金刚石中氢的研究及其意义

含氢对于天然与高温高压合成金刚石体内而言是固有的，但是对CVD金刚石来说并非固有。氢可以稳定存在于晶格位、键心、反键心及四面体空隙等金刚石的结构属性中，也可以存在于显微流体包裹体中。即便是在 1473K下淬火，氢在金刚石中也并不发生迁移或扩散，表明氢在金刚石结构中是自陷的。金刚石中的氢的研究对于地幔矿物学及材料科学等均有重要理论意义和实际意义。     

金刚石中的成键氢

金刚石中杂质相的研究一直倍受关注,但大多集中在B、N两种杂质的研究上,而对于氢在其中的赋存状态研究则刚刚开始。从振动谱学（IR、Raman）的角度对氢在金刚石中的一种赋存状态--成键氢进行的研究表明,成键氢在金刚石中可以以碳氢键、H2及 O-H键的形式存在。     

氢在金刚石结构中的自陷模型

氢在金刚石结构中是自陷的。可以稳定存在的自陷形式有成键氢、反键心氢、键心氢及四面体空隙氢四种模型，而且氢在其中的相对稳定程度依上述顺序渐次递减。     

金刚石中的氢及其在金刚石高温高压合成中的意义

氢在金刚石中往往以一定的化学态形式存在,不同类型的金刚石中氢会以不同的电荷状态进行迁移与扩散,也可以与其他杂质元素N、B、P等作用,形成(N,H)、(B,H)、(P,H)对;为高温高压合成金刚石的物质体系中引入氢,有利于提高高温高压合成金刚石的产量、粒度及品级,也将为模拟天然金刚石的形成与探讨地球深部的动力学过程提供科学线索。     

氢——地球深部流体的重要源泉

介绍了近年来金刚石包裹体中流体研究结果，特别是分子氢和羟基的发现。基于地幔中氢的发现，论证了氢在地球内部的赋存形式。地核和地幔中有氢化物存在得到高压低温实验、地球物理和天文物理测定的支持。从而提出，氢是地幔羽中的原始热物质。核幔边界或地幔中氢化物释放出的氢，发生化学反应，形成地幔流体，推动地球演化。地幔羽应称为氢羽。     

金刚石中分子氢的赋存状态研究

金刚石中分子氢的定向红外光谱研究表明在垂直于(100),(110)和(111)三个方向上所测得分子氢的浓度是不相同的,且不同样品中的变化趋势也不同,即分子氢在金刚石中的定向性不明显;MNDO法计算结果显示分子氢在金刚石中的稳定程度大小关系依次为沿〈111〉定向的键心与反键心组合(a.b+b.c)〉六角体空隙(H)〉四面体空隙(T1)〉菱形中心(C1＝C2)〉四面体空隙(T2).     

金刚石的微区显微红外光谱分析及其意义

金刚石的微区显微红外光谱分析表明：金刚石的形成是一个结晶物化条件变异，原始物质变换的复杂而又漫长的过程；杂质N、H等在其中的分布不均匀；同一晶体的中心部位其氮聚合态的转变时间与边缘相差约602Ma；金刚石中的成键氢以对应－CH3的C－H键形式存在要比对应于＞C＝CH2的C－H键形式存在更为广泛。利用红外光谱研究晶化固态物质必须强调定向及微区研究的意义。     

金刚石中晶格氢的UHF法计算分析

对金刚石中晶格氢进行了UHF法计算，结果表明，空穴吸引1～4个氢原子均可以稳定存在。空穴具有吸引较多氢原子在其周围的倾向，最多可以达到4个氢原子。当空穴吸引1个氢原子时，氢原子倾向于直接存在于碳晶格空穴中，不改变化学键的键长，即以顺磁性氢的状态存在时更为稳定。     

地球深部分子氢（？）的发现

地球深部分子氢（？）的发现陈丰，丁振华（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）薛理辉（武汉工业大学测试中心，武汉４３００７０）关键词金刚石，氢，深部地球化学氢是最简单的元素，也是宇宙中丰度最高的元素。高压下分子氢的相变是８０年代的热门课题。但在...     

锰结核矿物及其原位复合材料吸氢性能的初步研究

采自东太平洋中国开辟区的锰结核，主矿物相为钡镁锰矿、钠水锰矿，以及属XRD隐晶质的针铁矿与四方纤铁矿，部分矿物相结构特征与人工合成的纲伙碳管十分相似。在室温中压下采用等容压差法测量了锰结核的气态贮氢能力，测得锰结核样品的吸氢量为0.31%。以乙炔为碳源，在750℃下采用气相沉积法直接在锰结核上成功地催化制备出多壁纳米碳管和纳米碳纤维，同样条件测试这种矿物碳管原位复合材料的吸氢性能，其吸氢能力达到1％左右。保持锰结核矿物结晶结构在加热脱水过程中的稳定性，对提高其贮氢能力至关重要。     

山东平邑大井头地区金刚石与伴生矿物来源的新认识

在山东省平邑县大井头地区进行金刚石原生矿普查时选获大量金刚石及伴生矿物,且分布范围较小,铬铁矿异常属于致矿异常,金刚石及伴生矿物并非来自已知的金刚石原生矿区.通过对大井头地区大量资料的深入研究,认为该地区具有金刚石成矿的地质条件,存在金刚石的原生矿物,并对原生矿及相关岩石的赋存状态提出新的认识.     

