反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气机理的定量解释

为了研究含油气盆地中断裂对油气成藏与分布的控制作用,在断层侧向封闭机理及影响因素研究的基础上,对反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气的机理进行了定量解释。结果表明,无论是反向断裂还是顺向断裂,均源于断层岩封闭油气,断层岩油气运移方向排替压力是影响其侧向封闭油气能力的主要因素。在断裂埋深、断裂倾角和地层岩性、地层倾角相同的条件下,理论上反向断裂断层岩泥质体积分数大于顺向断裂断层岩泥质体积分数,即反向断裂断层岩油气运移方向排替压力大于顺向断裂断层岩油气运移方向排替压力,反向断裂侧向封闭能力强于顺向断裂侧向封闭能力,造成反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气。歧口凹陷板桥断裂下盘沙一段下部断层岩在反向条件和顺向条件下油气运移方向排替压力的实例研究结果表明,反向条件下较顺向条件下在油气运移方向有更高的排替压力,侧向封闭能力更强,更有利于油气在板桥断裂下盘沙一段储层中富集。     

张性断裂带内部结构特征及油气运移和保存研究

断裂带是一个宽度、长度和高度均与断距呈正比关系的三维地质体,具有典型的二分结构：即断层核和破碎带。断层核由多种类型的断层岩和后期胶结物组成,具有分选差,粘土含量高,颗粒粒径小等特征,表现为具有比围岩更低的孔渗性。破碎带同围岩相比发育大量的裂缝,裂缝的密度随着离断层核距离的增大而逐渐减小,孔渗性较高。断层岩类型取决于断移地层的岩性、成岩程度和断裂变形时期。对于同生断层而言,泥岩和不纯净的砂岩主要发生泥岩涂抹作用;纯净砂岩发生解聚作用,形成颗粒重排的变形带。中成岩阶段发生断裂变形,泥岩发生泥岩涂抹作用,不纯净的砂岩发生碎裂作用和层状硅酸盐涂抹作用,形成碎裂岩和层状硅酸盐 框架断层岩;纯净砂岩主要发生碎裂作用,形成碎裂岩。晚成岩阶段发生断裂变形,碎裂作用成为主要的变形机制,泥岩破碎形成大量断层泥,不纯净的砂岩和纯净的砂岩均形成碎裂岩,其中纯净砂岩形成的碎裂岩由于石英的压溶胶结变得更致密。因此不同成岩阶段、不同岩性形成的断层岩类型不同,泥岩涂抹的排替压力高于层状硅酸盐 框架断层岩和碎裂岩,即使都是碎裂岩,其渗透率相差7个数量级。从断裂带结构看油气运移和保存,断层垂向封闭主要靠剪切型泥岩涂抹的连续性,侧向封闭能力取决于断层岩物性,物性很高的碎裂岩自身封闭能力很差,依靠两盘岩性对接封闭油气,最小断距决定油水界面位置。物性很低的断层岩一般能封住一定高度的油气柱,其是断裂带中泥质含量的函数。断层在储盖层段变形机制差异,决定了断裂输导与封闭油气的耦合,即破碎带双向输导充注,盖层段剪切型泥岩涂抹顶部封闭,断层核遮挡成藏。     

南堡凹陷1号构造断层垂向封闭能力定量评价

通过对断裂带内部结构及其特征研究发现,断层岩是断层构成的重要部分,断层垂向封闭能力的强弱关键取决于油气运移方向断层岩与下伏储层岩石的排替压力差.若断层岩排替压力大于等于储层岩石,断层垂向封闭,其封闭能力的大小取决于二者排替压力差值的大小,差值越大,断层垂向封闭能力越强;反之断层垂向开启.断层岩的排替压力大小受泥质含量、压实成岩程度、岩石结构方向性等因素的影响,其泥质含量越高、压实成岩程度越大、断面方向与铅直方向夹角越小,断层岩排替压力越大.基于断层垂向封闭机理及影响因素,综合实验室不同角度泥岩样品排替压力测试结果与岩石力学分解关系,在确定与目标点断层岩具有相同压实成岩程度围岩地层的基础上,建立了一套定量评价断层垂向封闭能力的方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷1号构造内典型断层垂向封闭能力评价中,结果表明:f1断层在不同测线处的断-储排替压力差为-0.114~1.035 MPa,除L7~L11测线处其他测线内断层岩排替压力均大于储层岩石,断层垂向封闭,与油气分布吻合关系较好.通过与未考虑岩石结构方向性方法的比较,证实该方法具有更好的可行性和更高的可信度.      

