷信、对计量分析方法的过分依赖等。在上世纪80年代批判实在论被引入到西方城市空间研究中、发展为一种新的研究范式,该范式在对传统空间分析研究的批判基础上强调对空间现象的因果机制的阐释,提出了有关因果机制的概念框架,认为只有透过错综复杂的因果关系去把握决定事物的深层结构和机制,才能避免传统研究中常出现的“混乱归因”现象,为此发展了具体研究和抽象研究、深入研究和广泛研究相结合的研究方法,并将其应用于城市空间研究实践中。本研究对批判实在论范式的产生背景和哲学基础等进行了分析,介绍了其理论脉络、方法论和研究实践,并对该范式进行了评价。     

Targeting seasonal climate forecasts for integration into household level decisions: the case of smallholder farmers in Lesotho

Seasonal climate forecasts have been promoted as a means to increase the resilience of marginal groups in Africa. The manifestations of this are still to be seen. This paper argues that successful dissemination and adoption of the forecast requires an in-depth profile of the characteristics and needs of user groups. The case study of a mountainous village in southern Lesotho is used to highlight the decisions which one group of marginal users – smallholder farmers – might make in response to the forecast. A participatory role-play exercise explores what information households presently receive and how new climate forecast information could be integrated into seasonal decision making. Results show that there are a number of low-input options available to these farmers for responding to the forecast. Adoption, however, is going to require repeated exposure to the forecast in conjunction with forecast development that is suited to users' needs. The case study is linked back to the larger scale by suggesting paths that seasonal climate forecast development could take if it is to contribute to improving livelihood sustainability among marginal groups.     

Assessing the abilities of intrinsic and specific vulnerability models to indicate groundwater vulnerability to groups of similar pesticides: a comparative study

With continued population growth and increasing use of fresh groundwater resources, protection of this valuable resource is critical. A cost effective means to assess risk of groundwater contamination potential will provide a useful tool to protect these resources. Integrating geospatial methods offers a means to quantify the risk of contaminant potential in cost effective and spatially explicit ways. This research was designed to compare the ability of intrinsic (DRASTIC) and specific (Attenuation Factor; AF) vulnerability models to indicate groundwater vulnerability areas by comparing model results to the presence of pesticides from groundwater sample datasets. A logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the environmental variables and the presence or absence of pesticides within regions of varying vulnerability. According to the DRASTIC model, more than 20% of the study area is very highly vulnerable. Approximately 30% is very highly vulnerable according to the AF model. When groundwater concentrations of individual pesticides were compared to model predictions, the results were mixed. Model predictability improved when concentrations of the group of similar pesticides were compared to model results. Compared to the DRASTIC model, the AF model more accurately predicts the distribution of the number of contaminated wells within each vulnerability class.     

Burning for zebu: The complexity of deforestation issues in western Madagascar

This study takes a human-geographical approach to examine the crucial problem of deforestation in Madagascar. Current land-use practices on the west coast threaten the survival of the dry primary forest, which exists in a delicate ecological balance under a climate bordering on aridity. A shifting-agriculture system, encouraged by government policy aimed at expanding crop cultivation, is the major factor contributing to the reduction of forested land. The forest is set on fire and the burns used to cultivate maize. After three years, yields drop dramatically, and people search for new areas of forest to clear. The practice is likely to lead to the complete disappearance of the western forests if nothing is done to change the current situation. The main practitioners are migrant Tandroy from the south of Madagascar. They migrate for reasons related to widespread local poverty and cultural practices linked to their reverence for cattle. They destroy the forests less for immediate survival than in order to gain possession of as many zebu as possible, which for them is the only way to acquire social status. Because Androy, their home region, is too poor to permit such acquisitions, migration to and deforestation of the western forest becomes an attractive alternative. The sale of maize to private exporters at a high price provides profits that can be used to buy cattle. This cultivation contributes little to food production in Madagascar, and the Tandroy , motivated by cultural considerations, stand at the base of a chain of exploitation that ends overseas. Agricultural and conservation policies in Madagascar currently do not address cultural and economic complexities such as these.     

Does hydrological connectivity improve modelling of coarse sediment delivery in upland environments?

