月壤中纳米金属铁的太空风化成因及模拟方法分析

月壤中普遍存在着大量由太空风化作用产生的纳米金属铁,这些纳米金属铁在一定程度上改变了月球表面的物理、化学和光学特征.纳米金属铁在月壤中主要赋存于胶结质玻璃相中和月壤颗粒的表面,胶结质玻璃相的纳米金属铁起源于微陨石轰击富含太阳风氢粒子的月壤产生的高温熔融还原作用,颗粒表面的纳米金属铁来自微陨石轰击引起的蒸发沉积作用和太阳...     

基于Apollo15月壤和普通球粒与碳质球粒陨石模拟实验的太空风化特征产物成因分析

月球、小行星等无大气行星体具有独特的反射光谱太空风化改造特征,其成因主要被归结于纳米级—亚微米级不透明颗粒等太空风化特征产物。本研究结合Apollo返回月壤样品、普通球粒和碳质球粒陨石样品的模拟实验结果,综合分析了太空风化特征产物的来源和成因,并讨论了其可能的光谱效应。研究结果表明,np-Fe⁰(纳米级单质金属铁)是铁镁硅酸盐等矿物经过微陨石轰击引起的气化沉积作用和原位还原作用形成。np-FeNi(纳米级铁镍金属)的成因主要包括FeNi金属和陨硫铁的气化沉积与冲击分散成因。np-FeNiS(纳米级铁镍金属的硫化物)和sm-FeNiS(亚微米级铁镍金属的硫化物)主要形成于陨硫铁的冲击分散过程。上述不透明颗粒是形成月球与S型小行星紫外—近红外波段光谱反射率降低、特征吸收峰减弱和连续统红移等特征的主要原因。气泡结构主要形成于层状硅酸盐等矿物在微陨石轰击过程中的挥发分逃逸,推测是含水量较高的小行星(如Bennu)紫外-近红外波段光谱反射率增加和连续统蓝移等特征的主要成因。实验结果预期对月球与小行星返回样品分析以及反射光谱的太空风化改造特征的解释提供一定的参考。     

月壤的物理和机械性质

月壤是在O2、水、风和生命活动都不存在的情况下，由陨石和微陨石撞击、宇宙射线和太阳风轰击、月表温差导致岩石热胀冷缩破碎等因素的共同作用下形成的。月壤独特的形成过程，加上独特的月表环境，使月壤在粒度分布、颗粒形态、颗粒比重、孔隙比和孔隙率、电性和电磁性质、压缩性、抗剪性、承载力等方面均与地球土壤存在较大差异，这些参数的平均值和最佳估计值，可以作为月表机械设计和操作、宇航员装备设计、月球着陆场选址的主要依据，对月球资源开发和利用以及月球基地建设具有极其重要的意义。     

嫦娥五号返回月壤微观形貌特征及其对太空风化的指示意义

研究识别嫦娥五号返回月壤样品颗粒的类型、含量、形貌、结构和成分特征,可为嫦娥五号着陆区月壤的成因与月球表面演化过程提供关键科学依据.利用扫描电镜-能谱仪、矿物自动定量分析系统和显微激光拉曼光谱仪对嫦娥五号表取月壤样品CE5C0400（YJFM00403）进行了系统研究,发现月壤颗粒组成多样,包括斜长石、单斜辉石和橄榄石等矿物、玄武岩碎屑、黏结物和玻璃球.颗粒表面和内部微观结构复杂,呈现各种破碎、表面附着堆积、微撞击坑、溅射物等形式的微米-纳米级的形貌特征.嫦娥五号月壤的微形貌特征记录了以微陨石撞击为主导的复杂太空风化过程:一方面反复的撞击作用使月壤颗粒破碎、粒度变细,另一方面撞击引发的局部熔融又使颗粒发生胶结,同时伴随含铁矿物分解形成微-纳米级单质铁颗粒.上述过程反复进行,导致月壤颗粒大小和物相组成复杂多变.      

嫦娥五号着陆区月壤的太空风化改造特征

月壤是月球科学与工程探测的主要目标物和承载物，也是人类认识月球的主要信息来源。太空风化作用是决定月壤形成，特别是演化过程的关键因素。本文系统总结了近两年来围绕嫦娥五号着陆区月壤的太空风化改造特征所取得的阶段性研究进展，特别是单质金属铁的多种成因机制、硫化物的风化改造特征和太阳风成因水等。上述研究成果的取得，为准确认识月壤特性，反演月壤形成与时空演化历史以及评估月壤资源特性奠定了良好的基础。最后结合我国后续月球探测工程规划，提出了新的研究方向与目标。     