断层侧向封闭性及对断圈油水关系的控制

张性正断层断裂带内部结构具有二分性:即断层核和破碎带,断层核由多个滑动面和不同类型的断层岩组成,其渗透性取决于带内泥质含量所决定的断层岩的类型,破碎带表现为高密度裂缝切割围岩,总体表现为高渗透的特征,因此,断裂带渗透能力取决于断层核与破碎带相对发育程度,侧向封闭能力主要取决于断裂带中泥质含量.存在5种侧向封闭类型:即对...     

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷断裂带微观特征

正断裂带具有复杂的内部结构,多由断层核和破碎带组成(贾茹等,2017;付晓飞等,2013;陈伟等,2010)。断层核一般紧邻滑动面发育,主要由多种类型的断层岩(断层角砾岩和碎裂岩)构成,破碎带由次级断层、裂缝和节理或者变形带等组成。受控于微观构造特征,不同类型的断层岩孔隙度和渗透率差异明显,其空间分布和演化特征决定了断裂带的输导性和封堵性,不仅影响流体运移的路径,而且对储层的物性具有重要的影响。渤海湾     

从断裂带内部结构出发评价断层垂向封闭性的方法

脆性断层和塑性断层断裂带内部结构存在差异: 脆性断层断裂带由以断层岩和伴生裂缝为特征的破碎带和诱导裂缝带2部分组成; 塑性断层断裂带表现为几条充填断层泥大裂缝的组合, 诱导裂缝带不发育.破碎带内部伴生裂缝、无粘结力断层岩带和诱导裂缝带都可能成为油气运移的通道, 只有这3种通道均封闭, 脆性断层垂向才是封闭的.只要伴生裂缝封闭, 塑性断层就是封闭的.基于这种封闭机理, 分析了3种通道封闭的条件: 无粘结力断层岩带是否封闭取决于断层泥含量大小; 破碎带内部伴生裂缝的封闭性取决于断面压力和断层泥塑性强度关系; 诱导裂缝带封闭程度受控于后期成岩充填的程度.提出了利用断面压力、断层泥的含量和塑性强度、后期成岩程度综合判定不同性质断层垂向封闭性评价方法.并利用该方法对克拉2构造F₁断层垂向封闭性进行了评价, 结果表明F₁断层垂向封闭性具有分段性: ①和③段均表现为脆性, 但①段因诱导裂缝没有被充填不封闭, ③段是封闭的; ②段是塑性断层, 垂向封闭性好.这是克拉2构造有大规模天然气聚集成藏的关键因素之一.      

碳酸盐岩内断裂带结构及其与油气成藏

以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。     

欠压实泥岩顶底板形成机理及其对油气运移的影响

欠压实泥岩顶底板是指比中部欠压实泥岩较致密的泥岩表层,是趋于正常压实的泥岩层,发育于低渗透率的厚层泥岩的上、下部位。以低速渗流定律为理论基础,从微观机理上分析欠压实泥岩顶底板的形成过程,提出穿过欠压实泥岩顶底板流体运移阻力的计算公式。当含顶底板泥岩作为盖层时,分为连续沉积型、抬升型和压裂型3种。压裂型泥岩盖层的封闭能力等于底板排替压力与达到顶板破裂的剩余压力之和,其他两种盖层的封闭能力就等于盖层顶底板的排替压力之和。当含顶底板泥岩作为源岩时,在连续型源岩中,油气排放的方向主要取决于泥岩顶底板渗透性地层的发育程度;在压裂型源岩中,大量油气沿裂缝向上排烃。此外,源岩的排烃方向还受断层的控制。通过欠压实泥岩顶底板形成机理的研究,有助于评价泥岩盖层的封烃能力,了解泥质烃源岩油气初次运移的方向。     

