煤层气开发中煤粉问题的研究现状及研究思路

随着煤层气的开发,煤粉问题已逐渐成为制约煤层气开发的重要问题。由于近年来煤粉问题才开始被关注和重视,煤粉研究缺乏系统科学的研究思路和方法,从煤粉的危害、煤粉形成机制、煤粉产出规律及煤粉管控措施方面,总结了煤层气开发中产出煤粉的研究现状,指出了煤粉研究的不足,提出了一套由理论依据、研究内容、研究方法等核心环节构成的煤层气开发中煤粉问题的研究思路与方法:以煤层气地质与开发学、煤田地质学、岩石力学和流体力学等多学科理论为指导,以《煤层气勘探开发规范》《煤层气井监测方法》《测试分析技术方法》等相关技术标准和规范为依据,以历年煤层气地质资料和煤层气排采数据为基础,按资料收集→现场监测与采样→测试与数据处理→物理模拟与数值模拟→专题制图与综合分析→技术设备研发→现场工程应用的工作流程和方法,以煤粉产出的影响因素、煤粉产出机理、煤粉产出规律和煤粉管制措施等为主要研究内容,选择典型煤层气示范区,开展全面系统的煤粉研究工作,为实现煤层气高效开发提供保障。本研究思路与方法为科学研究煤粉问题提供方法学依据。      

Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines, Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, Spain

Underground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Central Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressure and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining the permeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of overstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.     

论煤地质学与碳中和

煤基碳排放构成了中国碳排放总量中最重要的部分,做好煤基碳减排和煤炭高效洁净低碳化利用是实现"碳中和"国家目标的重要途径,碳中和背景下的煤地质学发展值得关注.系统评述与碳中和相关的煤地质学研究领域,分析煤地质学在碳中和研究与工程实践中的作用和应用前景,探讨碳中和背景下煤地质学的重要发展方向.取得以下认识:推进清洁煤地质研...     

混合气体驱替煤层气技术的可行性研究

气体驱替煤层气技术是近年来发展起来的具有温室气体减排和提高煤层气采收率双赢效果的新兴技术,相关研究受到世界主要发达国家的广泛重视。对于温室气体减排的压力,发达国家的研究主要着眼于该技术在高渗透、不可采煤层中的应用,注入气体主要为CO2,目的是尽可能多地封存CO2,同时提高煤层气采收率。目前,国内在这方面的研究刚刚起步。国内煤层具有渗透率普遍较低、不开采煤层与要开采煤层难以界定的特点,注CO2气体驱替煤层气在这种煤层中的可行性值得商榷。针对国内煤层特点和煤矿瓦斯抽采率低的现状,建议采用富N2混合气体驱替煤层气技术,以提高煤层气产采收率。通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验研究分析了实施混合气体驱替煤层气技术的可行性。研究结果表明,混合气体驱替煤层气技术适用于国内低渗透、可开采煤层,可以提高煤层气采收率和单产量。     

中国煤炭甲烷管控与减排潜力

甲烷是最主要的非二氧化碳温室气体,受到越来越多的重视。煤炭甲烷是我国最主要的甲烷排放源类型,我国也是世界煤炭甲烷排放量最大的国家,煤炭甲烷的有效排放管控与高效开发利用兼具温室气体减排、能源气体开发利用和灾害气体防治三重意义。基于系统调研和研究工作积累,概述了煤炭甲烷排放管控背景,总结了全球与代表性国家煤炭甲烷排放及其管控现状,阐释了我国煤炭甲烷开发利用与排放管控历程及发展趋势,讨论和前瞻了我国煤炭甲烷减排路径与减排潜力。已有研究工作表明:我国煤炭甲烷排放主要来自煤炭地下开采风排瓦斯,且较长时期内仍是我国煤炭甲烷的主要来源;随着我国关闭矿井增多,由此产生的关闭矿井甲烷排放量呈增长趋势,是我国煤炭甲烷不容忽视的来源。随着碳中和目标的提出,温室气体减排的政策导向逐渐成为我国煤炭甲烷排放管控的重点,明确了煤炭甲烷减排方向。我国煤炭甲烷排放管控形成了以煤层气勘探开发利用、煤矿瓦斯抽采利用、关闭/废弃矿井瓦斯抽采利用、乏风瓦斯利用等全浓度利用,煤炭采前、采中和采后全周期利用为特征的关键技术路径。我国煤炭甲烷排放管控面临巨大压力和严峻挑战,诸多政策、机制、技术问题亟待破解。突破复杂地质条件适配性煤层...     

