用甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）数据导出的板块运动参数

本文采用最近获得的ＶＬＢＩ基线变化率，解算了全球５０个ＶＬＢＩ站的站速度。通过对ＶＬＢＩ台站构造稳定性的分析，用位于板块稳定地区台站的站速度求解了欧亚（ＥＵＲＡ）、北美（ＮＯＡＭ）和太平洋（ＰＣＦＣ）三个主要板块之间的相对运动欧拉矢量，这是完全基于ＶＬＢＩ数据导出的板块运动模型，称为ＶＰ－ＭＭ１。通过ＶＰＭＭ１与地学板块运动模型的比较，分析了板块运动的稳定性，得出了几点初步结论。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区的地壳运动,地壳厚度,张性冰川的探讨

珠穆朗玛峰是世界最高峰，基高程一直受到世人关注。同时珠穆朗玛峰及其毗邻地区位于欧亚板块和印度板块边缘的冲撞挤压地带，地壳运动，剧烈，地形。复杂，三十年来我国对珠穆朗玛峰高程及其毗邻地区进行了三次大规模大地测量，现将珠穆朗玛峰高程和该地区的地壳运动研究介绍于后。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区的地壳运动,地壳厚度,张性冰川的探讨

珠穆朗玛峰是世界最高峰，基高程一直受到世人关注。同时珠穆朗玛峰及其毗邻地区位于欧亚板块和印度板块边缘的冲撞挤压地带，地壳运动，剧烈，地形。复杂，三十年来我国对珠穆朗玛峰高程及其毗邻地区进行了三次大规模大地测量，现将珠穆朗玛峰高程和该地区的地壳运动研究介绍于后。     

南美板块的运动和活动形变

利用GPS测量南美板块地表位移来研究南美板块的运动和形变以及在智利海沟处纳兹卡-南美边界形变。南美板块以平均14.0mm/a的速度整体向北移动，在东西向以10.9mm/a的速度收缩，并存在3.8mm/a整体性向东偏移，因此大西洋在扩张的同时有一个微小的向东移动，形成现今大西洋中脊向东扭曲的形态。并基于空间大地测量资料，确立独立于任何板块运动模型约束和假设的南美板块欧拉参数，分析了现今南美板块的运动和活动形变。     

板块运动及其对测站位置的影响

本文简述了地球板块运动的特征，介绍了国际上最新推荐的板块运动模型ＮＵＶＥＬ ＮＮＲ－１，讨论了板块运动对测站位置的影响，指出在高精度的ＶＬＢＩ和ＳＬＲ数据处理中必须顾及该项影响。     

川滇地区地壳运动和重力场变化与强震活动的关系研究

正受印度板块北推碰撞欧亚大陆、青藏高原NE向挤压和向东挤出的动力环境控制,川滇地区地质构造结构复杂、地貌反差显著、深浅构造活动强烈、地震发生频度高且强度大。本论文利用区域GPS、全球最新地壳模型和重力场模型等数据,研究了川滇地区的位移场、应变场、岩石圈结构、重力场及其变化等特征,探讨它们与区     

青藏高原板块形变模型与地壳运动监测网设计

根据板块运动理论，运用空间大地测量方法，建立了监测板块变动的实用数学模型，提出了建立青藏高原地壳运动大地测量监测网的初步方案。     

利用空间技术求解现时板块运动参数

本文综合利用GPS及VLBI技术，以站心坐标速度为观测量，求解了五个主要板块的绝对和相对板块运动参数，进行了精度分析。并与传统的NUIVEL-1 A地学板块运动模型进行了比较，在一定程度上说明全球板块运动在最近300万年内总体上趋于稳定。     

组合VLBI和SLR数据估计的全球板块运动参数

本文组合应用ＶＬＢＩ和ＳＬＲ数据导出了一个完全基于空间技术实测数据的现时板块运动模型，称为ＳＧＰＭＭ１。ＳＧＰＭＭ１与地学板块运动模型ＮＵＶＥＬ－１的比较指出：空间大地测量数据估计的板块运动总体上与地学估计值一致。经过地磁极倒转时间尺度修正，并考虑到冰斯后地壳回弹的影响，空间大地测量数据估计的北美，欧亚和澳大利亚板块之间的相对运动速率与地学估计值有极好的一致，但太平洋板块相对于北美、欧亚和澳大利亚     

青藏高原板块形变模型与地壳运动监测网设计

根据板块运动理论，运用空间大地测量方法，建立了监测板块变动的实用数学模型，提出了建立青藏高原地壳运动大地测量监测网的初步方案。     

EGM96/2008重力场模型在似大地水准面构建中的应用

似大地水准面的构建可以将GPS测量的高程迅速转化为正常高,极大降低高程测量的成本,提高相关工作效率。将EGM96/2008重力场模型与“移去-恢复”法相结合,在矿区内建立似大地水准面,并使用不同的插值方法,验证最优方案。结果表明,使用二次线性插值的EGM2008重力场模型拟合效果更好,模型外符合精度达到3.6 mm,更适合应用于该区域似大地水准面构建。     

