桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林凋落叶分解速率和养分含量特征分析

森林凋落物是森林生态系统极其重要的组成部分, 了解凋落物分解过程有助于理解森林生态系统的物质循环和养分平衡的机理。本研究以桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林凋落叶为研究对象, 将2018年全年收集的凋落叶混合均匀后采用分解袋法进行原位分解实验, 探讨桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林凋落物的分解特征。结果发现: 凋落叶在分解过程中整体失重模式呈现先快后慢的变化趋势, 且不同生境类型下凋落叶失重率为: 洼地＞坡地＞峰顶; 分解过程中C含量呈波动状态, 但总体表现为下降趋势, 而N含量呈无规则波动; 失重率与海拔呈显著负相关, 并在分解初期和中后期与坡度呈显著负相关, C含量变化同海拔呈显著正相关, 而与其他环境因子的相关性则随分解时间的变化而变化。桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林凋落叶分解速率低于亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林, 但与同类型的喀斯特森林退化区相当; 喀斯特季节性雨林不同生境类型代表的微环境因子对凋落叶的分解具有重要影响, 其中海拔引起的温度和湿度的差异是影响喀斯特季节性雨林凋落叶分解速率和C、N含量变化的主要因素。     

桂林毛村岩溶区与碎屑岩区檵木和马尾松凋落叶分解研究

为探究岩溶生态环境对凋落叶分解的影响,选用碎屑岩区相同树种作为对比,运用凋落物分解网袋法研究其凋落物分解初期动态,研究结果表明:（1）岩溶区檵木和马尾松凋落叶分解速率总体上均小于碎屑岩区相同树种凋落叶分解速率;（2）凋落叶分解速率k与凋落叶初始养分碳含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与木质素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;（3）在凋落叶分解过程中,各养分释放规律具有一定的差异,凋落叶养分元素碳在分解过程中呈现出净释放;（4）岩溶区树种的碳释放速率比碎屑岩区慢,说明岩溶区两树种的凋落在一定程度上延长了C的循环周期      

石漠化区植被恢复过程凋落叶分解特征及其对土壤有机碳/氮的影响——以重庆中梁山为例

运用凋落物分解袋及样品室内分析的方法,研究了石漠化脆弱生态区植被恢复不同阶段主要建群种凋落叶分解及有机碳、氮释放动态及其与土壤团聚体有机碳、氮之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各植被恢复阶段凋落叶分解系数介于0.73～1.33之间,不同阶段之间表现为,草地<灌丛<乔木林<灌乔林,人工樟树林介于乔木林与灌乔林之间。(2)各植被恢复阶段凋落叶有机碳、氮净释放率介于58.5%～72.9%与21.2%～63.9%之间,有机碳在分解期间表现为净释放,有机碳、氮释放率随植被恢复年限的延长呈增加的趋势。(3)凋落叶分解与养分释放对土壤有机碳、氮含量的提高有促进作用。其中,凋落叶分解系数与0.25～1 mm、<0.25 mm粒径团聚体轻组有机碳、氮之间关系密切。在植被恢复过程中,凋落叶分解速率及有机碳、氮释放率随恢复年限延长而呈增加趋势,凋落叶分解对土壤有机碳、氮有重要影响,轻组有机碳、氮优先向小粒径团聚体输入,小粒径团聚体在土壤有机碳、氮积累中有重要作用。凋落叶分解一方面能为植物生长提供养分,同时也促进土壤有机质的形成与积累,植被恢复过程中应加强水土保持、提高土壤层的养分保蓄与抗水土流失能力。      

煤炭实验室二氧化碳排放核算方法探讨

煤炭实验室服务于煤炭生产、加工、利用等环节,在测试过程中会产生大量二氧化碳排放。煤炭实验室宜采用排放因子法计算碳排放量,该方法不仅可以简化核算过程,而且便于与其他行业碳排放量进行横向对比;煤炭实验室中二氧化碳排放源主要来源包括：煤炭燃烧排放、碳酸盐实验分解排放、实验压缩气体排放、购入的电力产生的排放;阐述了煤炭实验室4种主要碳排放源的碳排放因子和活动数据计算方法,进行了煤炭实验室碳排放分析和研究。     

火山区温室气体排放研究进展

火山活动是地球深部脱气的重要途径之一,它在大气圈温室气体浓度变化及全球碳排放研究中具有重要的作用。以国外火山气体研究成果为基础,概述火山气体的研究内容、研究方法（包括样品采集、实验室测试）,并重点探讨国外间歇期火山区土壤脱气、温泉脱气及喷气孔脱气的温室气体排放通量估算方法及其相应规模。结果表明,全球范围内火山间歇期土壤...     