西北低阶煤中生物成因煤层气的成藏模拟实验

以往经验认为,具有商业价值的煤层气资源主要存在于中煤阶的煤层中,煤阶太低,一般含气量不高,不具有勘探价值.但是近几年来发现美国的粉河和澳大利亚的苏拉特等低煤阶盆地煤层厚度大,渗透率高,资源丰度大,含气饱和度高,可获得商业性的气流.从其气体的成因来看,其中有很大一部分是生物成因的煤层气.通过本次采用FY-Ⅱ型煤层气成藏模拟装置和西北低煤阶含煤盆地的煤岩样品开展了低煤阶生物成因的煤层气成藏模拟,从实验角度证明了中国西北地区虽然煤层煤阶较低,热成因气较少,但是却存在着具有商业价值的二次生物成因的甲烷气,再加上含煤层系众多,煤层厚度大,资源丰度极高,仍具有巨大的勘探潜力.     

The Classification and Model of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs

Coalbed methane has been explored in many basins worldwide for 30 years, and has been developed commercially in some of the basins. Many researchers have described the characteristics of coalbed methane geology and technology systematically. According to these investigations, a coalbed methane reservoir can be defined: "a coal seam that contains some coalbed methane and is isolated from other fluid units is called a coalbed methane reservoir". On the basis of anatomization, analysis, and comparison of the typical coalbed methane reservoirs, coalbed methane reservoirs can be divided into two classes: the hydrodynamic sealing coalbed methane reservoirs and the self-sealing coalbed methane reservoirs. The former can be further divided into two sub-classes: the hydrodynamic capping coalbed methane reservoirs, which can be divided into five types and the hydrodynamic driving coalbed methane reservoirs, which can be divided into three types. The latter can be divided into three types. Currently, hydrodynamic s     

A new mechanistic model for prediction of instantaneous coal outbursts — Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Daniel D. Joseph

An instantaneous coal outburst is a sudden and violent simultaneous ejection of large amounts of coal and gas (methane, carbon dioxide) from the working coalface during underground mining. The occurrence of such an outburst usually leads to a gas explosion and pollution of the mine. Despite extensive research efforts in the past 150 years, the physical mechanisms causing coal outbursts are still poorly understood. Here we present a new model combining fracture mechanics, gas dynamics and rock mechanics to elucidate the physical mechanisms leading to instantaneous outbursts. This model suggests a domino effect that leads to a catastrophic failure of the coal and an instantaneous outburst. The model identifies a critical condition for the onset of instantaneous outbursts, and it successfully predicts all of the observed phenomena preceding outbursts, most of which are explained for the first time. The model also predicts a fracture aperture size effect which is confirmed by the existing observation-based fracture classification scheme used to assess outburst proneness.     

试论煤层气藏概念与成藏要素

通过对前人煤层气藏概念的调研和对煤层气性质及成藏要素的研究, 认为: 煤层气藏是在压力封闭作用下, 吸附煤层气达到相当数量的煤岩体或煤层, 是煤层气聚集和煤层气勘探开发的基本地质单元。煤层气藏的成藏要素主要包括煤层条件、压力封闭和保存条件。煤层条件是煤层气藏形成的物质基础, 压力封闭是煤层气藏的必要条件, 保存条件是煤层气藏从形成到现今能够存在的前提。      

山西省废弃矿井煤层气地面钻井开发关键问题与对策

随着我国煤炭去产能政策的有力实施,一批资源枯竭及产能落后矿井将陆续关停废弃.废弃矿井仍赋存着大量的煤层气资源,其开发利用是实现煤炭产业清洁安全高效低碳发展、促进煤矿安全生产、优化能源结构、实现温室气体减排等方面的重要举措.基于山西省煤基重点科技攻关(煤层气产业链)项目相关研究,系统阐述了废弃矿井煤层气开发面临着资源量评...     

