冻结作用下非饱和黄土水分迁移试验研究

通过室内大尺寸非饱和黄土冻结作用下水分迁移试验,开展了土体密度、含水量、冻结温度、冻结方式对非饱和黄土水分迁移影响的研究.试验结果表明:冻结过程中土样温度变化分为3个阶段:急剧降温阶段,缓慢降温阶段,稳定阶段; 干密度越大,稳定冻结锋面的水分迁移量越大,但冻结区的整体水分增量越小; 初始含水量越大,水分迁移量越大,并且在冻结锋面处含水量增幅越大; 在未冻结区,从邻近冻结锋面到暖端,含水量先增大后减小,初始含水量越小,这种现象越明显.此现象是冻结界面抽吸力、温度梯度和基质吸力梯度共同作用的结果.冻结方式直接影响已冻结区的含水量分布和水分迁移总量.     

Anticipatory Adaptation Approaches to Climate Change--A Review and Discussion of Southern Australia’s Sustainable Water Management and Its Strategies and Shortcomings

Climate change issues has been discussed and argued for decades. It has been widely recognized that climate change will bring more serious issues to environment vulnerable areas than other areas. Southern Australia is one of the typical examples of vulnerable areas where water deficiency is enhanced by climate change. Although, this area has been successfully adapted with drought environment for decades, those shortcomings of strategies are highlighted by climate change events. In the interests of sustainable water management, Southern Australia’s experiences on possible anticipatory adaptation approaches, especially on mitigation of risks and costs of drought could be expected to provide recommendations to planning and management actions in the future     

渭干河——塔里木河流域地下水水化学分带及其形成机制

本文从水文地质条件和环境水文地质条件入手,讨论了位于欧亚大陆腹地的渭干河——塔里木河流域这样一个大区域的地下水水化学分带问题。进而通过对渭干河、库车河冲积扇的砂体分布规律以及地下水的补给、径流、排泄特征差异的研究,阐明了地下水水化学分带性的形成机制。     

Return migration and the reiteration of gender norms in water management politics: Insights from a Chinese village

Recent work on return migration in China suggests return migrants bring with them new knowledge, skills, and potentially beneficial relationships accumulated during their sojourns, enabling them to introduce new forms of leadership and community action. Social remittances of this kind could be read as carrying the potential to enhance collective action in support of sustainable local natural resource-based livelihoods. This study of the links between return migration, leadership and collective action in water management sounds a more cautionary note, demonstrating that home communities may respond to return migrants in ways that repeatedly mark and reiterate gender and kinship norms, reiterating gender, generational and clan-based social hierarchies. The paper draws on and contributes to recent feminist political ecology approaches to show how migrant returnees’ ’social remittances’ translate into leadership in collective action in a rural Chinese village in ways that reinforce existing gender hierarchies and social positions within the community, thus questioning the extent to which any influx of new ideas, relationships and practices acquired from migrant experiences necessarily destabilizes power and authority in the village in any meaningful way.     

Managing for sustainability in an arid climate: lessons learned from 20 years of groundwater management in Arizona,USA

Substantial progress has been made within central Arizona in moving towards a more sustainable water future, particularly in transitioning the urban demand from a primarily nonrenewable groundwater-based supply to increasing dependence on the Colorado River, Salt River and effluent. Management efforts include a wide range of regulatory and voluntary programs which have had mixed success. The Department of Water Resources has learned a number of key lessons throughout the years, and this paper attempts to establish the water management context and identify those lessons for the benefit of others who may want to evaluate alternative approaches to groundwater management. Themes to be discussed include evaluating water management approaches in a public policy context, the effectiveness of alternative management approaches and the relative merits of regulatory vs. nonregulatory efforts, and the importance of high-quality data in making management decisions.

河南省煤矿水害防治探讨

河南省煤矿系我国大水矿区,水害问题严重制约着全省煤炭工业的发展。本文根据大量原始水文地质资料,综合分析和研究了煤矿突水机理并提出了相应的防治对策,对矿井水害的治理具有一定的实用意义。     

温度对季节性冻土水分迁移的影响研究

寒区季节性冻土冻胀性质对工程实际影响很大。为了了解温度对水分迁移现象的影响,本文通过地温测试仪对野外不同深度处的土层温度进行测量,并在不同时间相应深度取土样,测其含水率,通过比较不同时间不同深度处的含水率的变化情况来分析温度变化对水分迁移现象的影响。在气温回升之前,当地表温度降低时,温度随深度的降低而升高;随着地表温度不断降低,各深度处的温度也不断下降,温度梯度增加,各深度处地层的含水率变化大,即温度梯度的增加促进了季节性冻土区水分迁移现象的发生。     