积雪变化对中国森林凋落物分解影响研究进展

森林凋落物的分解对于维持生态系统物质循环和养分平衡具有重要意义,并受到不同积雪厚度下冻融格局的影响。冻融期（包括冻结过程期、完全冻结期、融化过程期）是冻土区凋落物分解的重要时期,该时期分解的凋落物量约占全年分解总量的一半。积雪减少通常会导致土壤温度降低、冻融循环次数增加,进而影响凋落物分解。通过综述近10年来积雪变化对我国森林凋落物分解影响的研究成果发现,积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常会抑制凋落物质量损失、碳元素释放和纤维素降解,生长季则起到促进作用,从全年来看多数表现为抑制作用。因此,冻融作用造成凋落物的物理破坏,对其分解的促进作用主要发生在后续生长季。积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常抑制氮元素释放,生长季和全年则无明显规律;磷元素和木质素目前研究还存在很大差异。最后,进一步阐述了积雪变化对凋落物分解影响研究存在的问题及未来研究发展方向。     

北京市区冬季颗粒态有机硝酸酯的污染特征与生成

有机硝酸酯是二次有机气溶胶的重要组分,对区域氮循环有重要意义。本次研究于2018年冬季在北京市区采集大气细颗粒物样品并测定5类主要有机硝酸酯的含量。结果显示,5类有机硝酸酯(包括单萜烯羟基硝酸酯、蒎烯羰基硝酸酯、柠檬烯羰基硝酸酯、油酸羰基硝酸酯和油酸羟基硝酸酯)的总浓度范围为127～528 ng/m³,对二次有机气溶胶的平均贡献为5.6%,昼夜浓度基本相当。其中,单萜烯羟基硝酸酯的含量最高,平均占比高达41%。灰霾期间有机硝酸酯浓度明显升高,相关性分析表明,燃煤和机动车排放的NO_x对有机硝酸酯浓度有显著促进作用。利用基于观测的盒子模型模拟了单萜烯羟基硝酸酯的生成速率,发现OH自由基和NO₃自由基氧化分别是白天和夜间单萜烯羟基硝酸酯的主要生成途径,但模拟值普遍低于计算值,推测模型中的生成机制可能有一定缺失。结果表明,人为活动会影响有机硝酸酯的二次生成,削减NO_x和臭氧有利于降低有机硝酸酯的大气浓度。     

气温和降水量对东灵山阔叶林凋落物分解特征的影响

植物凋落物分解是北半球中纬度森林生态系统生物地球化学循环的关键环节,其过程目前尚不甚清楚。北京东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶林凋落物破碎程度、颜色变化和微生物培养的定量化综合研究结果显示：大粒级碎片含量和颜色值L^*是凋落物早期分解程度的直接量度。可培养微生物菌落数(CFU)自1月起逐渐增加,于9月达到峰值,增幅受控于气温和降水量。微生物菌落数与大粒级凋落物含量和L^*值具有较强的相关性,显示了微生物的生长繁殖对提高森林凋落物降解速率的作用。本次研究中,气温和降水量两个环境因子能够得以分离。当气温升高而降水量却较低时,凋落物分解减慢;当降水量较高时,即便气温有所下降,分解速率也可能很高,其作用机理可能与微生物生物量有关。升温和降水量的合理分配能够提高凋落物分解速率,促进碳排放。若未来区域升温且降水量也增加,森林土壤碳排放量也将增大。

     

离心操作对BIOLOG法测定微生物群落功能多样性的影响

陆地生态系统的有机质分解是地球系统碳循环的重要环节,但目前人们对这一过程的认知程度尚待提高,原因之一是对植物凋落物分解时微生物群落功能多样性的变化缺乏系统认识.如能将BIOLOG微平板法引入植物凋落物降解初期的研究中,将弥补这一重要环节的缺失.但当前对如何在降解初期研究中应用这一方法、尤其是对于在预处理过程中是否应进行离心操作并无定论.为此,笔者选用北京桦树林区凋落物的淋洗液为接种液,考察离心操作对BIOLOG微平板法测定结果的影响.研究发现:离心操作能减小培养液的浊度(吸光度减小0.13)、降低溶液颜色对微孔显色程度的干扰,但也会导致测得的微生物群落数量减少(平均颜色变化率可降低约0.4);样品中微生物群落数量越小,群落功能多样性受影响的程度则越大.因此,在选择是否进行离心操作时,需针对具体的研究对象综合选择.     

