Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

独龙江流域地貌

文章首先概述独龙江流域的地貌基本形态结构，分析现代地貌作用的外营力，讨论地质构造和地表物质对研究区地貌形成的作用和影响。作者着重根据现代冰川分布及其特征、古冰川遗迹、冰缘地貌类型和古冰缘地貌遗迹，研究独龙江流域全新世以来的构造抬升和气候演变。最后分析研究区坡地形成过程，河流地貌的发展与演变，阐述独龙江流域的地貌发育史。总之，文章坚持将今及古的观点，反对泛冰川和泛构造的解释     

过去50年气候变化下中国潜在植被NPP的脆弱性评价

借助动态植被模型IBIS,首先模拟了过去50年（1961-2010年）气候变化下中国潜在植被NPP的动态变化,然后采用IPCC第五次评估报告选定的标准气候态时段（1986-2005年）平均气候状态作为“标准年气候”,并将该气候条件下的潜在植被NPP作为评价基准。通过与基准进行比较,计算每一年潜在植被NPP的波动情况,进而评价该年的气候条件是否使潜在植被“不适应”以及“不适应”的程度,最后根据过去50年的“不适应”次数和程度综合判断气候变化下潜在植被NPP的脆弱性。评价结果显示：在过去50年的气候变化下,天山以南的暖温带荒漠生态系统、北方温带草原生态系统以及青藏高原西部的高寒草原生态系统更容易受到气候变化的不利影响,NPP呈现出较高的脆弱性;而大部分以森林为主的生态系统则不容易受到气候变化的影响,NPP脆弱性较低,其中以常绿阔叶林和针叶林为主的生态系统NPP脆弱性更低。此外,天山以北的温带荒漠生态系统以及青藏高原中部和东部的高寒草原草甸生态系统NPP也呈现出较低的脆弱性。     

The diffuse transition between the Zagros continental collision and the Makran oceanic subduction (Iran): microearthquake seismicity and crustal structure

The nature of the transition between the Zagros intra-continental collision and the Makran oceanic subduction is a matter of debate: either a major fault cutting the whole lithosphere or a more progressive transition associated with a shallow gently dipping fault restricted to the crust. Microearthquake seismicity located around the transition between the transition zone is restricted to the west of the Jaz-Murian depression and the Jiroft fault. No shallow micro-earthquakes seem to be related to the NNW–SSE trending Zendan–Minab–Palami active fault system. Most of the shallow seismicity is related either to the Zagros mountain belt, located in the west, or to the NS trending Sabzevaran–Jiroft fault system, located in the north. The depth of microearthquakes increases northeastwards to an unusually deep value (for the Zagros) of 40 km. Two dominant types of focal mechanisms are observed in this region: low-angle thrust faulting, mostly restricted to the lower crust, and strike-slip at shallow depths, both consistent with NS shortening. The 3-D inversion of P traveltimes suggests a high-velocity body dipping northeastwards to a depth of 25 km. This high-velocity body, probably related to the lower crust, is associated with the deepest earthquakes showing reverse faulting. We propose that the transition between the Zagros collision and the Makran subduction is not a sharp lithospheric-scale transform fault associated with the Zendan–Minab–Palami fault system. Instead it is a progressive transition located in the lower crust. The oblique collision results in partial partitioning between strike-slip and shortening components within the shallow brittle crust because of the weakness of the pre-existing Zendan–Minab–Palami faults.     

Pliocene to Holocene geomorphic evolution and paleogeography of the El’gygytgyn Lake region,NE Russia

Geomorphic, lithologhic, and stratigraphic field studies as well as pollen data and mineralogical study have been used to propose Pliocene and Pleistocene paleogeographic reconstructions of the El’gygytgyn meteorite crater area. The moment of impact is recorded above the early Pliocene hill denudation plain as a “chaotic horizon” consisting of fragments of impactite rocks. This chaotic horizon lies between layers of late Pliocene alluvial sediments. During the second half of the late Pliocene, the region was tectonically active, when the Anadyr lowland was uplifted causing alluvial sediments to accumulate in the basins to the south of the crater. Regional climatic cooling, which supported the spread of tundra and the formation of permafrost is characteristically to late Pliocene. The 35–40 m high terrace that roughly follows the 530 m contour interval along the Enmyvaam River formed during the middle Pleistocene. This terrace represents the maximum lake level. Erosion and incision of the upper Enmyvaam River increased due to another wave of uplift. Additionally, El’gygytgyn Lake discharge increased causing lake level to begin to drop in the Middle Pleistocene. Cooling continued, which led to the development of herb-dominated arctic tundra. middle and late Pleistocene glaciations did not reach the El’gygytgyn lake region. The 9–11 m high lacustrine terrace was formed around the lake during the late Pleistocene and the 2–3 m high lacustrine terrace formed later during the Holocene. During the last 5000 years, the lake level has continued to drop as the modern coastline developed. This is the third in a series of eleven papers published in this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El’gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.     

