The development of talus slopes around Lord Howe island and implications for the history of island planation

Lord Howe Island is a small eroded remnant of a Late Miocene shield volcano. A fringing coral reef dissipates wave energy along a portion of the shoreline, but the remainder of the coast is rugged with spectacular high basaltic sea cliffs. This paper investigates the evolution of talus slopes that occur beneath the loftiest cliffs, and places this analysis within the context of a longer history of island planation that has resulted in a wide truncated shelf around the island. During the Last Glacial, when the sea level was lower than at present, talus slopes accumulated around the extent of the island's cliffed coast because material eroded from cliffs by subaerial processes could not be removed by marine processes. The survival of these slopes during the Holocene has depended on a balance achieved between rates of subaerial and marine erosion. This balance is fundamentally influenced by cliff height, as cliffs higher than 200 m are plunging or veneered by talus slopes, whereas lower cliffs have erosional shore platforms. On comparison with published erosion rates from inland basalt scarps it appears that marine processes may account for over 90 per cent of the total cliff retreat that has occurred at Lord Howe Island, yet contemporary coastal morphology attests to the significance of subaerial processes in recent times. It is likely that marine cliffing was very rapid soon after volcanism ceased, but rates of erosion decreased through time as wave energy became increasingly attenuated across a widening planation surface, and as increasing cliff heights yielded greater quantities of talus that provided protection from rapid marine erosion.     

SHORELINE CHANGE AT THOMPSON ISLAND,BOSTON HARBOR,MASSACHUSETTS, 1938-1977

A photogrammetric and sediment analysis is presented to illustrate the relationship between beach erosion and seacliff recession on Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Aerial photographs taken in 1938, 1952, 1963, and 1977 were measured to determine rates of shoreline change around the island. The 39-year average rate of beach erosion is 0.3 m/yr ± 2% with an average rate of cliff recession at 0.2 m/yr ± 2%. Rates of beach erosion between six orientations that reflect principal wave approach to the island were not found to be significantly different (0.05) for the 39-year period. The rank order correlation between beach erosion and cliff recession for these six orientations was moderately well correlated (0.63). To determine possible controls of cliff erosion, 58 sediment samples were collected from glacial cliffs along the shoreline. The textural composition was determined, and then tested with discriminant function analysis. Partial correlation analysis between beach erosion and cliff recession holding a surrogate for sediment size constant improved the rank order from 0.63 to 0.84. The results indicate that coarser-grained cliffs recede at faster rates, but with less erosion occurring on adjacent beaches. Alternatively, finer-grained cliffs recede at slower rates, but with greater erosion occurring on adjacent beaches.     

Estuarine shore platforms in Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand

Whanganui Inlet is a low mesotidal environment where wave energy at the shoreline is limited due to a small fetch, a narrow entrance and tidal flat accretion to intertidal elevations. Wave energy is therefore only an erosive force at high tide and under storm conditions. Despite this low-energy environment extensive shore platforms occur within the inlet. They are sub-horizontal and range in width from 4.1 to 185.2 m with an average of 44.9 m. All the platforms are formed in sandstone of low resistance (mean N-type Schmidt Hammer rebound value of 17 ± 8) and have their seaward edges buried by intertidal sediment flats. The majority of platforms occur at around MHWN level, corresponding to the elevation of those flats. Where wave energy is highest, opposite the inlet's entrance and at those sites with the largest fetch, platforms develop to 0.5–1.0 m below MSL. A higher platform level is also found at MHWS elevations, however it appears to be relict with active erosion of its seaward edge occurring and therefore is most likely related to a higher mid-Holocene sea level. Apart from the location of the lowest platforms little correspondence is found between platform morphology and wave energy. Platform evolution appears to be intrinsically linked to the intertidal sediment flats which determine the degree of surface saturation of the bedrock and, hence, the number of wetting and drying cycles the platforms may undergo. As the seaward edge is buried platform development is primarily through retreat of the landward cliff. This process can, however, be complicated by the migration of intertidal water channels onto the seaward edge of the platforms or relative sea level fall which may rejuvenate landward retreat of the low-tide cliff.     