Modelling the delivery of landslide-generated sediment to channel networks is challenging due to uncertainty in the magnitude–frequency distribution of failures connected to the channel network. Here, we investigate a simplified treatment of hydrological connectivity as a means for improving identification of coarse sediment delivery to upland rivers. Sediment generation from hillslopes and channel banks and its delivery to the channel network are modelled based on a modified form of SHALSTAB coupled to a network index version of TOPMODEL. The network index treatment has two important hydrological effects: (a) it only allows saturated areas to connect to the hydrological network when there is full saturation along the associated flow path; and (2) overland flow associated with unconnected but saturated zones is assumed to remain within the catchment and to contribute to a reduction in the catchment-averaged saturation deficit. We use this hydrological treatment to restrict sediment delivery to situations where there is surface hydrological connection (i.e. saturation) along the complete flow path that connects failure areas to the drainage network. This represents an extreme restriction on the possibility of connected failure as it does not allow for failed material to connect if failures are associated with partial saturation or where delivery involves runout across areas where hydrological connection is not maintained. The impact of this restriction is assessed by comparing model predictions with field mapping of connected failures and data from continuously recording coarse sediment sensors, for two storm events. The hydrological connection requirement restricted connected failures to zones closer to the drainage network and resulted in a better level of agreement with the field mapped failures. Simulations suggested that in the study catchment the majority of sediment inputs occur from hydrologically-connected areas close to the channel network during moderate sized rainstorms that occur relatively frequently.     

天津市湿地环境变迁及成因分析

应用3S技术对天津湿地环境进行调查，结合地面采集的历史和现状数据，全面分析了天津湿地环境变迁的自然和人为因素。近一个世纪以来，天津湿地持续减少，天然湿地丧失殆尽，人为因素影响是天津湿地环境变迁的主要原因。城市拓展、经济开发对湿地的占用以及水环境污染是目前湿地面临的主要威胁。保护天津湿地要从搞好城市土地利用规划、调整产业结构、控制水污染、加强湿地保护区管理、尽快制定湿地保护法等方面入手。、     

MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS ON THREE ROCK GLACIERS IN THE SWISS ALPS: LEGACIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

This paper recognizes the contribution of Professor Wilfried Haeberli for his inspiration and leadership in the field of permafrost science and his generous encouragement, both direct and indirect, to the ETH Researchers who have, through him, endeavoured to contribute to this fascinating research area. The multidisciplinary investigations described in this paper have focused on three rock glaciers, Muragl, Murtèl‐Corvatsch and Furggwanghorn, all of which have been subject to a varying degree of prior study, and which are continuing to attract new generations of researchers to understand and explain the processes and predict future behaviour. This paper marks a stage at which it is possible to summarize some advances in the state of the art and associated innovations that can be attributed to early motivation by Wilfried Haeberli and offers a tribute as well as gratitude for his ongoing feedback and advice. Some thoughts on the development of thermokarst due to water ponding and flow, and a conceptual model of geotechnical mechanisms that aim to explain some aspects of rock glacier kinematics, are also introduced.     

POLITICS AND MEDIA RICHNESS IN WORLD WIDE WEB REPRESENTATIONS OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA

ABSTRACT. Media-richness theory is applied to World Wide Web sites to demonstrate how Web-page designers are using hypertext markup language to shape conceptions of place and to provide competing visions of the events that have transpired in the former Yugoslavia. We argue that Web sites vary in their interactivity, strategically, to reduce equivocality surrounding conceptions of space and territory. Media-richness theory as applied here allows the development of a heuristic to understand how Web pages communicate information about geographical entities and help to shape perceptions of place.     

张掖市湿地资源调查与保护对策

在对张掖市湿地资源进行全面调查的基础上,分析了湿地资源的特点以及存在的问题,并提出提高全社会湿地保护意识,加强湿地保护法规体系建设,逐步完善湿地自然保护和监测体系,强化湿地保护管理科技支撑,建立健全各级湿地保护管理机构,坚持保护与开发协调发展等对策。     

湘鄂渝黔边旅游扶贫开发研究

文章论述了湘鄂渝黔边自然生态游、文化游等旅游开发项目;吸引贫困农民参与旅游开发、转变贫困地区人们观念和扩大就业的旅游产业带动;筹集旅游扶贫开发资金、建立旅游扶贫开发经济实体、解决发展旅游业所需人才问题;推进湘鄂渝黔边旅游产业一体化、建立旅游扶贫开发基金的政府扶持旅游业机制;转变旅游开发者观念、实施旅游收入绿色核算制度、建立旅游业可持续发展管理体制。     

中国蓼科花粉类型的地理分布格局及其与生态因子的关系

从蓼科植物的孢粉类型角度,研究了中国蓼科花粉类型的地理分布格局及其与生态因子的关系。根据中国蓼科植物赖以生存的生态因子,得出中国蓼科花粉类型分布区的主要生态因子,包括地理位置(分布中心)、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境数量。在此基础上,根据同一区域内相同或相似的生态环境条件下分布的现代蓼科各种花粉类型,确定一定花粉类型组合所指示的现代气候和环境,为利用地层中蓼科化石花粉重建古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供了现代孢粉学证据。     