月球顽辉石质子注入的SRIM模拟

本文旨在通过模拟实验评估太阳风质子在月表顽辉石辐射损伤中所起的作用。实验通过SRIM软件开展,系统模拟了太阳风质子对顽辉石的辐射过程,获得了太阳风质子在顽辉石中的射程、浓度分布,主要组分的溅射产额以及顽辉石的晶格损伤分布等重要参数。实验结果证明,足够剂量的太阳风质子能够对顽辉石的晶格结构形成明显的损伤,并最终导致非晶化。除此之外,太阳风质子还能够通过对不同元素的差异溅射降低顽辉石的Mg/Si与O/Si。由此得出以下结论:太阳风质子能够显著改变月表矿物的晶体结构与化学组成,是制约月表物质太空风化演化的重要因素。     

月壤中的稀有气体

月球极度亏损挥发分,但是月壤中赋存有大量的稀有气体,主要来源于太阳风注入、宇宙射线作用和放射性同位素衰变等过程。月岩和月壤样品的稀有气体研究,不仅是获取月球表面形成和演化历史、近地空间小行星撞击历史等的重要内容,更是解译40亿年以来太阳风演化的惟一可行途径。本文主要介绍月岩和月壤中的太阳风记录、宇宙射线暴露年龄、Ar-Ar定年以及稀有气体测试技术等方面研究的进展。     

月球光照区尘埃静电迁移规律:初步理论结果

空间环境中,暴露在太阳风等离子体和紫外辐射中的尘埃颗粒由于光电发射等而带电。月球光照区带电的尘埃颗粒受静电场驱动或微陨石轰击发生迁移。本文计算结果表明,月球光照区粒径为0.01μm的尘埃颗粒静电迁移达到的最大高度约为1km,而在月球黑暗区亚微米级的尘埃颗粒静电迁移可以到达50km的高度。尽管微陨石轰击溅射的尘埃颗粒可到达~100km的高度,但是尘埃数密度与微陨石轰击事件直接相关,并随着高度变化。由于重力作用,溅射的尘埃快速沉降。溅射和沉降过程中,尘埃颗粒由于光电发射等继续充电。在局部电场强度和德拜鞘高度分别为5V/m和1m条件下,粒径<0.37μm的带电尘埃颗粒以"弹跳模式"运动,而粒径>0.37μm的带电尘埃颗粒返回月表,并再次轰击溅射尘埃。根据本文结果可以推断,月球尘埃实验(LDEX)在月球夜晚20~60km高度记录的尘埃事件可能与尘埃的静电迁移相关,但是月球白天记录的事件可能并不包括静电迁移的部分。     

月球光照区尘埃静电迁移规律:初步理论结果（英文）

空间环境中,暴露在太阳风等离子体和紫外辐射中的尘埃颗粒由于光电发射等而带电。月球光照区带电的尘埃颗粒受静电场驱动或微陨石轰击发生迁移。本文计算结果表明,月球光照区粒径为0.01μm的尘埃颗粒静电迁移达到的最大高度约为1km,而在月球黑暗区亚微米级的尘埃颗粒静电迁移可以到达50km的高度。尽管微陨石轰击溅射的尘埃颗粒可到达~100km的高度,但是尘埃数密度与微陨石轰击事件直接相关,并随着高度变化。由于重力作用,溅射的尘埃快速沉降。溅射和沉降过程中,尘埃颗粒由于光电发射等继续充电。在局部电场强度和德拜鞘高度分别为5V/m和1m条件下,粒径0.37μm的带电尘埃颗粒以"弹跳模式"运动,而粒径0.37μm的带电尘埃颗粒返回月表,并再次轰击溅射尘埃。根据本文结果可以雅断,月球尘埃实验(LDEX)在月球夜晚20~60km高度记录的尘埃事件可能与尘埃的静电迁移相关,但是月球白天记录的事件可能并不包括静电迁移的部分。     

月壤中的氦-3

除了极少数非常陡峭的山脉与撞击坑和火山通道的峭壁外，整个月球表面几乎都被一层厚度不等的月尘、岩屑和岩块的混合堆积物即月壤所覆盖。由于月球无大气层等特殊环境，太阳光长驱直入，太阳风粒子直接注入到月壤细小颗粒上使月壤中富含稀有气体等太阳风粒子组分。本文在系统阐述月壤的形成过程与形成机制的基础上，分析了月壤中稀有气体的来源及其浓度与月壤的成熟度、月壤颗粒大小、月壤矿物组成和化学成分的相关关系，进而利用已有的探测数据和分析结果，对月壤中氦-3资源的开发利用前景进行了初步评估。     

Solar and cosmogenic argon in dated lunar impact spherules

We have studied lunar impact spherules from the Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 landing sites, examining the isotopic composition of argon released by stepwise heating. Elsewhere, we reported the formation ages of these spherules, determined by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isochron method. Here, we discuss solar and cosmogenic argon from the same spherules, separating these two components by correlating their partial releases with the releases of calcium-derived ³⁷Ar on a “cosmochron” diagram. We use the abundances of cosmogenic argon to derive a cosmic ray exposure age for each spherule, and demonstrate that single scoops of lunar soil contain spherules which have experienced very different histories of exposure and burial. The solar argon is seen to be separated into isotopically lighter and heavier fractions, which presumably were implanted to different depths in the spherules. The abundance of the isotopically heavy solar argon is too great to explain as a minor constituent of the solar particle flux, such as the suprathermal tail of the solar wind. The fact that the spherules have been individually dated allows us to look for possible variations in the solar wind as a function of time, over the history of the Solar System. However, the isotopic composition and fluence of solar argon preserved in the lunar spherules appear to be independent of formation age. We believe that most of the spherules are saturated with solar argon, having reached a condition in which implantation by the solar wind is offset by losses from solar-wind sputtering and diffusion.     