Controls on coastal dune morphology, shoreline erosion and barrier island response to extreme storms

The response of a barrier island to an extreme storm depends in part on the surge elevation relative to the height and extent of the foredunes which can exhibit considerable variability alongshore. While it is recognized that alongshore variations in dune height and width direct barrier island response to storm surge, the underlying causes of the alongshore variation remain poorly understood. This study examines the alongshore variation in dune morphology along a 11 km stretch of Santa Rosa Island in northwest Florida and relates the variation in morphology to the response of the island during Hurricane Ivan and historic and storm-related rates of shoreline erosion. The morphology of the foredune and backbarrier dunes was characterized before and after Hurricane Ivan using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and related through Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The height and extent of the foredune, and the presence and relative location of the backbarrier dunes, varied alongshore at discrete length scales (of ~ 750, 1450 and 4550 m) that are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Cospectral analysis suggests that the variation in dune morphology is correlated with transverse ridges on the inner-shelf, the backbarrier cuspate headlands, and the historical and storm-related trends in shoreline change. Sections of the coast with little to no dune development before Hurricane Ivan were observed in the narrowest portions of the island (between headlands), west of the transverse ridges. Overwash penetration tended to be larger in these areas and island breaching was common, leaving the surface close to the watertable and covered by a lag of shell and gravel. In contrast, large foredunes and the backbarrier dunes were observed at the widest sections of the island (the cuspate headlands) and at crest of the transverse ridges. Due to the large dunes and the presence of the backbarrier dunes, these areas experienced less overwash penetration and most of the sediment from the beachface and dunes was deposited within the upper-shoreface. It is argued that this sediment is returned to the beachface through nearshore bar migration following the storm and that the areas with larger foredunes and backbarrier dunes have smaller rates of historical shoreline erosion compared to areas with smaller dunes and greater transfer of sediment to the washover terrace. Since the recovery of the dunes will vary depending on the availability of sediment from the washover and beachface, it is further argued that the alongshore pattern of dune morphology and the response of the island to the next extreme storm is forced by the transverse ridges and island width through alongshore variations in storm surge and overwash gradients respectively. These findings may be particularly important for coastal managers involved in the repair and rebuilding of coastal infrastructure that was damaged or destroyed during Hurricane Ivan.     

江苏海岸侵蚀过程及其趋势

江苏省侵蚀海岸的总长度为 30 1 7km ,分为 4段 :废黄河三角洲海岸、港海岸、吕四海岸以及海州湾的沙质海岸。各段海岸侵蚀原因不同。废黄河三角洲海岸是因黄河改道失去泥沙来源 ;吕四与港海岸则因辐射沙洲调整过程中滨岸水道的向岸移动造成的 ;而北部沙岸则是因人类活动 (上游建设水库及开挖海滩沙 )的干扰。江苏海岸是一个沉积物准封闭系统 ,全球性海平面上升将加剧这一侵蚀过程 ,预计未来侵蚀海岸的长度将增加 ,辐射沙洲区的外围沙洲将因侵蚀而向中心区退缩。一些目前是隐型侵蚀的岸段将向显性侵蚀的阶段发展。由于连云港到长江口北支的岸段是软性海岸 ,缺乏硬质节点 ,在没有建造大型人工设施的前提下 ,估计江苏海岸动态及制定开发规划时必须考虑平直化的大趋势。     

广东黄圃镇海蚀遗址的形成年代及古地理环境

广东中山市黄圃镇海蚀遗址是广东沿海至今为止所发现最大规模的海蚀遗址之一,古海蚀地貌延伸范围超过200米,海蚀洞、海蚀崖、海蚀平台等海蚀地貌仍保持得较为完好。根据地形特征、地层（钻孔）资料、海侵范围、史料记载进行综合确定了古海蚀遗址的形成年代和古地理环境。古海蚀崖所在的尖峰山由白垩系陆相红色碎屑岩系构成。黄圃附近地区在晚更新世末期第一次海侵前已经是一隆起地块,在晚更新世和全新世两次海侵时都处在较高的位置,出露的白垩系地层（尖峰山）为蚀余的低矮山地。这些残余山地在全新世海侵大部分时段内为珠江口古海湾中的岛屿,黄圃镇作为大陆岸线的时间很短,海蚀地形主要形成于晚全新世前海侵时（距今约6100～1600年）的岛屿时期。     

