强天气冷涡云系结构的分析和物理解释

本文分析了三个产生强对流天气冷涡过程的卫星云图.冷涡云系的结构可归纳为单纯的冷涡结构和具有锢囚气旋结构两类.利用诊断分析对冷涡云系中各个组成部分,即涡旋云区、不稳定云区、正涡度平流云区、冷涡云区及暖锋云区与有关物理量的配置关系进行了讨论.     

“97.5”暴雨天气的卫星云图分析

对“97·5”暴雨天气的环流形势、卫星遥感云图进行了分析,此次暴雨天气的影响系统为阿拉木图低涡,高低纬系统相互配置,南北锋区交汇在天山中西部地区。在卫星遥感云图上表现为中亚冷锋涡旋云系与北上的副热带低值系统结合,形成的盾状云系与涡旋云系并存,它们相互作用,南北结合,上下叠加,冷暖交绥,触发暴雨天气。     

春季两次东移型西南涡云系的发展演变特征

采用FY-2E和Cloud Sat卫星资料、雷达资料、NCEP再分析资料和常规观测资料,分析2013年春季2次西南涡云型、云系结构和雷达回波演变、环境场特征。结果表明:(1)2次西南涡形成都伴随有高原槽东移和高原东侧偏南低空急流增强,偏南低空急流增强对低涡形成和东移起重要作用;(2)西南涡云系结构与低涡环流密切相关,西南涡形成和东移初期,低涡环流结构呈椭圆形,西南涡云系表现为叶状云系或逗点云系,随着低涡后部冷空气入侵加剧,低涡云系形成典型的"S"型后边界。低涡云系的结构形式和边界形状,对低涡形成和东移、急流发展有指示作用;(3)低涡降水分布与低涡云系结构有一定关系,低涡水平云系分布为叶状云系时,降水中心位于其东南部,低涡云系水平分布为逗点云系时,降水中心位于其逗点云内;(4)受低涡云系结构影响,低涡云系降水可分为2个阶段,第1阶段为低涡暖区降水,回波带呈反气旋弯曲,向东移动并向东北方向旋转;第2阶段中层干冷空气下沉加剧,干冷和暖湿气团交汇形成西南—东北向带状回波,雷达回波上"人"字形回波形成。     

红外卫星云图用于前汛期大雨暴雨天气预报初步总结

我区地处云贵高原东南侧边缘山地,地理位置在23—25°N,106—109°E范围内。由于位于高原东南侧,因此高原上的天气系统对我地区天气影响极大。以前汛期为例,造成我区大雨暴雨天气的影响系统除锋面、切变线外,还与自高原东移的高空槽、低涡直接有关。尤与孟加拉湾低槽维持有关。由于高原、孟加拉湾及其沿岸纪录稀少,加上地区台图次,图面范围及通讯接收条件所限,往往对高原及孟加拉湾地区天气系统的演变难以掌握。自1976年6月份,有了卫星云图之后,我们感到高原上明显的或不明显的天气系统,均可在云图上反映出来。这对短期天气预报,尤其是短期大雨暴雨预报提供了较好地分析预报信息。本文以近四年来前汛期红外云图资料,总结分析了我区大雨暴雨天气出现前的云图特征,找出了云区警戒区及云团特征,以为今后的大雨暴雨预报提供信息。     

怎样分析卫星云图 (三)天气尺度云系的分析

前面我们介绍了主要几类云的识别方法,这些云在卫星云图上的分布有着不同的范围、形状和结构,这种大范围的云系分布常与一定的天气系统相联系。天气尺度的云系从外形上看,大致可分为带状云系、涡旋状云系以及细胞状云系。下面我们对这些云系及其有关的主要天气系统作一介绍。 带状云系 带状云系是指有一条明显的云带,它的宽度超过     

河南春季一次层状云降水云物理结构分析

河南2000年4月14日的降水由冷锋和西南涡产生，降水云系分布不均匀，云图上云区间有带状云隙，雷达回波图上出现两条带状回波，云带内部分布也不均匀，垂直方向上降水云系有分层现象。分析了降水云系的微物理特征，根据可播度的PMS指标确定了航线上过冷水丰富的区域，结合卫星、雷达资料讨论了过冷水丰富区域的分布特征，还讨论了降水云系内部存在的对流不稳定。     

金沙江乌东德水电站暴雨概念模型与云型特征

利用自动气象观测站降水资料、常规地面与高空观测资料及卫星云图资料,对2012—2017年6—10月金沙江乌东德水电站坝区18次暴雨个例的大尺度环流背景及卫星云图演变特征进行统计分析,结果表明,切变冷锋型、两高辐合型、西南涡型、孟加拉湾风暴型、切变线型和高空槽型是金沙江乌东德水电站坝区的六类暴雨概念模型。总结归纳出对应的六类典型云型：切变线云带前界处的对流云团8次(占44.4%)、两高辐合云区内部的对流云团4次(占22.2%)、西南涡西南或东南象限的对流云团2次(占11.1%)、孟加拉湾风暴涡旋云系中分离出来的对流云团或对流云系2次(占11.1%)、切变线云带内部的对流云团1次(占5.6%)、高空槽前盾状卷云区南端的对流云系1次(占5.6%)。     

多阈值和神经网络卫星云图云系自动分割试验

卫星云图自动分割是实现卫星云图云系自动识别的基础.选用1992~1994年和1997~1998年夏季有典型天气系统的177幅GMS红外云图建立了云系模型库, 云系分类样本3079个, 包含16类云系, 云系分割样本2764个.利用云系分割样本集进行神经网络试验, 训练集为从32幅云图中抽取的484个样本, 测试集为从145幅云图中抽取的2280个样本, 神经网络模型训练正确率达到98.8%, 测试正确率为86.4%.用1997年7月18~21日和1998年6月15~17日的两组卫星云图做自动分割应用试验, 结果经专家判识, 正确率达到90%以上.本文的工作表明:用多阈值和人工神经网络相结合方法对卫星云图进行云分割在实际应用中是可行的. 卫星云图自动分割系统的输入是GMS红外云图, 输出是分割出的每一个云区, 同时还包括云区的边界链码、起始点、周长、面积, 并保留了原始图像数据.在下一步的云系识别过程中, 可以在此基础上进行云系分类识别试验.     

怎样分辨卫星云图上的涡旋云系

大气中有各种不同尺度的波动和涡旋,例如行星波、气旋、台风、西南涡、龙卷等等。天气分析要求能分辨出各种不同尺度的运动系统,追踪它们的移动,判别它们发生发展的阶段和条件。卫星云图能给我们提供上述直观图像。在卫星云图上,各种不同尺度的运动系统都有其相应的特征云系。本文只介绍几种常     

鄂尔多斯市一次春季暴雪过程分析

2007年3月2—3曰鄂尔多斯市出现暴雪天气。范围大，持续时间长，是有气象资料以来所罕见。在天气图上主要表现为北槽南涡，东高西低，具有夏季降水特征，冷暖空气在鄂尔多斯市交绥且维持时间达24小时。卫星云图和多普勒天气雷达回波表现为降水前后3个时段具有明显特征，降水前涡旋云系完全形成，雷达上只有零星回波，强度为20dBz,垂直风切变随高度变化无序；降水主要阶段，涡旋云系第一象限的中低云控制鄂尔多斯市，雷达回波连成片，强度为25dBz，且有一中心强度为55dBz的强回波中心，垂直风切变随高度变化有序，风速加大，冷暖平流明显，回波顶高度3?8km，并出现了牛眼回波；之后，降水减弱消失，暴雪天气过程结束。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.