从内部结构出发探讨断裂控藏机理及模式:以珠江口盆地珠一坳陷为例

断层是珠一坳陷油气成藏重要的控制因素。从断裂带内部结构出发,通过认识断层核及破碎带特征和差异性,进而分析断层输导与封闭的机制。综合分析表明:1断移期与过渡期断层输导油气的机制有所不同,断移期主要沿滑动面和伴生缝以"地震泵"形式垂向输导,侧向分流受控于断层末端未被断穿的厚层泥岩;过渡期主要沿破碎带中的诱导裂缝以浮力流或渗流的方式垂向输导,侧向分流在多套泥岩的遮挡下均会产生分流。2断层封闭又分为垂向封闭和侧向封闭。垂向封闭首先取决于泥岩塑性变形的连续性,珠一坳陷新近系断层错断泥岩的SSF值为5,当SSF值小于5时,泥岩连续垂向封闭;当SSF值大于5时,只有当断层核及破碎带中的通道均无法连通时,垂向才封闭。侧向封闭包括对接封闭和断层岩封闭2种形式,对接封闭依赖于泥岩的塑性变形;断层岩封闭取决于断层岩的岩性、厚度及物性。在断裂带内部结构和断裂控藏机制认识的基础上,总结了珠一坳陷4种(Ⅰ~Ⅳ)断裂控藏的模式,分别为上盘输导上盘成藏型、下盘输导下盘成藏型、侧向遮挡成藏型与组合控藏型,并通过实例进行了详细解析。综合认为,Ⅰ型为珠一坳陷最有利的成藏类型,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型其次,Ⅱ型发现较少。     

泥岩盖层内断层垂向封闭能力综合定量评价:以南堡凹陷5号构造东二段泥岩盖层为例

为了更加准确地评价盖层内断层垂向封闭能力,在利用实验验证岩石各向异性对排替压力影响的基础上,结合断层岩与储层岩石的力学分解关系,综合考虑不同类型岩石压实成岩时间对排替压力的影响,对断层垂向封闭的断-储排替压力差法进行改进,并以此来定量评价渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷5号构造F_(np5-3)和F_(np5-5)两条主要断层的垂向封闭能力。研究结果表明:存在一个断-储排替压力差封油气下限值,只有当断层岩排替压力大于储层岩石排替压力且二者差值大于等于封油气下限值时,断层垂向封闭。由此确定反向断层F_(np5-3)的封油气下限值为0.221 MPa,顺向断层F_(np5-5)的封油气下限值为0.311 MPa;受油气富集部位及断裂带内部结构发育特征的影响,反向断层较顺向断层更易形成封闭,此评价结果与油气分布规律吻合关系较好。而利用改进前方法得到的评价结果(断层垂向不封闭)与实际钻井含油气性相矛盾,表明改进后方法在综合定量评价断层垂向封闭能力时的合理性与可行性。     

Calcite veins as an indicator of fracture dilatancy and connectivity during strike-slip faulting in Toarcian shale (Tournemire tunnel,Southern France)

The reactivation of faults induced by natural/human induced fluid pressure increases is a major concern to explain subsurface fluid migration and to estimate the risk of losing the integrity of reservoir/seal systems. This study focusses on paleo-fluid migration in a strike slip fault with >100 m long, affecting a Toarcian shale (Causses Basin, France). A high calcite concentration is observed in a 5 cm thick zone at the boundary between the fault core and damage zone. Cumulated displacements in this zone are of millimeter-to-centimeter-scale offsets and different dilatant deformation textures are observed. The zone is affected by thin slip planes containing gouge. Cathodo-luminescence observations indicate that two phases of vein formation occurred. The first phase coincides with the fluid migration along this centimeter thick dilatant zone. The second one is associated to re-shear along the millimeter thick slip planes that results in more localized mineralization, but also in a better hydrologic connection through the shale formation. These results show that in shales fluids may migrate off a slipping surface in centimeter scale dilatant volumes, at first controlled by the intact shale anisotropy related to bedding and then favored by brecciating, structures re-orientation and strengthening processes induced by calcite sealing effects.     