海岸沙席形态及近表层沉积物粒度对台风的响应

依据2014年第10号强台风“麦德姆”登陆前后福建平潭岛典型海岸沙席的形态观测与近表层沉积物粒度数据,综合分析了海岸沙席对台风的响应特征。结果表明：① 海岸沙席形态对“麦德姆”的响应明显,主要表现为沙席前缘高程降低（最大侵蚀深度为0.40 m）,中部变化较小（-0.06~0.09 m）,后缘明显升高（最大堆积厚度为1.62 m）,沙席体积增大2.02%。② 海岸沙席近表层沉积物粒度受“麦德姆”影响较小,其粒度参数在台风前后并无质的等级性变化。③ 海岸沙席的台风响应特征主要因台风过程中大风的非选择性侵蚀和搬运及海岸沙席与海滩沙粒度的相近性所造成的,同时也受到周边地势及植被等的影响。     

An empirical–conceptual gully evolution model for channelled sea cliffs

Incised coastal channels are a specific form of incised channel that are found in locations where stream channels flowing to cliffed coasts have the excess energy required to cut down through the cliff to reach the outlet water body. The southern coast of the Isle of Wight, southern England, comprises soft cliffs that vary in height between 15 and 100 m and which are retreating at rates ≤ 1.5 m a^− 1, due to a combination of wave erosion and landslides. In several locations, river channels have cut through the cliffs to create deeply (≤ 45 m) incised gullies, known locally as ‘Chines’. The Chines are unusual in that their formation is associated with dynamic shoreline encroachment during a period of rising sea-level, whereas existing models of incised channel evolution emphasise the significance of base level lowering. This paper develops a conceptual model of Chine evolution by applying space for time substitution methods using empirical data gathered from Chine channel surveys and remotely sensed data. The model identifies a sequence of evolutionary stages, which are classified based on a suite of morphometric indices and associated processes. The extent to which individual Chines are in a state of growth or decay is estimated by determining the relative rates of shoreline retreat and knickpoint recession, the former via analysis of historical aerial images and the latter through the use of a stream power erosion model.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of decadal-scale patterns in barrier island response to storms: Perdido Key,NW Florida

The ability to accurately quantify shoreline variability is essential in order to establish aggressive mitigation strategies, based on recent global climate change projections. This investigation employed a suite of coastal data (topographic maps, aerial photography, satellite imagery and lidar) to establish decadal trends of shoreline movement along Perdido Key, a sandy barrier island off Florida’s northwest coast. The technique used to detect morphologic change with time was a recently developed tool, Analyzing Moving Boundaries Using R. This innovative methodology improves our understanding of the evolution of coastal systems by modeling shoreline variance using a method that is sensitive to shoreline shape. Results show that the barrier shoreline is a highly dynamic feature with distinct zones of erosion and accretion that are pervasive over time. In general, the island is displaying a mechanism of rotational instability with the eastern half retreating, and the western portion advancing. The inflection point, around which this rotational shifting is taking place, lies at the center of a Pleistocene headland located along the island’s midpoint. The results of this study suggest that coastal evolution along the island may be meta-stable, with trends in shoreline variance corresponding mainly to discrete storm events in time.     

THE IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON THE COASTLINE OF JERVIS BAY,SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA

The Jervis Bay area offers a diversity of landforms that do not fit within contemporary views of coastal evolution. Field evidence indicates that catastrophic tsunami have had a significant impact on the coast and its hinterland both within and outside the embayment. Runup has overtopped cliffs 80 m above sea level and deposited chevron-shaped ridges to elevations of 130 m on the southern headland. Boulders, up to 6 m in diameter, have been deposited in an imbricated fashion against cliffs, on clifftops, and along shoreline ramps. Bed-form features and the size of transported material indicate flow depths up to 10 m and velocities around 8 m s^-1. While significant Pleistocene material has been swept onto the coastline, mainly in the form of barriers, radiocarbon dating indicates that tsunami have occurred repetitively throughout the Holocene. The most recent event occurred just before European settlement over 200 years ago. [Key words: barrier beaches, coastal geomorphology, tsunami, Jervis Bay, Australia.]     

Sandstone terrain in a semi‐arid littoral environment: the Lower Murchison Valley,Western Australia

Stream and wave erosion have cut spectacular cliffs in the Tumblagooda Sandstone in the Murchison gorge and along the adjacent coast. The sandplain above the cliffs developed between the Late Cretaceous and the Mid Tertiary but whether it formed at low level and was then uplifted or was formed at its present elevation is not known. The upper 30 km of the gorge post‐dates the laterite on the sandplain. As there is little runoff from the sandplain, erosion is limited to the edge of the gorge. Joints have controlled erosion of small tributaries but have had very limited effect on the course of the Murchison proper. Facies changes within the sandstone are reflected in the form of the cliffs. Very extensive cavernous weathering on the cliffs is attributed to crystallisation of salt. Comparisons with sandstone terrains elsewhere suggest that lithology may be just as important as climate in controlling large‐scale spatial variation of landforms.     

