鄱阳湖流域水化学特征及影响因素分析

在地球表生系统中,化学风化作用强烈改变着岩石、水体、土壤和大气成分,是元素地球化学循环的最主要驱动力。河水溶解物质主要来源于流域内岩石化学风化,同时受到降水、人类活动的影响。文中通过对鄱阳湖流域河水样品的采集和化学成分分析,结合流域地质背景,研究了河水化学成分特征及其影响因素。结果显示,与20世纪80年代相比,本区河水Cl-、SO24-所占比例显著增高,有逐渐酸化趋势;与世界上其他主要河流相比较,该区Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、HCO3-/Na+等比值偏低,反映了较强的蒸发岩溶解及人类活动影响特征。该区河水离子特征主要由岩石风化所控制,降水对该区河水溶解物质贡献率为10.3%,农业生产活动对鄱阳湖水溶解物质贡献率为4.9%,矿山活动对饶河丰水期、枯水期离子总量贡献率分别为8.9%、14.6%。     

Silicate and carbonate weathering in the drainage basins of the Ganga-Ghaghara-Indus head waters: Contributions to major ion and Sr isotope geochemistry

The role of silicate and carbonate weathering in contributing to the major cation and Sr isotope geochemistry of the headwaters of the Ganga-Ghaghara-Indus system is investigated from the available data. The contributions from silicate weathering are determined from the composition of granites/ gneisses, soil profiles developed from them and from the chemistry of rivers flowing predominantly through silicate terrains. The chemistry of Precambrian carbonate outcrops of the Lesser Himalaya provided the data base to assess the supply from carbonate weathering. Mass balance calculations indicate that on an average ∼ 77% (Na + K) and ∼ 17% (Ca + Mg) in these rivers is of silicate origin. The silicate Sr component in these waters average ∼40% and in most cases it exceeds the carbonate Sr. The observations that (i) the⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Sr/Ca in the granites/gneisses bracket the values measured in the head waters; (ii) there is a strong positive correlation between⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of the rivers and the silicate derived cations in them, suggest that silicate weathering is a major source for the highly radiogenic Sr isotope composition of these source waters. The generally low⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (< 0.720) and Sr/Ca (∼ 0.2 nM/ μM) in the Precambrian carbonate outcrops rules them out as a major source of Sr and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the headwaters on a basin-wide scale, however, the high⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (∼ 0.85) in a few of these carbonates suggests that they can be important for particular streams. The analysis of⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Ca/Sr data of the source waters show that they diverge from a low⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and low Ca/Sr end member. The high Ca/Sr of the Precambrian carbonates precludes them from being this end member, other possible candidates being Tethyan carbonates and Sr rich evaporite phases such as gypsum and celestite. The results of this study should find application in estimating the present-day silicate and carbonate weathering rates in the Himalaya and associated CO₂ consumption rates and their global significance.     

Major ion chemistry of groundwater in the extreme arid region northwest China

The Ejina Basin, located in arid northwest China, is one of the most arid areas in the world. In recent years, rapid development has created a greater demand for water which is increasingly fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. Detailed knowledge of geochemical evolution of groundwater and water quality can improve the understanding of a hydrochemical system, and promote sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. To this end, a hydrochemical survey was conducted in the Ejina Basin in order to identify the major hydrochemical characteristics. The results of chemical analysis indicate that groundwater in the area is brackish. The major ions, TDS, and hydrochemical types of different areas are highly variable and show an obvious zonation from the recharge area to the discharge area. Saturation index (SI), calculated according to the ionic ration plot, indicates that the gypsum-halite dissolution reactions take place under the condition of the rock weathering to some extent, and evaporation is the dominant factor to determine the major ionic composition in the study area.     

长江水系河水主要离子化学特征

2007年夏季采集了长江从上游沱沱河至入海口的干流原水样品36个,长江各主要支流水样品40个,分析了江水Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、HCO3-、SO42-、Cl-离子含量及溶解性SiO2等溶质成分。结果显示,长江流域水系离子化学组成主要受碳酸盐和蒸发岩风化控制,长江上游水离子化学呈现阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以Cl-和SO42-为主的蒸发岩类风化控制特征,但随着采样点位下移,离子含量逐渐呈现阳离子以Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-为主的逐渐向碳酸盐风化过渡的特征;从时间变化上看,与20世纪50年代至1990年长江水离子化学数据相比,以Na+、K+、SO42-和Cl-为代表的所有阴阳离子均有明显增加;从通量上看,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖是长江离子两个最大的输入源,除洞庭湖和鄱阳湖外的其他长江各大支流中,岷江是长江Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-和HCO3-的最大输入源,嘉陵江是SO24-和溶解性SiO2的最大输入源;在几大世界河流中,长江是对海洋Mg2+、SO24-和Cl-的输入通量最大的河流,Ca2+和HCO3-通量仅次于亚马逊河。     