英国Philip J Potts博士来华学术交流

报道了英国开放大学（Open University)地球科学系Philip John Potts博士来华学术交流活动;重点介绍了Potts博士讲座的三个主题－－地质分析技术发展和前景,便携式X射线荧光（PXRF）在环境分析中的应用,国际地球化学分析实验室熟练度测试计划(Geo-PT)的成果与进展。     

基于GIS构建的西安市地下水污染防治方法研究

以西安市地下水污染防治GIS系统的构建设想为例,根据GIS软件平台的要求采用基于转换器的数据融合,将所搜集到的不同格式的空间数据通过统一的交换格式转换成为GIS软件平台所能识别的格式,并将所有空间和属性数据导入到统一的关系数据库中,以实现数据库对水文地质空间和属性基础数据的统一管理和调用.通过将GIS控件与其它非GIS...     

聊城市水质现状及对策

本文根据聊城市水量、水质、水污染的现状及2000年的水质监测资料中,主要污染的浓度、数量进行了分析,对如何解决这方面的问题提出解决的措施。     

超压盆地油气垂向运移高度研究

在超压盆地中,当断层活动断开超压烃源岩时,油气会沿断层面发生涌流式垂向运移,这一瞬态涌流过程为油气大规模运聚成藏提供了重要的油气来源。然而,对于油气沿断层垂向运移距离问题的研究,停留在定性分析阶段,较少考虑到断层开启时造成的泄压作用,也很少区分地层水和油气运移距离的差异。本文认为,油气顺断层向上运移的距离主要由源岩超压带内超压幅度决定,油气垂向运移理论高度可由超压幅度折算,因而超压幅度越大,油气垂向运移距离越远,油气上涌顶界面埋深越浅。油气初次上涌的起始位置不是地表面,而是有效烃源岩顶面。另外,由于油气的大量上涌,超压带快速泄压,大部分油气上涌实际距离不能达到理论上涌的最大距离。同时,考虑到沿断层运移时受到阻力作用,油气实际上垂向运移高度远远小于理论运移高度。     

Urbanization and water management in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam-issues,challenges and perspectives

The management of water resources is an unfinished effort of the international community. Rapid urbanization has transcended the management capacity of governments in developing countries. Since the renovation policy launched in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, has experienced the fastest urbanization and industrialization process. This has placed severe constraints on the use of water resources and management capacity of the local government. The abstraction of groundwater has exceeded the limiting volume (520,000 m³/day) and the annual drawdown of water table is 2–3 m. In addition, the quality of urban water bodies is increasingly exacerbated by a huge volume of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater. These are hampering water demand, use and the capacity of the municipal authority in managing water resources. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of urbanization on water resources. Current issues and challenges in the management practices of water resources are discussed. It will propose a new paradigm of water management in Ho Chi Minh City.     

California's evolution toward integrated regional water management: a long-term view

Water resources sustainability hinges on interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and human processes, all of which may affect the quantity and quality of available water supplies. California's decades-long transition process from intensive and often unmanaged groundwater development toward more effective, sustainable integrated water resources management has resulted in important lessons. The process offers insights to other countries that seek to achieve sustainability. Long-term systematic groundwater and surface water monitoring programs and ongoing assessment of regional groundwater systems are an integral part of management. On local to global scales, the need for fundamental data, regional resources assessments, and increased support for scientific and technological advances is becoming increasingly apparent. The scientific community must enhance society's understanding of the essential links between basic data needs and the advancement and application of scientific approaches for effective water management. Correspondingly, scientific and political communities must coordinate common interests in endeavors toward sustainable management. Public outreach is a necessary complement to achieve sustainability goals and garner support for the programs needed to develop water policies based on sound science, manage water resources, and meet future water demands while avoiding unacceptable impacts.