Erosion and reorientation of the Sapodilla Cays,Mesoamerican Reef Belize from 1960 to 2012

The Sapodilla Cays Marine Reserve in southern Belize includes nine low-relief sand cays that were first surveyed in 1960. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct a 52-year history of the Sapodilla Cays (1960–2012) using a combination of historical topographic surveys, satellite imagery, and additional field data collection. Results suggest that the majority of islands are eroding with some islands having lost over 70% of their area, and many have become swash aligned, which suggests limited sediment availability. The proportion of area lost on each island is related to the width of the reef platform (to the 5?m isobaths) in the direction of the reef edge, while island area is dependent on the width of the reef platform in the direction of the resultant wind. This suggests that the width of the reef platform is a primary determinant of sediment supply between storms that tend to erode the eastern shoreline of the island through refraction along the reef edge. While storm erosion tends to be concentrated along the eastern shoreline through the loss of sediment offshore, alongshore transport to the lagoon shoreline, and the transfer of sediment to the interior of the island, net shoreline retreat is greatest along the lagoon, suggesting that the relatively small winter “northers” and a lack of sediment supply from the reef lagoon are responsible for the observed erosion. Extrapolations based on contemporary loss-rates suggest that the smallest cays will disappear by 2020, while the largest cays will begin to disappear by the end of century.     

Generalised observations of wave characteristics on near‐horizontal shore platforms: Synthesis of six case studies from the North Island,New Zealand

Most field studies of wave processes on shore platforms in front of eroding cliffs focus on a single site, revealing aspects of wave dynamics at that location. Here, we analyse data from six platforms around northeastern New Zealand and describe the fundamental control of shore platform width, gradient and elevation on wave processes, including greater attenuation of short‐period waves at lower tidal stages and increases in longer period wave energy towards the cliff toe. These data suggest that empirical formulae developed from coral‐reef environments provide better predictions of wave height on platforms than formulae currently used in shore platform models.     

Former glacial lakes of the Bunger Hills,Antarctica

The Bunger Hills in East Antarctica occupy a land area of approximately 400 km². They have been exposed by Holocene retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet and its outlet glaciers. The accompanying sea level rise flooded the marine inlets that now separate the northern islands and peninsulas from the major part of the hills. During deglaciation the continental ice sheet margin retreated south‐eastwards with several temporary halts, during which ice‐dammed lakes were formed in some valleys. These lakes were maintained long enough to permit formation of beaches of sand and gravel, and for the erosion of shore platforms and low cliffs in bedrock. Around the western end of Fish Tail Bay impressive shoreline features 20 m above sea level define a former ice‐dammed lake that was 5.5 km long. A similar 7 km long former ice‐dammed lake was formed at Lake Dolgoe. The more extensive and deeper glacial lake is revealed by well‐developed and preserved shoreline features cut at 29 m which is 16 m above present lake level. In addition, several small ice‐dammed lakes existed temporarily near Lake Shchel and in the valley to the west. Lake Fish Tail existed more than 6,900 ¹⁴C years ago and Lake Shchel probably more than 6,680 ¹⁴C years ago. It is inferred that the shore platforms and beaches were formed by lake ice and wave action over considerable periods when the lakes were impounded by steep cold ice margins. There appears to have been a balance between meltwater input and evaporative loss from the lakes in the cold dry continental climate. There is no evidence for rapid lake level fluctuations, and there was very little input of clastic sediment. This resulted in poor development of deltaic and rhythmically laminated lake floor deposits. It is suggested that such deposits are more characteristic of ice‐dammed lakes formed in association with wet‐based temperate ice than those associated with dry‐based polar ice.     