关于中国煤层瓦斯区域分布的几点认识

据１９９４￣１９９６年连续３年的统计,全国煤矿瓦斯灾害伤亡人数占煤矿伤亡总人数的４０％以上,瓦斯涌出规律、瓦斯涌出量预测、瓦斯突出预测仍是煤矿安全技术的难题,在加强对瓦斯灾害综合治理的同时,把瓦斯作为煤层气资源积极进行开发利用,是当前的研究方向,瓦斯区域分布规律研究可以概括为建立在煤层瓦斯生成条件、保存条件基础上的高斯赋存量,高瓦斯涌出量,低瓦斯赋存量,低瓦斯涌出量区域分布规律研究;建立在高瓦斯赋     

煤层气含量测定用绳索密闭取心装置及技术研究

煤层气含量是煤层气资源开发利用和矿井瓦斯防治的重要技术参数,针对地面井煤层气含量测定过程中因煤心损失气量估算不准导致的煤层气含量测定结果偏差问题,研制了地面井煤层绳索密闭取心装置,提出了地面井煤层绳索密闭取心技术工艺。煤层绳索密闭取心装置上端设计绳索投捞接口,配套设计绳索投捞工具串和绳索提升系统,实现取心内筒组件的快速下放与提升;采用液压推动头直接推动取心内筒下行、取心钻头与取心内筒配合的方式达到球阀旋转关闭的目的,在保证足够的取心内筒容积和过流环空间隙的同时,将密闭取心装置外径最小化（?114 mm）,配套?127 mm取心钻头,使整套密闭取心装置适用较多井型。选择晋城矿区（中硬、高变质、高瓦斯煤层）地面煤层气抽采检验井进行煤（岩）层绳索密闭取心试验,测试结果表明,煤层绳索密闭取心样品空气干燥基气含量为常规（绳索）取心样品气含量测值的1.12~1.17倍,绳索提心速度为63.60~66.92 m/min。地面煤层气井绳索密闭取心技术提高了煤层气含量测定准确度,实现快速提心、精准测定地面井煤层气含量之目的。      

基于煤层气井排采数据的储层含气量动态反演研究

煤储层含气量是煤层气开发的核心参数,但实测煤储层含气量与煤储层的真实含气量之间往往存在误差。基于窑街矿区海石湾井田煤层气井不同时段的产气量,以煤储层含气量“定体积”降低为基础,反演煤储层实时含气量,研究煤层气井排采过程煤储层实时含气量的变化规律。结果表明:煤储层含气量随排采时间呈线性下降趋势,不同步长煤层气井产气量与煤储层含气量降低幅度一致,遵循“定体积”产气特征,即煤层气单井产气量是煤基质“定体积”产出;煤层气井的产气量与含气量降低速率有关,而与煤储层原始含气量无关。煤储层为隔水层,水力压裂难以改变煤基微孔隙通道的结合水状态,CH₄产出过程受水–煤界面作用控制,煤层气产出是“CH₄·煤·水”三相界面传质作用的结果,水–煤界面作用中水的湍动提供并传递能量,激励块煤中CH₄解吸与产出。      

Measuring the gas content of coal: A review

Coalbed gas content measurements are commonly used in mine safety as well as coalbed methane resource assessment and recovery applications. Gas content determination techniques generally fall into two categories: (1) direct methods which actually measure the volume of gas released from a coal sample sealed into a desorption canister and (2) indirect methods based on empirical correlations, or laboratory derived sorption isotherm gas storage capacity data. Direct gas content determination techniques may be further subdivided into quick-crushing and extended desorption methods. The quick-crushing methods are primarily used in mine safety applications outside the United States, but have also been used for resource recovery applications. Quick-crushing methods rely on crushing the coal sample soon after collection to release all the desorbable gas, thus significantly shortening the amount of time required for desorption measurements. However, some data useful for resource recovery applications are lost. Extended desorption techniques are most commonly used for resource assessment and recovery applications where information on desorption rates is useful for reservoir modeling, and for fundamental coalbed methane research. Extended desorption methods allow the gases in the coal sample to desorb under controlled laboratory conditions until a defined low desorption rate cutoff point is reached. The sample may then be crushed to measure the amount of gas remaining within the sample. Direct method techniques for gas content measurement are the focus of this paper.     