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Resumen La sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos gira sobre procesos interrelacionados físicos, químicos, biológicos y humanos, todos los cuales pueden afectar la cantidad y calidad de fuentes disponibles de agua. El proceso de transición de varias décadas que ha experimentado California, a partir de un desarrollo intensivo y frecuentemente carente de gestión de aguas subterráneas, hacia una gestión más efectiva, sostenible e integrada de recursos hídricos ha dado por resultado lecciones importantes. Este proceso ofrece alternativas para otros países que buscan alcanzar sostenibilidad. Los programas de monitoreo sistemático a largo plazo de agua superficial y agua subterránea, y las evaluaciones actuales de sistemas regionales de agua subterránea constituyen una parte integral de la gestión. Se hace cada vez más evidente, a escala global y local, la necesidad de datos básicos, evaluaciones regionales de recursos, y apoyo creciente para avances científicos y tecnológicos. La comunidad científica tiene que estimular el entendimiento de la sociedad de las relaciones fundamentales entre las necesidades de datos básicos y los avances y aplicación de enfoques científicos para un manejo efectivo del agua. Del mismo modo, las comunidades científicas y políticas tienen que coordinar intereses comunes en los esfuerzos hacia una gestión sostenible. El involucramiento del público es un complemento necesario para alcanzar los objetivos de sostenibilidad y obtener apoyo para los programas necesarios que permitan desarrollar políticas hídricas basadas en ciencia sana, gestión de recursos hídricos, y alcanzar las demandas futuras de agua mientras se evitan impactos inaceptables.

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Résumé La durabilité des ressources en eau est à la charnière de processus physiques, chimiques, biologiques et humains, tous inter-reliés et à même d'affecter la quantité et la qualité de la disponibilité en eau d'alimentation. Les processus de transition décadaires en Californie, entre un développement intensif et non contrôlé des eaux souterraines, à un système plus rentable et durable de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, a permis de conclure sur d'importantes leçons. Ce processus offre, en effet, des perspicacités à d'autres pays qui cherchent à concrétiser la durabilité. Les programmes systématiques de surveillance des eaux souterraines et de surface, sur le long terme, font parti intégrant de ce type de gestion. De l'échelle locale à l'échelle globale, la nécessité de données fondamentales, de bilans régionaux des ressources, et d'un support croissant aux avancées scientifiques et techniques, est devenu de plus en plus apparent. La communauté scientifique doit améliorer la compréhension de la société, en ce qui concerne les liens essentiels entre le besoin de données et l'avancement et l'application des approches scientifiques pour une gestion efficace de l'eau. De la même manière, les communautés scientifiques et politiques doivent coordonner leurs intérêts communs en se démenant pour une gestion durable. La mobilisation du publique est un complément nécessaire pour accomplir les objectifs de la durabilité, et rassembler le support aux besoins des programmes, de manière à développer des politiques de l'eau basées sur une science juste, à gérer les ressources en eau et satisfaire les futures demandes tout en évitant des impacts non acceptables.

     

倾倒变形岸坡在蓄水作用下变形破坏研究

以澜沧江上游苗尾水电站某倾倒变形岸坡为例,对研究区工程地质概况、库区岸坡结构特征以及水库蓄水影响特征进行详细分析,发现库区边坡的稳定性在水库蓄水和运营过程中受到水位变化的影响较大。借助UDEC离散元软件对该倾倒变形体进行数值模拟分析,认为在水库蓄水后,岩体强度明显降低,破坏模式由滑动破坏变为崩塌破坏,但边坡应力场变化不大。最后以二维极限平衡计算的边坡稳定性结果作参考,与有限元计算结果相符。     

西安城区地下水源热泵利用现状评价与可持续发展对策研究

通过调查统计西安城区水源热泵系统历史运行数据,对水源热泵系统用户分布、运行现状及回灌率等内容进行了评价,系统分析了水源热泵系统运行过程中存在的问题,从制度建设、行政监管、水资源税征收及技术创新等方面进行分析,提出应通过建立健全水源热泵系统运行管理规定、建设高效智能的水源热泵运行监管平台、充分发挥水资源税征收的奖惩机制和...     

中国大陆面向生态的水资源管理与调控战略

通过对1999年度中国大陆降水量、水资源量和供需水量的分析,理论上提出了潜在的水资源和现实的水资源两个概念,潜在的水资源是所有形式产水量的总和,现实的水资源是指具有利用价值的水资源,认为中国的水资源战略应着力于将潜在的水资源最大限度地转化为现实的水资源,但在西北干旱地区,如何使降水量最大限度地转化为潜在水资源也是一个重要的命题。在大陆范围内,潜在的水资源是丰富的,但现实的水资源不足,中国未来需水总量并不会有大的增加,但对水质的要求会有较大的提高。从面向生态的水资源管理观点出发,分析了从降水量到供需水量过程中一系列环节的调控途径和原理,指出了水资源宏观调控的技术和方法——植被调节、地表水水库调节、地下水水库调节和水体污染控制。针对我国各区域的具体特点,阐明了在不同区域水资源调控的主要目的和手段。