Space weathering simulation and spectrum decoding

Visible and near-infrared spectra are routinely used to achieve mineral abundances and mineral chemistry of the global surfaces of the Moon and asteroids.However,these spectra can be significantly modified by space weathering,including micrometeorite impacting,solar wind implanting and cosmic ray irradiation.In this paper we report results of laser-bombarding experiments on the Jilin ordinary chondrite,simulating micrometeorite impacting on the surface of asteroids.After laser bombardment,the spectra became significantly redder and moderately darker. With the Modified Gaussian Model(MGM)method,the absorption band positions of olivine can be decoded from the modified spectra,which are correlated with their fayalite contents.In addition,a continuum of the modified spectra can be decoded,and its slope may be used to depict the degree of space weathering.However,relative strengths of the absorption sub-bands of olivine and pyroxenes show significant variant after the bombardment, hence they cannot be used to estimate the relative abundances of high-Ca to low-Ca pyroxenes of the lunar surface and other matured surfaces of asteroids.     

Noble Gases in the Lunar Regolith

The most fundamental character of lunar soil is its high concentrations of solar-wind-implanted elements, and the concentrations and behavior of the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, and Xe, which provide unique and extensive information about a broad range of fundamental problems. In this paper, the authors studied the forming mechanism of lunar regolith, and proposed that most of the noble gases in lunar regolith come from the solar wind. Meteoroid bombardment controls the maturity of lunar soil, with the degree of maturation decreasing with grain size; the concentrations of the noble gases would be of slight variation with the depth of lunar soil but tend to decrease with grain size. In addition, the concentrations of noble gases in lunar soil also show a close relationship with its mineral and chemical compositions. The utilization prospects of the noble gas ^3He in lunar regolith will be further discussed.     

Cosmic ray effects in the solar system objects

Long term characteristics of solar and galactic cosmic rays, as revealed by the study of their nuclear effects in lunar, meteoritic and terrestrial samples are summarised. The data so far available on radioisotopes, noble gases and tracks, though limited, are consistent with nearly constant fluxes and composition during different epochs over billions of years; one exception is¹⁴C activity in the earths atmosphere over the past few hundred years, suggesting a variation in the solar activity. Other small or brief variations, which cannot be ruled out as yet, require better estimation of depth and size dependence of nuclear effects in rocks before they can be attributed to cosmic rays.     

富钙长石-橄榄石包体与其他部分典型包体W-L边的成因

球粒陨石中的富Ca、Al包体(简称CAI)形成于星云演化的最初始阶段,保存了大量星云形成和演化的各种信息。研究认为,包体的成因主要包括星云直接凝聚和熔融结晶,少部分甚至经历过高温蒸发过程。部分CAI最外层具有由一种或几种矿物组成的Warking-Lovering边(简称为W-L边),CAI和其W-L边对于认识早期星云环境和界定CAI的形成时间等均具有重要意义。目前,对于W-L边的形成过程研究并不深入,且一直存在争议。本文主要介绍了三个典型包体:C#1(富钙长石-橄榄石包体)、GRV 022459-2RI5(A型包体)和GRV 021579-3RI5(富尖晶石球粒状包体)及其W-L边的矿物岩石学和氧同位素组成特征。C#1包体明显经历过熔融结晶过程,W-L边氧同位素组成具有与包体内部矿物相似的富~(16)O同位素特征,表明W-L边的成因与包体的形成过程密切相关,形成于同一富~(16)O同位素组成区域,且W-L边属于包体熔融结晶过程后期的产物。矿物岩石学特征表明,GRV 022459-2RI5属于星云直接凝聚形成,其W-L边为包体形成过程最晚期星云凝聚产物。GRV021579-3RI5经历过熔融结晶过程,其W-L边为包体结晶最后阶段的产物。     

Experimental Model of the Formation of Nanophase Metallic Iron in the Lunar Regolith

Doklady Earth Sciences - One of the signs of “space weathering” on the Moon, including the effect of the solar wind and micrometeorite bombardment, is the formation of nanophase...     

Advances in the Research of Impact of Decadal Solar Cycle on Modern Climate

Role of solar activity on modern climate change, particularly in the decadal scale is an important scientific issue. This paper reviews the recent observation of decadal solar signal in earth’s climate, with focus on the mechanism of solar radiation, ultraviolet radiation and cosmic rays on climate system ,and its validation. The paper points out that the assessment of uncertainty in observations, amplification process of the climate system, as well as possible future impact of solar extreme events are challenges in the present study. Finally, the keys of breakthrough are pointed, to provide a reference for future research.