森林火灾的 CINRAD/SA 雷达监测

对 2007 年浙江省南部地区 10 次距离雷达站 5～100 km、不同规模的森林火灾进行分析,发现温州新一代多普勒天气雷达 CINRAD/SA 能对森林火灾进行监测.雷达分析发现,火灾引起的回波具有水平尺度小、回波顶高度低、回波强度强等和地物回波相类似的特征,径向速度图上一般有辐散速度对的出现,并具有不同于气象回波的特征.受地理位置和天气系统等影响,发生在大陆山区的森林火灾其回波特征较海岛和沿海山区的森林火灾更为显著.本文还对应用雷达监测森林火灾的前景和局限性进行了分析.雷达回波可以识别、监测不同规模森林火灾的发生和演变,为森林火灾的监测提供了崭新的手段,也为多普勒天气雷达的应用拓展新的领域.     

湖南省森林火灾时空分布特征及其气象成因分析

利用湖南省2008-2017年10年森林火灾数据、卫星MODIS和VIIRS监测资料及常规气象资料，统计分析了湖南省森林火灾时空分布特征，分析结果表明：近10年湖南省森林火灾高发月份是2、3、4月， 3月最多，总次数为3800次，森林火灾在邵阳发生次数最多，郴州、长沙和永州次之。森林火灾受灾面积最大的是永州市、怀化市、邵阳市，达6800-7500公顷。重点分析了2018年2月14-19日湖南致灾严重的森林火灾过程与气象条件的关系，结果表明，森林火灾期间，气温偏高、相对湿度较小，降水量少，平均风速一般超过0.5m/s，火灾严重时段最大风速增大到6m/s左右，风向以偏东风和偏南风为主，湖南高低空受上下一致的西南风气流控制，天气形势较稳定。     

迭部“4.15”森林大火的气象条件及EOS遥感监测

利用2003年4月15～18日甘南迭部重大森林火灾资料以及2002年5月-2003年4月气象资料，分析了火灾的天气气候成因，同时利用相应的EOS／MODIS遥感资料分析了前期土壤湿度以及着火状况。结果表明：冬、春季气温偏高、降水偏少，持续数月干旱是甘肃南部发生重大火灾的主要气候背景。西北区东部过渡季节干旱少雨的500hPa平均环流特征是欧亚大陆东岸大槽偏深、新疆脊偏强。北方冷空气底部锋区南压，青藏高原上偏南气流发展是甘肃南部火灾环流形势之一。气温持续上升、湿度持续下降是火灾发生、蔓延的重要条件。通过研究发现，EOS／MODIS资料能够较好地反映火灾前期的土壤湿度状况，是准确监测火灾发生、估算火区面积、强度和蔓延趋势最有效途径。     

气象卫星遥感在林火面积估算中的应用

气象卫星遥感在林火面积估算中的应用张树誉（陕西省农业遥感信息中心西安·７１００１５）利用气象卫星的ＡＶＨＲＲ信息遥感监测地球表面同一地区具有周期短、视野广的特点，这对研究大面积宏观的环境生态特征具有明显优势，特别对环境生态具有破坏性的森林火灾的监测更...     

2000年我国森林火灾的气象特征分析

从2000年全年林火发生地区和时间分析研究入手，指出了2000年林火发生的两大重灾区。一个是东北林区（黑龙江、内蒙古大兴安岭林区），另一是长江以南大部分地区；划分出了森林火灾发生的三个高冷期，即3月中下旬到4月初、5月上中旬及6月中下旬。根据2000年林火发生地区和时间特征，分析研究了森林火灾发生的天气气候背景，森林火突出现的天气形势，结合卫星云图林火监测资料,对2000年森林火灾发生的大气环流进行了天气学模型分类。     

森林火灾天气等级确定及监测预报方法

利用内蒙古和山西两地1994－1999年6次特大森林火灾的气候资料，探讨了火灾发生的环境条件和天气气候条件，并建立了森林火险天气等级、监测和预报方法。     

基于MODISL1B数据的川西高原森林火灾监测阈值研究

本文使用2009~2011年1~6月MODISL1B数据,经过云水掩膜,亮温反演,参照四川省护林防火办公室地面森林火灾观测资料,对四川省1、2季度火灾监测阈值进行了研究,提出了针对不同类型火灾监测的阈值范围,并对监测算法进行了适当修改。使用修改后的算法对2012年1~2月火灾进行了监测,精度达到87%,监测结果比MODIS14的火灾产品好。研究将监测火点与风场、土地利用数据叠加,并结合MODIS的7、2、1波段组合,提高了火点位置的准确度。     

用NOAA卫星信息估算过火面积初探

1引言森林、草原是宝贵的自然资源。今年4、5月份发生了西伯利亚森林大火、蒙古草原大火、我国境内的内蒙古森林草原大火等多场大火灾。火灾烧毁大量的森林、牧草和生产、生活设施，危及人民生命，严重破坏了生态环境。所以对火灾的动态监测及灾后评估有极其重要的意义。极轨气象卫星有改进的甚高分辨仪AVHRR资料，且时间分辨率高、带幅宽，在火灾监测方面有着非常重要的作用。利用NOAA卫星资料对火灾过火面积进行估算，对于及时地估计损失、进行修复是很重要的。以往对于明火的面积计算做了很多工作“‘，本文以内蒙古大火为例对大的过…     

气象卫星遥感处理系统（V3.2）在林火监测中的应用

介绍了气象卫星遥感资料处理系统在火灾监测测中的优点，阐述了整人工作流程。     

NOAAA VHRR遥感信息在火灾监测中的应用

用遥感技术监测森林火灾，在国外起始于60年代初期的航空红外探测，即机载红外探测系统监测林火。但这种方法受视场和飞行高度的限制，不容易得到确切的林火位置和燃烧面积发展的确切信息．并且经济成本高．不适于日常业务使用。80年代后随着卫星遥感应用的开发。利用气象卫星监测森林火灾在国外得到愈来愈广泛的重视。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.