利用CORS站网监测三峡地区环境负荷引起的地壳形变与重力场时空变化

受地球动力学因素特别是地球表层大气、地表水及地下水动力环境影响,地面站点位置、地球重力场及大地水准面随时间变化。以三峡地区CORS站网为主,少量重力台站为辅,采用负荷形变与地球重力场严密组合方法,综合确定了2011-01-2015-06三峡地区环境负荷驱动的地壳形变与重力场月变化,结果显示:（1）CORS站网具备地壳垂直形变、大地水准面及地面重力变化的监测能力;（2）三峡地区地壳垂直形变年变化幅度36.1 mm,大地水准面年变化幅度28.2 mm,地面重力年变化幅度117.4 μGal;（3）CORS站网地面重力变化监测精度水平不低于流动重力场重复测量;（4）CORS站网地壳垂直形变与地面重力变化监测具有一定的外推预报能力。     

The rigorous determination of orthometric heights

The main problem of the rigorous definition of the orthometric height is the evaluation of the mean value of the Earth’s gravity acceleration along the plumbline within the topography. To find the exact relation between rigorous orthometric and Molodensky’s normal heights, the mean gravity is decomposed into: the mean normal gravity, the mean values of gravity generated by topographical and atmospheric masses, and the mean gravity disturbance generated by the masses contained within geoid. The mean normal gravity is evaluated according to Somigliana–Pizzetti’s theory of the normal gravity field generated by the ellipsoid of revolution. Using the Bruns formula, the mean values of gravity along the plumbline generated by topographical and atmospheric masses can be computed as the integral mean between the Earth’s surface and geoid. Since the disturbing gravity potential generated by masses inside the geoid is harmonic above the geoid, the mean value of the gravity disturbance generated by the geoid is defined by applying the Poisson integral equation to the integral mean. Numerical results for a test area in the Canadian Rocky Mountains show that the difference between the rigorously defined orthometric height and the Molodensky normal height reaches ∼0.5 m.     

Regional geoid of the Weddell Sea,Antarctica, from heterogeneous ground-based gravity data

We present a geoid solution for the Weddell Sea and adjacent continental Antarctic regions. There, a refined geoid is of interest, especially for oceanographic and glaciological applications. For example, to investigate the Weddell Gyre as a part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and, thus, of the global ocean circulation, the mean dynamic topography (MDT) is needed. These days, the marine gravity field can be inferred with high and homogeneous resolution from altimetric height profiles of the mean sea surface. However, in areas permanently covered by sea ice as well as in coastal regions, satellite altimetry features deficiencies. Focussing on the Weddell Sea, these aspects are investigated in detail. In these areas, ground-based data that have not been used for geoid computation so far provide additional information in comparison with the existing high-resolution global gravity field models such as EGM2008. The geoid computation is based on the remove–compute–restore approach making use of least-squares collocation. The residual geoid with respect to a release 4 GOCE model adds up to two meters and more in the near-coastal and continental areas of the Weddell Sea region, also in comparison with EGM2008. Consequently, the thus refined geoid serves to compute new estimates of the regional MDT and geostrophic currents.     

似大地水准面的误差分析与抑制技术

大地水准面误差分析与精度评定是局部重力场逼近技术的重要组成部分,是大地水准面精化工程外业方案优化、算法设计和工程质量评价的基本依据。本文分别从地面重力数据误差和局部重力场算法两个方面,分析cm级大地水准面误差的影响特性,提出重力数据误差与大地水准面精度之间普遍适用的规律,推荐一种GPS水准和地面重力数据联合平差的精度评定方法,结合实例和模拟计算分析,介绍大地水准面误差分析与误差抑制方法。     