水利工程对岩溶水体碳循环的影响

为认识水利工程建设对岩溶库区温室气体排放的影响,本文对岩溶区水利工程破坏岩溶水体DIC的稳定性、增加温室气体排放以及水利工程建设所带来的水体富营养化问题进行了初步总结.结果表明,水利工程不仅打破了岩溶水体DIC的自身稳定性,加速水体无机CO2逸出过程,导致CaCO3发生沉淀,而且还通过改变岩溶水动力条件、加速温室气体排放等途径来提高岩溶水体的碳储存、转移、形成与分解过程.与此同时作者还建议:(1)尽快开展岩溶水体温室气体排放的定性分析与定量计算工作,并与不同排放源的温室气体释放效应进行对比;(2)温室气体排放的估算须建立在岩溶碳循环研究基础上,从时间和空间尺度上分析影响岩溶水体温室气体排放过程的关键因素,并把岩溶水体温室气体排放纳入整个岩溶生态系统的生命周期中进行考虑.     

Inhibition of the decomposition ofZostera capricornii litter by macrobenthos and meiobenthos in a brackish coastal lake system

As part of the development of rapid assays to measure ecological processes, rates of decomposition of eelgrass,Zostera capricornii, were measured using litter bags placed at different distances from the sea in a coastal lake system. Average loss of dry mass over 28 d in bags with coarse mesh, which excluded animals >1.5 mm, varied from 364 to 448 mg in late winter to between 644 and 868 mg in autumn, depending on locality. Rates of loss were significantly greater in bags with small mesh (0.063 mm), from which all macrofauna were excluded, varying from 420 to 532 mg and from 868 to 924 mg in winter and autumn, respectively. There were consistent negative correlations between loss of litter and numbers of macrofauna and meiofauna in the bags. Rates of decrease in the organic fraction of the litter were positively correlated with numbers of animals. The results imply that the fauna inhibited decomposition, possibly by reducing microbial populations through grazing.     

The role of biodegradation and photo-oxidation in the transformation of terrigenous organic matter

Microbial and photochemical decomposition are two major processes regulating organic matter (OM) transformation in the global carbon cycle. However, photo-oxidation is not as well understood as biodegradation in terms of its impact on OM alteration in terrigenous environments. We examined microbial and photochemical transformation of OM and lignin derived phenols in two plant litters (corn leaves and pine needles). Plant litter was incubated in the laboratory over 3 months and compositional changes to OM were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We also examined the susceptibility of soil organic matter (SOM) to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra showed that O-alkyl type structures (mainly from carbohydrates) decreased during biodegradation and the loss of small carbohydrates and aliphatic molecules was observed by solution-state ¹H NMR spectra of water extractable OM from biodegraded litters. Photochemical products were detected in the aliphatic regions of NaOH extracts from both litter samples by solution-state ¹H NMR. Photo-oxidation also increased the solubility of SOM, which was attributed to the enhanced oxidation of lignin derived phenols and photochemical degradation of macromolecular SOM species (as observed by diffusion edited ¹H NMR). Overall, our data collectively suggests that while biodegradation predominates in litter decomposition, photo-oxidation alters litter OM chemistry and plays a role in destabilizing SOM in soils exposed to UV radiation.     

Experimental study of terrestrial plant litter interaction with aqueous solutions