塔里木盆地西南缘金刚石找矿前景及其预测

在前人地质、地球物理资料和部分研究成果的基础上，通过大地构造背景条件的对比、区域重力、航磁资料的综合分析，特别是通过深源岩浆活动特征的分析，深入研究了塔里木盆地西南缘金刚石成矿地质条件。并且通过金刚石找矿基本和上述研究成果，以及金刚石指示矿物特征的分析，对和田地区金刚石成矿区范围、金刚石母岩岩性及其含矿性、出土金刚石的源区位置以及金刚石找矿方向进行了预测，并将金刚石成矿预测区分为南北两段，分别对其找矿前景进行了预测。     

A carbon-rich multiphase inclusion in a Chinese diamond and its geochemical implications

A multiphase inclusion in a diamond from Liaoning province, China consists of an olivine covered with large plates of graphite. Both phases are enclosed in a thin layer of glass that separates the multiphase inclusion from the host diamond. Microcrystallites of diamond and graphite are embedded in the olivine and graphite plates. The characterization and distribution of all phases has been determined using micro-Raman, infrared and Auger spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The structural form and morphology of the microcrystallites of diamond and graphite in the olivine suggests they formed contemporaneously with the olivine and the host diamond. An alternative suggestion is that they formed from carbon previously dissolved in the olivine at high pressure and temperature. The genesis of the large graphite plates on the surface of the olivine and beneath the glass film is less easily understood, especially as the composition of the glass is not fully documented. The occurrence of glass associated with other inclusions in diamond has been recognized previously by others although the compositions are varied. This is the first record of diamond and graphite occurring within a silicate inclusion in diamond.     

辽南瓦房店地区袁家沟金刚石原生矿找矿前景分析

通过对瓦房店袁家沟地区地质特征、遥感影像特征、物探异常特征、化探异常特征和重砂金伯利岩副矿物特征的综合分析,发现上述特征与头道沟矿区十分相似.特别值得关注的是近期辽宁省第六地质大队首次提出的金伯利岩墙成矿概念,打破了传统的金刚石岩管成矿的说法,对金刚石的成因、赋存规律有了新的认识,扩大了隐伏矿的找矿空间.通过总结袁家沟地区成矿规律,分析找矿前景,认为在袁家沟地区有望实现金刚石原生矿找矿突破,并具有找寻隐伏矿的巨大潜力.     

Diamonds in the products of the 2012–2013 Tolbachik eruption (Kamchatka) and mechanism of their formation

The origin of diamonds in the lava and ash of the recent Tolbachik eruption of 2012–2013 (Kamchatka) is enigmatic. The mineralogy of the host rocks provides no evidence for the existence of the high pressure that is necessary for diamond formation. The analysis of carbon isotope systematics showed a similarity between the diamonds and dispersed carbon from the Tolbachik lava, which could serve as a primary material for diamond synthesis. There are grounds to believe that the formation of Tolbachik diamonds was related to fluid dynamics. Based on the obtained results, it was suggested that Tolbachik microdiamonds were formed as a result of cavitation during the rapid movement of volcanic fluid. The possibility of cavitation-induced diamond formation was previously theoretically substantiated by us and confirmed experimentally. During cavitation, ultrahigh pressure is generated locally (in collapsing bubbles), while the external pressure is not critical for diamond synthesis. The conditions of the occurrence of cavitation are rather common in geologic processes. Therefore, microdiamonds of such an origin may be much more abundant in nature than was supposed previously.     

蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿深部成因

地球上的原生金刚石主要有3种产出类型,分别来自大陆克拉通下的深部地幔金伯利岩型金刚石、板块边界深俯冲变质岩中超高压变质型金刚石,和陨石坑中的陨石撞击型金刚石。在全球5个造山带的10处蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩或铬铁矿中均发现金刚石和其他超高压矿物的基础上,我们提出地球上一种新的天然金刚石产出类型,命名为蛇绿岩型金刚石。认为蛇绿岩型金刚石普遍存在于大洋岩石圈的地幔橄榄岩中,并提出蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿的深部成因模式。认为早期俯冲的地壳物质到达地幔过渡带(410~660 km深度)后被肢解,加入到周围的强还原流体和熔体中,当熔融物质向上运移到地幔过渡带顶部,铬铁矿和周围的地幔岩石以及流体中的金刚石等深部矿物一并结晶,之后,携带金刚石的铬铁矿和地幔岩石被上涌的地幔柱带至浅部,经历了洋盆的拉张和俯冲阶段,最终在板块边缘就位。     

High-pressure experimental growth of diamond using C–K2CO3–KCl as an analogue for Cl-bearing carbonate fluid

High-pressure, high-temperature diamond growth experiments have been conducted in the system C–K₂CO₃–KCl at 1050–1420 °C, 7.0–7.7 GPa. KCl is of interest because of the strong effect of halogens on the phase relations of carbonate-rich systems [Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (2003) 1022] and because of the occurrence of KCl coexisting with alkali silicate–carbonate fluids in natural-coated diamond [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 717]. We have used system C–K₂CO₃–KCl as an analogue for these mantle fluids in diamond growth experiments. The presence of KCl reduces the potassium carbonate liquidus to ≤1000 °C at 7.7 GPa, allowing it to act as a solvent catalyst for diamond growth at temperatures below the continental geotherm. This is a reduction on the minimum diamond growth temperature reported in the alkali-carbonate–C–O–H system [Lithos 60 (2002) 145]. Diamond growth using carbonate solvent catalysts is characterised by a relatively long induction period. However, the addition of KCl also reduced the period for diamond growth in carbonate to 5 min; no such induction period appears to be necessary. It is suggested that KCl destabilises carbonate, allowing greater solubility and diffusion of carbon.