亚热带小流域花岗岩化学风化及CO2消耗速率研究

文章选择深圳市的亚热带典型小流域作为研究对象,通过定期采集流域内降水、泉水、岩石及风化残积土样品,分析所有样品的常量元素和微量元素,探讨流域水体的化学成分组成和主要成分来源以及岩石化学风化程度和风化趋势,结合流域水文气象数据估算了花岗岩化学风化速率及CO2消耗速率.结果表明,研究区地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na型,主要...     

红河盆地的化学风化作用:主要和微量元素地球化学记录

河流沉积物的元素含量有助于反映其流域的自然风化过程。红河是世界上重要的河流之一,但其沉积物的地球化学研究却几乎没有。本文通过开展红河盆地干流和主要支流40个样品的主要和微量元素地球化学分析,发现红河流域硅酸盐岩的化学风化作用为中等强度,与长江及亚马逊河的风化强度相近,而高于黄河,低于珠江;且化学风化作用受该区域的气候和构造作用控制。     

Barium in Deccan Basalt Rivers: Its Abundance, Relative Mobility and Flux

The concentration of dissolved Ba in a number of rivers having their drainage almost entirely in Deccan Trap basalts has been measured. These results along with available data on the abundances of major elements in these waters, and on Ba and major elements in bed sediments of these rivers provide a measure of (i) the relative mobility of Ba during chemical weathering and erosion of basalts, particularly with respect to alkaline earths, Mg, Ca and Sr, and (ii) the flux of Ba out of the Deccan and its global significance. The concentration of dissolved Ba ranges from 8 to 105 nM. The average Ba/Mg*, Ba/Ca* and Ba/Sr (* is concentration corrected for atmospheric contribution) in waters is lower than the corresponding mean ratios in Deccan basalts, though they overlap within errors. Majority of the water samples, however, have ratios less than that in basalts. These findings can be interpreted as a cumulative effect of limited release/mobility of Ba during chemical weathering and erosion of basalts and its reactive behaviour in waters which promote its association with clays and oxy-hydroxides of Fe. These results also indicate that during chemical erosion of Deccan basalts, Ba is the least mobile among the alkaline earth elements. The abundance of Ba in sediments and their Ba/Al ratios relative to basalts are consistent with the above conclusion. Ba/Mg and Ba/Ca ratios in water and in sediments from the same location are strongly correlated; however, the mean ratios in waters are far less than those in sediments. This is a result of limited Ba mobility, effectively 5–6 times lower than that of Mg. The annual flux of dissolved Ba out of the Deccan Traps is ~1 × 10⁷ moles, ~ 0.2% of its global riverine transport to oceans. The contribution of dissolved Ba from Deccan Traps, seem lower than its aerial coverage, ~ 0.5% of the global drainage area; the potential causes for this could be the lower abundance of Ba in basalts relative to “average continental crust”, and its behaviour during chemical weathering and erosion.     

Chemical Characteristics of Stream Draining fromDudu Glacier: An Alpine Meltwater Stream inGanga Headwater, Garhwal Himalaya

I-DtjcrONAlpine environment enjoys a distinct set of physicochemical conditions asl compared to other aqueous systems. Thehydrochemical characteristics of meltwater draining from thisenvironment are different from the other aqueous ecosystemsdue to their mountainous nature and extreme cold climatic conditions. The high concentration of various chemical constitu.ents in meltwater shows the intensive chemical weathering inthe basin. The rapid physical weathering due tO grinding actionof the gl…     

Hydrogeochemistry of River Water in the Upper Reaches of the Datong River Basin,China: Implications of Anthropogenic Inputs and Chemical Weathering