Spillover effect offsets the conservation effort in the Amazon

Diverse conservation efforts have been expanding around the globe, even under the stress of increasing agricultural production. A striking example is the supply-chain agreements put upon the Amazon forest which had reduced deforestation by 80% from the early 2000s (27,772 km²) to 2015 (6207 km²). However, evaluation of these conservation efforts usually focused on the impacts within the Amazon biome only, while the effects that spill over to other areas (e.g., displacement of environmental pressure from one area to another) were rarely considered. Ignoring spillover effects may lead to biased or even wrong conclusions about the effectiveness of these conservation efforts because the hidden cost outside the target area of conservation may offset the achievement within it. It is thus important to assess the spillover effects of these supply-chain agreements. In this study, we used the two supply-chain agreements (i.e., Soy Moratorium and zero-deforestation beef agreement) implemented in the Amazon biome as examples and evaluated their spillover effects to the Cerrado. To achieve a holistic evaluation of the spillover effects, we adopted the telecoupling framework in our analysis. The application of the telecoupling framework includes the interactions between distant systems and extends the analytical boundaries beyond the signatory areas, which fill the gap of previous studies. Our results indicate that the supply-chain agreements have significantly reduced deforestation by half compared to projections within the sending system (i.e., Pará State in the Amazon, which exports soybeans and other agricultural products), but at the cost of increasing deforestation in the spillover system (i.e., a 6.6 time increase in Tocantins State of the Cerrado, where deforestation was affected by interactions between the Amazon and other places). Our study emphasizes that spillover effects should be considered in the evaluation and planning of conservation efforts, for which the telecoupling framework works as a useful tool to do that systematically.     

2001-2013年川西高原旱情监测及其地形分异

利用2001-2013年EOS-MODIS归一化植被指数产品数据,应用距平植被指数法（AVI）对川西高原进行了干旱监测,并分析年平均干旱发生频率与海拔高度、坡度和坡向地形因子的关系,进一步结合研究区土地利用数据,分析了不同地形因子干旱频率差异的原因。研究表明：（1）受积雪覆盖的影响,川西地区干旱监测只在一定区域内适用,该适宜区为川西海拔4 300 m以下区域。（2）川西高原干旱发生频率同各地形因子都具有较强的相关性,其中,高程影响最为复杂,与不同高度带地表覆被类型的差异性有关;坡向影响非常明确,主要受稳定水汽来源输入的影响;坡度的影响具有较强的局域性,与不同坡度的保水蓄水能力及覆被类型有关。     

《更路簿》与潭门地方性的建构与再现

新文化地理学提倡关注文本中的地理。运用内容分析与文本分析相结合的方法对《更路簿》与潭门地方性的建构和再现进行案例分析,探究文本与地方性之间的关系和作用。研究发现：① 内容记载是文本与地方性作用的首要维度,独特地方性内容的再现是地方性挖掘的必要前提;② 价值表征是文本参与地方性构建的象征基础,文本的价值基于且超越于文本的内容,与其所处的社会环境密切相关;③ 象征解译是文本参与地方性构建的重要方式,文本的意义价值体系不仅内含创作者或创作群体的语气,还包括“他者”群体对于文本价值的认知和阐释;④ 文本与地方性建构和再现之间的作用是相互的,地方文化符号和品牌的形成反之可促进对文本的保护。     

广州城区晚全新世环境变迁与人类活动

对广州市越秀区解放中路考古遗址剖面进行了年代学、岩性、硅藻和软体动物鉴定等研究,发现广州珠江北岸古城区南部在先秦时期为河道及河口湾湿地/洼地;因河流-河涌的淡水注入使河口盐度降低,故而沉积物中未见较高盐度的微体生物,仅发现了河口型咸水-半咸水硅藻;此时堆积的贝壳大多为淡水种,半咸水种少见,表明先秦(东周)时期,广州地区...     