A Rising Tide in Bangladesh: livelihood adaptation to climate stress

ABSTRACT

Bangladesh is at the forefront of countries experiencing and debating climate change, despite having contributed little to global emissions, and has the greatest vulnerability to climate change due to inadequate institutional support for the dense population dispersed in low-lying terrain. A micro-level study of livelihoods in the Panpatti Union, a district of the coastal zone exposed to climate stress and an array of other social, economic and political stresses, demonstrated that adaptation strategies to a range of shocks were both reactive and proactive. The persistent nature of shocks, and the limited margins in which to respond, meant that achieving sustainable long-term livelihoods was unusually difficult. Despite cases of dynamism and flexibility, where livelihoods had been effectively diversified, rural people largely failed to reduce their exposure to vulnerability. That was especially true of extremely poor, landless and female-headed households. In such challenging circumstances external interventions were required to ensure sustainable development, but were unlikely because of the isolation of Panpatti and the number of villages and people in similar circumstances. This emphasised the need to develop a more robust livelihoods framework to support the most vulnerable communities in severe economic and environmental contexts where climate change is likely to exacerbate all existing problems.     

Housing privatization and the return of the state: changing governance in China

Housing privatization seems to suggest a process of state retreat. However, this is not always the case in China. This paper examines an estate that is mixed with work-unit housing and municipal public housing to understand its changing governance. It is intriguing to observe that the state has had to return to this neighborhood to strengthen its administration following housing privatization, because the attempt to transfer responsibility to commercial property management failed. The neighborhood governance, however, has transformed from one based on work-units to a government-funded administrative agency. The return of the state has been achieved through professional social workers, and it is struggling to operate, leading to the alienation and disempowerment of former state work-unit residents. The side effect of this approach to governance is that, through encouraging market provision and commercial operation which is not fully working, reciprocal activities are restrained. Since housing privatization, the neighborhood has deteriorated from a brand-new estate into an ‘old and dilapidated neighborhood’ in less than 25 years.     

Making migration meaningful: Achievements through separation in Mongolia

Mongolia has experienced two decades since the demise of the Soviet Union and has implemented strategies to strengthen its economy and its democratic practices. Transitions from being a nomadic society to a Soviet satellite state and onwards to liberal democracy have greatly impacted family life. The article focuses on changing patterns of mobility in the Mongolian ‘age of the market’ and its effects on population groups. Internal and international migration has continually risen as individuals and families have moved to places of opportunity. Connections are believed to be maintained during periods of absence by migrant family members, as both men and women are culturally permitted to be separate from their families. Migration is understood to contribute to prosperity, and separations contribute to generate growth and hishig (good fortune) for the good of the family. However, such mobility is also a way to escape family patriarchy and conformity, and can contribute to loss, hardship, and uncertainty for family members left behind. Further, mobility provides opportunities and a means to escape the stigma of ‘laziness’ culturally associated with poverty and immobility. Postsocialist separation has inadvertently contributed to the breakdown of the institutions of marriage and family – institutions that were supported by separations in the pastoral economy.     

Insurgent participation: consensus and contestation in planning the redevelopment of Berlin-Tempelhof airport

Despite decades of debate, participatory planning continues to be contested. More recently, research has revealed a relationship between participation and neoliberalism, in which participation works as a post-political tool—a means to depoliticize planning and legitimize neoliberal policy-making. This article argues that such accounts lack attention to the opportunities for opposing neoliberal planning that may be inherent within participatory processes. In order to further an understanding of the workings of resistance within planning, it suggests the notion of insurgent participation—a mode of contentious intervention in participatory approaches. It develops this concept through the analysis of various participatory approaches launched to regenerate the former airport Berlin-Tempelhof. A critical reading of participation in Tempelhof reveals a contradictory process. Although participatory methods worked to mobilize support for predefined agendas, their insurgent participation also allowed participants to criticize and shape the possibilities of engagement, challenge planning approaches and envision alternatives to capitalist imperatives.     

云南省洱源县血吸虫病疫情分析

根据2009年血吸虫调查资料,对洱源县的血吸虫基本情况、螺情、病情、年度疫情变化进行综合研究,结果表明:洱源县的有螺地主要分布在炼铁乡、乔后镇、茈碧湖、邓川镇、右所镇、牛街乡、三营镇、凤羽乡。经过多年的防控,有螺面积从2004年的1074万m2下降至432万m2,阳性钉螺行政村由45个下降到0,阳性钉螺点由460个下降到0个,全县人畜感染率分别从2004年的9.18%、6.03%下降至2009年的0.15%、0.33%。