This research investigated anthropogenic inputs and chemical weathering in the upper reaches of the Datong River Basin,a tributary of the upper Yellow River,NW China.Multiple approaches were applied to data from 52 water and12 soil samples from the Muli,Jiangcang,and Mole basins to estimate the chemical component concentrations and to analyze hydrochemical characteristics,distribution patterns,and origins in this coal mining-affected river basin.Coal mining has enhanced the weathering of the lithosphere in the study region.The total dissolved solids in the river range from145.4 to 701.9 mg/L,which is higher than the global average for rivers.Ion concentration spatial distributions increase around mining areas.River geochemistry is mainly controlled by coal mining activity,carbonate weathering,and silicate weathering,with variances of 33.4%,26.2%,and 21.3%,respectively.Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and HCO_3~-are mainly due to the dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcitedolomite);Si and K~+are mainly from potassium (sodium) feldspar weathering;and Na~+and SO_4~(2-)mainly from coal mine production.A conceptual model of the river water ion origins from the study area is presented and management implications for improving the adverse effects of coal mining are proposed.These results provide an important standard reference for water resource and environmental management in the study region.     

青藏高原东部长江流域盆地地表化学剥蚀通量剥蚀速率大气CO2净消耗率研究

2000~2002年期间,笔者对青藏高原东部长江流域溶质载荷分别进行了取样分析并对流域盆地化学剥蚀通量、剥蚀速率和大气CO₂净消耗率进行了计算。结果表明,流域盆地化学剥蚀速率以河源区楚玛尔河最高为2.34×10⁶mol/a/km²,沱沱河最低为1.40×10⁶mol/a/km²,四大支流雅砻江为1.69×10⁶mol/a/km²,金沙江为1.74×10⁶mol/a/km²,大渡河为1.57×10⁶mol/a/km²,岷江为1.88×10⁶mol/a/km²;流域盆地ФCO₂估算结果以大渡河最高为101.81×10³mol/a/km²,楚玛尔河最低为7.55×10³mol/a/km²,金沙江为44.38×10³mol/a/km²,雅砻江为69.64×10³mol/a/km²,岷江为81.90×10³mol/a/km²,沱沱河为21.90×10³mol/a/km²。并对长江流域地表化学剥蚀速率主要控制因素进行了讨论。     

峨眉山大火成岩省的风化碳汇效应：玄武岩粉末水-岩反应实验研究

在实现“双碳”目标背景下,有效的碳封存技术成为近年来学界关注的焦点。在众多碳封存技术中,基于玄武岩粉末的增强风化碳汇技术具有较强的成本优势,同时也对促进作物生长、改善粮食产量具有积极作用。流域研究揭示玄武岩风化具有非常高的速率,但与玄武岩粉末增强风化碳汇技术在时间尺度和反应条件上存在较大差异。中国西南地区广泛分布有峨眉山玄武岩,其在喷发之后的快速化学风化被认为是晚二叠世冰川活动的驱动机制,有可能成为增强风化碳汇技术的基础原料。为深入理解峨眉山玄武岩的风化碳汇效应,增进对玄武岩增强风化碳汇技术的认识,本文利用不同粒径玄武岩粉末和天然雨水及河水开展了水岩反应实验研究。结果显示,雨水与玄武岩粉末经历720 h常温条件的封闭反应后,其pH值接近河水的pH值,且Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等离子浓度显著升高,其活动性和溶出速率受所在岩石结构、矿物组成、元素赋存状态、溶液饱和状态等因素共同影响与控制。玄武岩粉末与雨水的反应实验中Si元素的溶出速率最快,为4.36×10^-12 mol/m...     

新疆伊犁昭苏黄土剖面中的矿物组成及其风化意义

应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术,对处于西风区的新疆伊犁昭苏黄土剖面中的138个全岩样品和9组分粒级样品进行了分析,获得了该剖面的矿物组分、含量及其粒径分布信息.昭苏黄土主要由石英、方解石、绿泥石、斜长石、普通角闪石、钾长石、白云石和白云母组成;方解石在各个粒级组分中分布相对均匀;石英、白云石、斜长石、普通角闪石和钾长石主要赋存于粗颗粒中;绿泥石在细颗粒中的含量明显较高;白云母在16 ～32 μm粒级组分中含量较低,在其它粒级组分中的含量则相对更高.各矿物学指标揭示了昭苏黄土剖面的化学风化程度整体较低且变化幅度不大,但古土壤层的化学风化程度稍强于黄土层;物理风化则经历了由强到弱的两个波动过程.     

柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候演变过程：来自化学风化特征的证据

柴达木盆地侏罗系陆相地层记录了该时期一系列重大的构造—气候—环境耦合演化事件，然而针对该套地层的古气 候、古风化作用等方面研究还很薄弱。为了恢复柴达木盆地侏罗纪时期的古气候和古环境特征，文章研究对柴北缘大煤沟侏 罗系标准剖面的沉积岩样品开展了全岩主、微量元素测试，综合采用多种化学风化指数判定柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候条件及 演变过程。元素比值(Rb/Sr、K/Na、Na/Al 和Na/Ti)和化学风化指数(CIA、CIW、PIA 和ICV)均显示，柴达木盆地侏罗纪化学风 化过程和古气候演化过程可划分为4 个阶段：早侏罗世早—中期和中侏罗世中期，化学风化作用强烈，古气候处于温带—亚热 带温暖、潮湿气候条件；早侏罗世晚期和中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世，受到区域降水减少影响，盆地化学风化作用显著减弱，整体 处于干旱、半干旱环境。以上结果与前人基于沉积物和植物群面貌研究得出的古气候变化过程相吻合，为盆地及区域陆相侏 罗纪古气候研究提供了相对完整而连续的地球化学证据和参考。     

柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候演变过程: 来自化学风化特征的证据

柴达木盆地侏罗系陆相地层记录了该时期一系列重大的构造-气候-环境耦合演化事件,然而针对该套地层的古气 候、古风化作用等方面研究还很薄弱。为了恢复柴达木盆地侏罗纪时期的古气候和古环境特征,文章研究对柴北缘大煤沟侏 罗系标准剖面的沉积岩样品开展了全岩主、微量元素测试,综合采用多种化学风化指数判定柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候条件及 演变过程。元素比值(Rb/Sr、K/Na、Na/Al 和Na/Ti)和化学风化指数(CIA、CIW、PIA 和ICV)均显示,柴达木盆地侏罗纪化学风 化过程和古气候演化过程可划分为4 个阶段：早侏罗世早-中期和中侏罗世中期,化学风化作用强烈,古气候处于温带-亚热 带温暖、潮湿气候条件;早侏罗世晚期和中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世,受到区域降水减少影响,盆地化学风化作用显著减弱,整体 处于干旱、半干旱环境。以上结果与前人基于沉积物和植物群面貌研究得出的古气候变化过程相吻合,为盆地及区域陆相侏 罗纪古气候研究提供了相对完整而连续的地球化学证据和参考。     

黄土高原风尘序列的碳酸盐成因及其风化过程

碳酸盐是黄土高原风尘序列的主要组成部分,其含量与原生碳酸盐溶解、再沉淀,以及含钙硅酸盐化学风化强度等密切相关。碳酸盐在表生环境下极易移动,且其迁移变化受大气降水、温度等古气候所制约,因此黄土次生碳酸盐记录了古气候的重要信息。甘肃西峰赵家川剖面碳酸盐含量、磁化率的系统测定和风尘序列地质特征研究表明,在整个剖面中,碳酸盐含量和磁化率曲线呈显著的负相关,并从剖面上部到红粘土底部,碳酸盐含量有增加趋势。黄土、古土壤和红粘土沉积分别处在不同风化阶段:黄土化学风化最弱,处于钙质残积阶段,古土壤处于强烈钙质淋溶阶段和硅铝残积阶段,红粘土化学风化最强烈,处于硅铝残积阶段或红土化阶段;不同的化学风化阶段古气候性质有别。     

Geochemical mass balances of major chemical constituents in the watershed of the Changhuajian River in China

Based on the geological background, R-mode factor statistics, and the analysis of the stability diagram for the corresponding system, five weathering reactions controlling the surface-water chemical composition in the watershed of the Changhuajiang River are deduced. In the mass balance model, the precipitation accounts for some solute input, since the rainwater is dilute without pollution. Most of the Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^– ions are from the dissolution of calcite, K⁺, Na⁺, H₄SiO₄ and some of the Mg²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^– come from albite and biotite weathering to kaolinite. The dissolution of dolomite and gypsum controls the mass balances of Mg²⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– . The dissolution of calcite is the dominant chemical weathering reaction in the watershed because of its reactivity and high concentration. In the watershed in 1986, the chemical weathering rate was 0.073 (kg/m² a), and the mechanical denudation rate is 0.093 (kg/m² a). The chemical weathering mass output proportion of carbonate rocks to silicate rocks was about three to one.     