迁徙中的承袭、交融与分异——广东客家建筑与聚落形态时空发展解析

客家是一支在一定时期内处于流迁状态的民系。在其迁徙过程中,宗族组织化的群体自身的文化惯性对撞地理环境与社会环境的差异,使客家民系对于生存空间关系的处理呈现多样的态度。为厘清广东主要客居地内不同传统客家村居形态之间的关联性及其发展脉络,本研究从类型学角度,分别在微观建筑形态与中观聚落格局两个层面,依据关键空间属性来划分空间形制的基本类型,并整理比较建筑类型与聚落类型的地理分布。而后,从历史地理学角度挖掘客家民系在广东省内的流迁历程,并顺沿多条流迁动线分别探讨不同建筑类型、不同聚落类型之间的承袭、交融与分异关系,进而得出以下结论：① 在“建筑”与“聚落”两个尺度层面上的空间营造活动中,建筑形制决策倾向于依附民系内生文化,聚落模式决策倾向于呼应局域地区的社会经济与自然环境;② 在沿迁徙路径的时空推移过程中,主要建筑类型沿主干河流由上游向中下游传播承袭,韩江水系和东江水系之间的支线水陆途径促进了建筑类型在规模、围合防卫程度、聚合组织形式等方面的渐变过渡;③ 相对于客家文化核心区,“广府-客家”“福姥-客家”文化锋面上客家建筑“中轴”对空间组织的主导力发生急剧弱化,意味着宗族组织出现扁平化的变化态势,主要表现为该地带宗族“房系”发达度下降,以及宗祠的经济文化凝聚力衰退;④ 从空间概念的历时性承袭与发展视角来看,空间形态控制性基因应为明确的“属性”化因子,而非具象化要素,聚居空间的基因分析,应当分别基于“人”“地”的不同线索,探索不同尺度人居空间形态的控制因子。     

谈旅游产品开发规划的理念和途径

旅游产品开发是旅游规划与开发的核心内容.只有树立正确的理念,遵循正确的途径和方法,才能设计出好的旅游产品.作者以此为出发点,首先阐述了当前旅游产品开发规划中应树立的几个理念,即大旅游、大开发理念,市场化、企业化理念,特色化、品牌化理念,绿色化、生态化理念,多层次、多样化理念,整合创新理念;其次,提出了旅游产品开发规划应遵循的几条途径,即综合导向、三维开发、跟踪趋势、创意构思等.     

Clinoforms as paleogeographic tools: Development of the Danube catchment above the deep Paratethyan basins in Central and Southeast Europe

The Miocene marine basins of Central and Southeast Europe, once comprising the Paratethys Sea, were gradually filled with sediments during the Neogene and turned to be the catchment area of the proto-Danube and finally that of the modern Danube. Seismic data from various parts of the large Danube catchment area show that these several hundred meter deep basins were filled by lateral accretion of river-transported sediments, appearing as shelf edge scale clinoform sets in seismic profiles. The direction of shelf edge progradation is NW to SE (N to S, W to E) in each basin, except for the Dacian basin where NE to SW direction prevails. The age of the clinoform sets is generally younging downstream: 19–18 Ma in the North Alpine Foreland basin, 14–13 Ma in the Vienna basin, 10–9 Ma in the Danube (Kisalföld) basin, 8.6–4 Ma in the Central Pannonian basin (Alföld), ?9–5 Ma in the Dacian basin, and 6–0 Ma in the Euxinian (Black Sea) basin. In spite of this geographical and temporal pattern, only the Danube (Kisalföld) and the western and central part of the Central Pannonian basin were filled by the proto-Danube shelf accretion. Formation of the Danube, as a longitudinal river of the Alpine foreland that gradually elongated to the east and followed the retreating shoreline of the Paratethys, most probably took place at the beginning of the Late Miocene, ca. 11 Ma ago, thus the Early and Middle Miocene shelf advance in the North Alpine Foreland and Vienna basins, respectively, cannot be attributed to a „paleo-Danube”. The clinoform systems of the Dacian basin are coeval with those of the upstream Central Pannonian basin, indicating that by the time the Danube sedimentary system reached the Dacian basin, it was already a shallow basin. The vast clinoforms of the northwestern Euxinian shelf also significantly overlap in age with the Pannonian basin ones; only the <4 Ma part of the shelf accretion can be attributed to the Danube sensu stricto.     