基于遥感和GIS的江苏省海岸线时空变化

以江苏省海岸1973-2012年的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源,利用遥感和GIS技术,对江苏省海岸线的时空变化进行分析。结果表明：显著侵蚀岸段以废黄河口为中心,北至新淮河口,南至双洋港,长度约79.05 km,占研究区岸线总长度的8%;淤涨岸段以弶港为中心,北至运粮河口,南至新中港,长约715.50 km,占72%;其它部分稳定岸段与淤涨岸段相间存在。最大侵蚀速率为-23.37±11.92 m/a,位于废黄河口南侧;最大淤涨速率为445.37±66.80 m/a,位于射阳河口南侧。围垦是江苏省岸线变化的主要因素。总的来看,1973年以来40年间共围垦1912.4 km²,1980年前后出现了一个围垦高峰,之后围垦强度明显减弱且进入休养期,90年代以后围垦又普遍加强。     

华南末次冰期盛期最低海面问题

本文从陆架残留砂、水下海滩岩、陆架残留地貌、海底岩芯、珊瑚礁沉积间断、陆域侵蚀沉积反映等方面，综合考虑海面下降、陆架均衡沉降、构造活动、海流潮流波浪的再造作用等多种因素，认为华南末次冰期盛期的最低海南可能是－８０ｍ左右。     

Interpretation of erosion rates on rock surfaces

Simple linear regression is used to interpret erosion rates on two shore platforms from the Kaikoura Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand. Using this analysis it is suggested that measured rates could be viewed as representatives of populations of erosion rates moving about a changing fitness landscape. The potential of such a view for understanding erosion rates is outlined.     

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN TAIWAN

I.MesozoicEraVolcanicAchvityDlepre-Tertlalyl11etal11olphicbase111entisOnlyexposedalongtheeastemflankoftheBackboneRangeoftl1eCentraIRangeinTaiwan(Figurel).Overlpngthebasen1e11t,tl1estratumofTertiarytoQuaten1alysysten11sexposed(Flgure2).Deposltlonofthepre-TertlaryrocksprobablybopninPen1llanperiodandextendedintoMesozoic.Theserockswerelatertectonizedandlnotal1lorPhosedinlateMesozoictil11earldtl1el11aJororogenic111ovelnentisnamedYenshanlllovelnent(t1ieNanaoorogenylnTaiwan).A:lthe111eta11…     

Glacial history and shoreline displacement on Erdmannflya and Bohemanflya, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Traces of former glaciation were studied on Erdmannflya and Bohemanflya. Both peninsulas were probably completely covered by glaciers during the Late Weichselian and the final dcglaciation took place around years BP. Esmarkbreen readvanced shortly after 9,500 BP, probably a local and shortlasting event. Raised beaches occur to about 60 m above sea level, and date back to about 10,000 BP. Initial land emergence was rapid, about 3m/100 years. It seems to have been followed by a marine transgression between 8,500 and 7,500 BP, which resulted in a large and distinct beach bridge and marine abrasion cliffs about 10-12 m above present sea level. Mytilus edulis lived in the area between at least 9.000 and 5,000 BP. Five thousand years ago relative sea level probably stood 3-4 m higher than today. Relative sea level has remained close to present during the last centuries. Different positions of glacier fronts in this century have also been mapped.     

Factors controlling the survival of coastal dunes during multiple hurricane impacts in 2004 and 2005: Santa Rosa barrier island, Florida

Santa Rosa Island is an 85 km-long, wave-dominated low-lying barrier island situated along the northwestern Florida coast, facing the Gulf of Mexico. The entire island was severely impacted by Ivan, a strong category 3 hurricane that made landfall about 45 km to the west in September of 2004. Ten months later in July of 2005, Dennis, another category 3 hurricane, made landfall about 30 km east of the western tip of the island. Santa Rosa Island is characterized by well-developed but relatively low dunefields, described in this paper as incipient and established dunes, based on the presence of grassy and woody types of vegetation, respectively. The dunes were severely eroded by the two hurricanes. This paper investigates the factors controlling the regional-scale destruction and survival of the dunefields.Dune survival is controlled by: 1) hurricane characteristics, including intensity, duration, and frequency, and 2) morphological parameters including width of the barrier island, height and width of the dunefields, vegetation type, distance of the dunes to the ocean, and continuity of the dunefields. Three processes of dune destruction are described including, from most to least severe, inundation, overwash, and scarping. The interaction of all the above factors determines the different dune responses to the storm impacts. In general, the extensive and densely woody vegetated dunefields near the bay-side shoreline survived the storms, while the discontinuous dunes with grassy vegetation near the Gulf shoreline were almost completely destroyed.