Quantification of silicon and calcium recycling by plants is hampered by the lack of physico-chemical data on reactivity of plant litter in soil environments. We applied a laboratory experimental approach for determining the silica and calcium release rates from litter of typical temperate and boreal plants: pine (Pinus laricio), birch (Betula pubescens), larch (Larix gmelinii), elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.), tree fern (Dicksonia squarrosa), and horsetail (Equisetum arvense) in 0.01 M NaCl solutions, pH of 2-10 and temperature equals to 5, 25 and 40 °C. Open system, mixed-flow reactors equipped with dialysis compartment and batch reactors were used. Comparative measurements were performed on intact larch needles and samples grounded during different time, sterilized or not and with addition or not of sodium azide in order to account for the effect of surface to mass ratio and possible microbiological activity on the litter dissolution rates. Litter degradation results suggest that the silica release rate is independent on dissolved organic carbon release (cell breakdown) which implies the presence of phytoliths in a pure “inorganic” pool not complexed with organic matter. Calcium and DOC are released at the very first stage of litter dissolution while Si concentration increases gradually suggesting the presence of Ca and Si in two different pools. The dry-weight normalized dissolution rate at circum-neutral pH range (approx. 1-10 μmol/g_DW/day) is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the rates of Si release from common soil minerals (kaolinite, smectite, illite). Minimal Ca release rates evaluated from batch and mixed-flow reactors are comparable with those of most reactive soil minerals such as calcite and apatite, and several orders of magnitude higher than the dissolution rates of major rock-forming silicates (feldspars, pyroxenes). The activation energy for Si liberation from plant litter is approx. 50 kJ/mol which is comparable with that of surface-controlled mineral dissolutions. It is shown that the Si release rate from the above-ground forest biomass is capable of producing the Si concentrations observed in soil solutions of surficial horizons and contribute significantly to the Si flux from the soil to the river.     

黄石市城市边缘区土壤重金属分布特征、风险评价及溯源分析

为掌握黄石市城市边缘区农用土壤环境质量现状,在高密度表、深层土壤采样的基础上,重点分析了土壤重金属元素的分布规律和特征,对其进行了生态环境风险评价,并对重金属元素成因进行了溯源分析。结果表明:研究区土壤中的重金属元素As、Pb、Hg、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr含量范围分别为(5.2~155.9)×10-6 、(19.2~426.1)×10-6 、(0.012~1.823)×10-6 、(0.03~4.59)×10-6 、(34.8~529.6)×10-6 、(8.5~86.2)×10-6 、(16.52~104.39)×10-6 和(51.2~145.5)×10-6,平均含量均超过区域土壤环境背景值,且Cd超过农用地土壤风险筛选值。重金属污染物主要集中在表层40 cm以上土壤中,土地类型中以水田和旱地污染为主,污染物中以Cd、As和Pb为主要特征。水田中As、Pb、Cu和Zn为轻度污染,Cd和Hg为中度污染,而Cr和Ni无污染;旱地和林地中As、Pb和Hg为轻度污染,Cd为中度污染,而Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn无污染。多元统计分析表明,研究区土壤中Cr和Ni为自然源成因,与成土母质相关;Cd和Pb、As和Hg主要为人为源污染,与黄石市高强度工矿业生产和硫化物矿物酸化释放有关;而Cu和Zn为混合源成因,部分来源于土壤环境背景,部分来源于人类活动和工业生产排放。     

Effects of flooding regimes on the decomposition and nutrient dynamics of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter in the Sanjiang Plain of China

From May 2005 to September 2006, the potential effects of marsh flooding regimes on the decomposition and nutrient (N, P) dynamics of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter were studied in the typical waterlogged depression in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The decomposition of C. angustifolia litter was related to four sites with different hydrologic regimes [F1 (perennial flooding, average water depth of 480?days was 40.14?±?8.93?cm), F2 (perennial flooding 33.27?±?6.67?cm), F3 (perennial flooding 23.23?±?5.65?cm) and F4 (seasonal flooding 1.02?±?1.09?cm)]. Results showed that flooding regimes had important effects on the litter decomposition, the decomposition rates differed among the four sites, in the order of F3 (0.001820d^?1)?>?F1 (0.001210d^?1)?>?F2 (0.001040d^?1)?>?F4 (0.000917d^?1), and the values in the perennial flooding regimes were much higher. Flooding regimes also had significant effects on the N and P dynamics of litter in decomposition process. If the perennial flooding regimes were formed in C. angustifolia wetland due to the changes of precipitation in the future, the litter mass loss would increase 23.28?C48.88%, the decomposition rate would increase 13.41?C98.47%, and the t _0.95 would decrease 1.07 yr?C4.50 yr. In the perennial flooding regimes, the net N accumulated in some periods, while the net P released at all times. This study also indicated that the changes of N and P content in the litter of the four flooding regimes were probably related to the C/N or C/P ratios in the litter and the N or P availability in the decomposition environment. If the nutrient status of the decomposition environment did not change greatly, the decomposition rates depended on the substrate quality indices of the litter. Conversely, if the nutrient status changed greatly, the decomposition rates might depend on the supply status of nutrient in the decomposition environment.