后现代地理语境下同性恋社会空间与社交网络——以北京为例

采用参与式观察、问卷调查和访谈相结合的方法,以北京作为实证研究地区,探讨后现代地理语境下同性恋社会空间与社交网络的发展特点。北京同性恋场所呈现出多元化的发展趋势,场所影响参与者的行为和心理,而人也对场所产生反作用,群体活动使物理空间具备性别特征,并转变为充满主观感觉的“地方”。同性恋社交网络表现出对互联网的依赖性和不稳定性特点,并与同性恋者的“日常生活”空间相脱离。社交空间的破碎化、参与者的不稳定性和政府管制的影响都促成了同性恋社交网络的不稳定性。后现代地理中打破语言中心主义、提倡多元化和权力关系反转等原理可用来诠释同性恋的社交空间,另外,同性恋空间的研究从亚文化或少数群体文化的层面诠释了社会—空间辩证法。本文还对西方文献中“同性恋聚居区”和“同性恋的城市本质”论断进行了中国的回应。     

互联网对中国城市内部就业分布的动态影响

本文旨在揭示互联网影响城市内部就业分布的净效应及其动态变化。首先,将互联网分散力与集聚力的相对变化纳入互联网动态影响的分析框架并提出相应理论假说;其次,利用中国2004年、2008年、2013年3次经济普查中289个地级市的2247万个企业的微观数据,以“邮区”为基本空间单元构建了城市内部就业集聚指数;最后,构造工具变量以缓解内生性问题。结果显示,平均而言,互联网能显著促进城市内部的就业集聚,但随互联网渗透率的提高,其促进作用呈现“边际递减”趋势,而城市就业的空间多中心性不断提升,即就业向远离城市主中心的次中心集聚;对于高发展水平的城市,互联网渗透率的提高促进了就业先短暂分散,而后“边际递增”式集聚。本文研究发现对于预判未来城市中经济活动的空间分布和指导空间规划具有重要意义。     

地缘结构:理论基础、概念及其分析框架

借鉴哲学及相关学科、学者对结构主义研究的最新进展,特别是社会理论对社会结构、国际关系学对国际社会结构和地理学对空间结构的研究,探讨了地缘结构的理论基础、概念和分析框架。地缘结构的分析框架包括5部分,即作为构成物的结构、作为过程的结构、结构系统、2个层次和2种作用机制;对地缘结构的每部分及不同部分之间的联系以及如何形成单一的整体结构进行阐述;最后对使用地缘结构存在的一些问题和当前的国际形势进行了简单讨论。     

青藏高原流动人口居留意愿及影响因素

流动人口是青藏高原人口增长的重要动力,其城镇居留意愿关乎青藏高原城镇化的可持续发展。利用2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,测算青藏高原流动人口城镇居留意愿,根据来源地是否在青藏高原地域范围内,划分近程和远程流动人口,解析近程和远程流动人口城镇居留意愿的分异特征,建立多层Logistic回归模型,探讨流动人口城镇居留意愿及其近远程分异的影响因素。主要发现如下：① 青藏高原流动人口总体城镇居留意愿不高,仅有约32%的流动人口打算在城镇地区长期居留;除拉萨、西宁和海西等少数地区外,多数地区该比例仅约为10%。② 近程流动人口城镇居留意愿明显高于远程流动人口,但近程流动人口在多数地区的居留意愿仍低于20%。③ 受教育程度、收入水平、城镇医疗保险、社会融合程度以及流入地的经济发展水平、自然条件等因素对流动人口城镇居留意愿具有显著正向影响。④ 近程和远程流动人口城镇居留意愿分异与流动原因、社会融合程度等方面的差异密切相关。最后,针对青藏高原的特殊性,提出差异化的流动人口高质量城镇化政策建议。     