应用双输入单输出法确定局部似大地水准面的实例研究

利用了双输入单输出法,融合处理了我国某地区的重力异常和地形资料两类数据,结合WDM94地球重力场模型和63个高精度GPS水准数据,计算了该区域的似大地水准面。     

Minimization and estimation of geoid undulation errors

The objective of this paper is to minimize the geoid undulation errors by focusing on the contribution of the global geopotential model and regional gravity anomalies, and to estimate the accuracy of the predicted gravimetric geoid.The geopotential model's contribution is improved by (a) tailoring it using the regional gravity anomalies and (b) introducing a weighting function to the geopotential coefficients. The tailoring and the weighting function reduced the difference (1) between the geopotential model and the GPS/levelling-derived geoid undulations in British Columbia by about 55% and more than 10%, respectively.Geoid undulations computed in an area of 40° by 120° by Stokes' integral with different kernel functions are analyzed. The use of the approximated kernels results in about 25 cm () and 190 cm (maximum) geoid errors. As compared with the geoid derived by GPS/levelling, the gravimetric geoid gives relative differences of about 0.3 to 1.4 ppm in flat areas, and 1 to 2.5 ppm in mountainous areas for distances of 30 to 200 km, while the absolute difference (1) is about 5 cm and 20 cm, respectively.A optimal Wiener filter is introduced for filtering of the gravity anomaly noise, and the performance is investigated by numerical examples. The internal accuracy of the gravimetric geoid is studied by propagating the errors of the gravity anomalies and the geopotential coefficients into the geoid undulations. Numerical computations indicate that the propagated geoid errors can reasonably reflect the differences between the gravimetric and GPS/levelling-derived geoid undulations in flat areas, such as Alberta, and is over optimistic in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia.Paper presented at the IAG General Meeting, Beijing, China, August 8–13, 1993.     

Local geoid determination combining gravity disturbances and GPS/levelling: a case study in the Lake Nasser area, Aswan, Egypt

 The use of GPS for height control in an area with existing levelling data requires the determination of a local geoid and the bias between the local levelling datum and the one implicitly defined when computing the local geoid. If only scarse gravity data are available, the heights of new data may be collected rapidly by determining the ellipsoidal height by GPS and not using orthometric heights. Hence the geoid determination has to be based on gravity disturbances contingently combined with gravity anomalies. Furthermore, existing GPS/levelling data may also be used in the geoid determination if a suitable general gravity field modelling method (such as least-squares collocation, LSC) is applied. A comparison has been made in the Aswan Dam area between geoids determined using fast Fourier transform (FFT) with gravity disturbances exclusively and LSC using only the gravity disturbances and the disturbances combined with GPS/levelling data. The EGM96 spherical harmonic model was in all cases used in a remove–restore mode. A total of 198 gravity disturbances spaced approximately 3 km apart were used, as well as 35 GPS/levelling points in the vicinity and on the Aswan Dam. No data on the Nasser Lake were available. This gave difficulties when using FFT, which requires the use of gridded data. When using exclusively the gravity disturbances, the agreement between the GPS/levelling data were 0.71 ± 0.17 m for FFT and 0.63 ± 0.15 for LSC. When combining gravity disturbances and GPS/levelling, the LSC error estimate was ±0.10 m. In the latter case two bias parameters had to be introduced to account for a possible levelling datum difference between the levelling on the dam and that on the adjacent roads. Received: 14 August 2000 / Accepted: 28 February 2001     

格尔木市高精度数字高程基准模型研究

大地水准面(数字高程基准)为国家高程基准的建立与维持提供了全新的思路。然而,受限于地形、重力数据等原因,高原地区高精度数字高程基准模型的建立一直是大地测量领域的难题。本文以格尔木地区为例,探讨了高原地区高精度数字高程基准模型的建立方法。首先,基于重力和地形数据,由第二类Helmert凝集法计算了格尔木重力似大地水准面。在计算中,考虑到高原地形对大地水准面模型的影响,采用了7.5″×7.5″分辨率和高精度的地形数据来恢复大地水准面短波部分的方法,以提高似大地水准面的精度。然后,利用球冠谐调和分析方法将GNSS水准与重力似大地水准面联合,建立了格尔木高精度数字高程基准模型。与实测的67个高精度GNSS水准资料比较,重力似大地水准面的外符合精度为3.0 cm,数字高程基准模型的内符合精度为2.0 cm。     

Improving Orthometric Heights Using Precise GPS Measurements

The vertical component obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations is from the ellipsoid (a mathematical surface), and therefore needs to be converted to the orthometric height, which is from the geoid (represented by the mean sea level). The common practice is to use existing bench marks (around the four corners of a project area and interpolate for the rest of the area), but in many areas bench marks may not be available, in which case an existing geoid undulation is used. Present available global geoid undulation values are not generally as detailed as needed, and in many areas they are not known better than ±1 to ±5 m, because of many limitations. This article explains the difficulties encountered in obtaining precise geoid undulation with some example computations, and proposes a technique of applying corrections to the best available global geoid undulations using detailed free-air gravity anomalies (within a 2° × 2° area) to get relative centimeter accuracy. Several test computations have been performed to decide the optimal block sizes and the effective spherical distances to compute the regional and the local effects of gravity anomalies on geoid undulations by using the Stokes integral. In one test computation a 2° × 2° area was subdivided into smaller surface elements. A difference of 37.34 ± 1.6 cm in geoid undulation was obtained over the same 2° × 2° area when 1° × 1° block sizes were replaced by a combination of 5' × 5' and 1' × 1' subdivision integration elements (block sizes).