嘉禾袁家矿区浦溪井控制煤与瓦斯突出的地质因素分析

嘉禾县袁家矿区浦溪井属高沼气矿井，自1986年投产以来，共发生煤与瓦斯突出70多次。其中大部分发生在褶曲轴部和断层附近，其次是煤层厚度变化处。对浦溪矿区的地质资料和煤与瓦斯突出资料详细研究后表明：控制该矿区煤与瓦斯突出的地质因素有地质构造、煤层厚度及其变化和围岩特征等，其中地质构造是影响煤与瓦斯突出的决定因素。该成果对进一步研究矿井瓦斯的赋存和涌出规律及其类似矿井的生产，具有重要的指导意义。     

安徽两淮地区煤层气勘探开发现状及建议

煤层气资源是清洁能源,商业开发利用煤层气具有良好的经济效益和社会效益,安徽两淮地区具有丰富的煤层气资源,最新估算结果表明2000m以浅资源量为5155.47×108m3,其中淮南煤田为3614.07×108m3,淮北煤田(除濉萧矿区)为1541.40×108m3。由于地质条件的限制,目前两淮煤田主要以瓦斯井下抽采为主,采用地面钻井商业开采煤层气暂未取得成功。本文在系统总结分析两淮地区煤层气勘探开发现状的基础上,从产业规划、基础地质研究、开发技术攻关以及政策扶持等方面,对安徽省煤层气产业发展提出建议和对策。     

中国煤层气储层伤害分析及钻井液储层保护研究现状

因煤层气储层具有低孔、低渗、裂缝发育但分布不均的特殊性,在煤层气开发过程中储层极易受到不可逆转的伤害。煤层气储层伤害会导致煤层气产气量下降,增加开发成本,延缓工程进程,最终制约煤层气开发效果。为降低煤层气储层伤害发生的可能性,概括了钻井过程中煤层气储层伤害机理,介绍了国内主要煤层气钻井液技术的发展历程,煤层气钻井液储层保护的方法及进展,国内近年来优选的无伤害钻井液体系及国内储层保护钻井液的发展方向,为未来煤层气储层保护提出新思路。      

沁水煤层气田高阶煤解吸气碳同位素分馏特征及其意义

沁水盆地是我国煤层气勘探开发的重要有利区,沁水煤层气田位于盆地东南部。对采自沁水煤层气田两口井的煤开展了罐解吸实验。结果表明,该地区煤层气解吸速率很快,96 h后解吸气量都达到了总解吸气量的60%~85%,720 h后解吸过程基本结束;解吸气量大,平均在18 m3/t以上。煤层气解吸过程中甲烷发生碳同位素分馏,δ13C1值变化与解吸率呈良好的线性关系,参考这种正相关关系曲线,定期监视煤层气降压排采过程中甲烷δ13C1值的变化情况,可以大致推测出该地区煤层气解吸率,从而预测煤层气的采出程度。跟踪测试沁水煤层气田A1和A1-3井在试采过程的甲烷δ13C1变化情况,推测现在采出的煤层气可能主要是煤层裂隙中以游离形式存在的煤层气,表明该区煤层气稳产性较好,资源前景广阔。     

煤矿区钻探技术装备新进展与展望

我国煤层气资源非常丰富。在煤矿区,煤层气(瓦斯)开发具有增加洁净能源供给、提高煤矿安全生产保障能力、减少温室气体排放等多重效益。地面钻井开发与井下钻孔抽采是煤矿区煤层气(瓦斯)开发的基本途径,同时也是煤矿区应急救援的主要手段。本文介绍了煤矿区地面煤层气开发新技术装备,大直径钻孔施工技术与装备及井下中硬、松软煤层和岩层瓦斯抽采钻孔成孔技术与装备。在此基础上分析了在新形势下煤矿区煤层气（瓦斯）抽采钻孔成孔技术和装备发展需求,为我国煤矿区煤层气（瓦斯）钻孔成孔提供借鉴。     

松软突出煤层地面U型井钻完井施工工艺研究——以西山煤田东于煤矿MJDH01-H井为例

U型井作为煤层气地面抽采水平井的一种,能够较大面积的揭露储层,增加产气量。以西山煤田东于煤矿地面煤层气抽采U型井MJDH01-H试验为例,研究了松软突出煤层U型井的井身结构设计、钻进工艺参数、钻孔轨迹控制、钻井液、煤层生产套管的加工及下入等施工的关键技术,为松软突出煤层地面U型井套管完井施工提供了技术借鉴。