土地利用动态模拟模型的构建及其应用——以北京市海淀区为例

CLUE-S模型是一个基于经验统计原理的模拟多土地利用类型空间变化的动态模拟模型,它在世界多个国家和地区的区域尺度农业、森林为主的土地利用变化模拟中得到应用。作者对CLUE-S模型进行了改进,改进后的模型 (CLUE-SII) 引入了动态计算的邻域分析因子,可以对土地利用变化中的自发过程、自组织过程和土地利用类型间的竞争进行模拟,还可以根据研究区域特点构建不同的模拟方案,在这些模拟方案中,局地因子和邻域因子在土地利用变化中的作用方式不同。应用CLUE-SII对北京市海淀区1991~2001年土地利用变化进行了多方案模拟,结果表明邻域因子对城镇用地变化具有重要作用,其中将邻域因子看作自发过程放大因子的模拟方案获得了较好的模拟结果,整图符合比达到77%,其中城镇用地符合比达到82%,Kappa值达到0.754。CLUE-SII在北京市海淀区的应用实例表明,该模型可以对高分辨率和多土地利用类型下的城市扩展进行有效模拟,扩展了CLUE-S的应用领域;通过构建多模拟方案,不但可以探索最佳的模拟结果,还可以研究和分析不同土地利用驱动因子在土地利用变化中的作用模式。     

新型城镇化背景下中国城市郊区化研究进展与展望

随着中国城镇化进入中后期发展阶段,城市郊区成为人口集聚的重要载体之一,有必要在此新形势下系统梳理中国城市郊区化脉络和研究展望。论文通过CiteSpace 5.8软件,以中国知网(CNKI)中北大核心与CSSCI来源期刊以及硕博士学位论文中郊区化主题文献为对象,对郊区化研究的关键词共现网络和突现词探测进行分析,在探究郊区化研究总体特征的基础上,系统梳理了1983年至今郊区化研究热点与前沿及其演变。结果表明,中国城市郊区化研究在1996年之前处于起步阶段,随着城镇化快速发展,1997—2015年中国城市郊区化研究进入关注活跃阶段,但是2016年以来相关研究逐步淡化。中国城市郊区化研究热点主要包括郊区化与城市化、郊区化的人口分布与流动、郊区化的动力机制以及案例区的具体研究等,基本符合“借鉴学习—摸清现象—探究本质—实际应用”的研究脉络。面向中国新型城镇化发展新阶段,有必要重新审视城市郊区化的内涵,同时关注不同群体、中西部和东北地区的城市郊区化过程,重视郊区化与城市空间重构的关系探究,并突出城市郊区化的可持续发展模式及软层面保障措施的综合研究。     

海南岛东部铜鼓岭岸段港湾岸滩沉积特征

海南岛东部铜鼓岭岬角南、北两侧的淇水湾和月亮湾海岸海滩均为中粗砂海滩,其中值粒径和平均粒径主要分布在0~2 Ф之间,反映了海南岛东部动力作用整体较强。月亮湾近岸20 m水深处沉积物的中值粒径主要分布在-1~-3 Ф之间,主要以砾石为主;10~20 m水深处沉积物中值粒径分布在-1~0 Ф之间,以极粗砂为主;铜鼓岭南部淇水湾,以粗砂为主,部分区域出现细砂,反映海滩受到的动力条件不如北部月亮湾海岸海滩显著。造成这种差异的主要原因是铜鼓岭岬角对东北向(主风向)风浪的阻挡和岬角南部港湾有宽广的珊瑚礁平台对波浪的消能。而且,淇水湾海岸北部和南部也有差异,北部珊瑚礁平台受到破坏,对波浪的消浪较弱,从而表现同一海滩滩面物质分布的南北差异。     

基于文化经济共同演化视角的区域发展模式比较研究——以江苏省丰县、昆山为例

在构建文化经济共同演化模型的基础上,对江苏省丰县、昆山的共同演化类型进行判定,进而从共同演化路径、共同演化亚型、共同演化大类、共同演化亚类、共同演化过程等方面对丰县模式、昆山模式解读和比较,研究发现：（1）区域发展模式是文化经济共同演化的结果,而区域文化是文化经济共同演化和区域发展模式形成创新的能动因素;（2）区域发展...