苏皖玄武岩土壤中风尘的识别及风化特征

风尘传输与沉降影响生态系统和元素的生物地球化学循环,对其在成壤作用中的识别与贡献进行研究有重要意义。文章选择在非风尘沉降区的苏皖玄武岩台地典型的两个风化剖面（安徽明光梅花村和江苏盱眙宝塔村）和部分表土及水系沉积物样品,系统分析主要矿物、粘土矿物、常量元素、微量元素及Sr、Nd同位素组成。结果显示,玄武岩基岩基本由斜长石和辉石组成,而风化基岩则主要由蒙脱石构成,风化土壤则出现基岩和风化基岩中未出现的石英、伊利石等风尘特征矿物;基岩和风化基岩以高Mg,低Si、K,无Eu异常等特征,风化土壤则以高Si、K,低Mg,负Eu异常等特征;基岩和风化基岩的εNd偏正,⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr值较低,而风化土壤εNd偏负,⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr值较高;各种证据都显示风尘对风化土壤有重要贡献,通过Nd同位素混合模式计算,风尘对土壤的贡献达60%以上。玄武岩风化表现为完全的蒙脱石化,为显著的去Ca、Mg作用,在梅花村剖面,表层土壤出现Ce负异常,而在下部层位出现Ce正异常,研究还发现在风尘的加积作用,土壤的Si、K含量得以上升。受相对较大的玄武岩台地高程差影响,玄武岩风化产物和沉降的风尘易被降水侵蚀,造成风化剖面较薄,促使玄武岩风化处于“供应限制”模式。本次工作为玄武岩的风化机制,风尘在元素地球化学循环中的作用等提供了新的地质证据。     

全球变暖背景下北美育空河流域化学风化增强

硅酸盐岩风化对气候变化和构造运动的反馈对长尺度气候变化可能起到重要的调节作用,对该反馈过程的定量认识有助于更确切理解地球碳循环的运行规律。通常认为风化类型可分为两种,分别是供应限制和动力学限制。全球变暖可能促进了动力学限制流域的化学风化作用,然而,关于这方面的认识仍很有限。育空河流域是典型的动力学限制风化区域,研究育空河的风化对气候变暖的响应有助于深入认识气候和大陆风化之间的相互作用。正演模型是区分河流风化端元的重要手段,文章利用正演模型对育空河流域从1975年到2019年的主要离子组成的数据集进行分析,并获得了该流域在过去几十年的化学风化速率的变化趋势。结果表明,育空河水化学性质主要受到碳酸盐岩风化和硅酸盐岩风化控制,两者多年平均碳汇通量分别为2.1×10¹¹ mol/yr和4.1×10¹⁰ mol/yr,处于世界主要大河碳汇通量的中间水平。更重要的是,在同一时期,伴随着2.2℃的温度增幅和13.7%的径流量增加,流域内的阳离子总通量增加了35.7%,其中硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化产生的阳离子通量分别增加了41%和35%,阳离子通量/风化速率对气候的敏感性与冰岛地区的研究结果符合的很好,与风化速率加快相对应的,硅酸盐岩风化碳汇通量相对增加了59.6%。尽管碳汇的增加在绝对通量上相比人类化石燃烧产生的碳排放通量微不足道,但是考虑到构造尺度内全球硅酸盐岩风化速率的增强,尤其是在较为寒冷的高纬度地区,额外的二氧化碳固定量可能对地球历史时期的全球气候产生重要影响。     

Major ion chemistry,weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar River basin,India

The chemical characteristics of surface, groundwater and mine water of the upper catchment of the Damodar River basin were studied to evaluate the major ion chemistry, geochemical processes controlling water composition and suitability of water for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses. Water samples from ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs and groundwater were collected and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, F, Cl, HCO₃, SO₄, NO_3, Ca, Mg, Na and K. In general, Ca, Na, Mg, HCO₃ and Cl dominate, except in samples from mining areas which have higher concentration of SO₄. Water chemistry of the area reflects continental weathering, aided by mining and other anthropogenic impacts. Limiting groundwater use for domestic purposes are contents of TDS, F, Cl, SO₄, NO₃ and TH that exceed the desirable limits in water collected from mining and urban areas. The calculated values of SAR, RSC and %Na indicate good to permissible use of water for irrigation. High salinity, %Na, Mg-hazard and RSC values at some sites limit use for agricultural purposes.