Influence of host lithofacies on fault rock variation in carbonate fault zones: A case study from the Island of Malta

Relatively few studies have examined fault rock microstructures in carbonates. Understanding fault core production helps predict the hydraulic behaviour of faults and the potential for reservoir compartmentalisation. Normal faults on Malta, ranging from <1 m to 90 m displacement, cut two carbonate lithofacies, micrite-dominated and grain-dominated carbonates, allowing the investigation of fault rock evolution with increasing displacement in differing lithofacies. Lithological heterogeneity leads to a variety of deformation mechanisms. Nine different fault rock types have been identified, with a range of deformation microstructures along an individual slip surface. The deformation style, and hence type of fault rock produced, is a function of host rock texture, specifically grain size and sorting, porosity and uniaxial compressive strength. Homogeneously fine-grained micrtie-dominated carbonates are characterised by dispersed deformation with large fracture networks that develop into breccias. Alternatively, this lithofacies is commonly recrystallised. In contrast, in the coarse-grained, heterogeneous grain-dominated carbonates the development of faulting is characterised by localised deformation, creating protocataclasite and cataclasite fault rocks. Cementation also occurs within some grain-dominated carbonates close to and on slip surfaces. Fault rock variation is a function of displacement as well as juxtaposed lithofacies. An increase in fault rock variability is observed at higher displacements, potentially creating a more transmissible fault, which opposes what may be expected in siliciclastic and crystalline faults. Significant heterogeneity in the fault rock types formed is likely to create variable permeability along fault-strike, potentially allowing across-fault fluid flow. However, areas with homogeneous fault rocks may generate barriers to fluid flow.     

Constraints on the Sealing Capacity of Faults with Clay Smears from Discrete Element Models Validated by Laboratory Experiments

Prediction of hydrocarbon column heights in structural traps critically depends on proper analysis of the sealing capacity of faults. Entrainment of clay in fault zones in upper crustal levels may lead to the development of continuous clay smears that dramatically increase the sealing capacity of faults. In this study, direct shear experiments on large-scale samples of layered sandstone–claystone–sandstone are simulated using two-dimensional discrete element numerical models to study the development of clay smears for different claystone types and normal stress conditions. Analysis of clay smear structures in terms of drag, slicing, wear and flow of clay reveals that drag is dominant at low shear displacements and high local stress concentrations, slicing and wear become important at higher shear displacement and low stresses at source bed near the fault zone. Correlation between critical fault displacements in the experiments and local stress ratios (shear stress divided by normal stress) in the models is used to determine smear failure and leakage for all claystones and normal stresses. A smear breach diagram with sealing/leaking conditions for faults containing clay smears shows that clay smears may be sealing at larger displacements than predicted by other fault seal algorithms, such as shale gouge ratio, in particular for low shale content and high normal stress.     

东营凹陷永8断块断层调节带及其对油气分布的控制作用

利用高精度的三维地震资料,结合油田地质资料对永8 块断层几何学、运动学和动力学进行了研究。结果表明,该 断块为一典型东西向展布的同向叠覆型断层调节带,西侧主断层（辛120 断层）与调节断层在剖面上呈阶梯状组合样式, 东侧主断层（永105 断层）与调节断层呈地垒状组合;辛120 断层活动性减弱时,其位移量传递给永105 断层和调节断层; 力学分析认为该断层调节带是在左旋张扭构造应力场作用下形成的。通过对永8 块油气分布、油气来源以及断裂活动性与 封闭性研究,建立了永8 断层调节带油气成藏模式：主成藏期东侧主断层作为油源断层沟通了烃源灶和储集层并输导油气; 调节断层停止活动时间早形成断块圈闭,成为遮挡断层。永8 块西侧是有利滚动勘探开发区。     

Evolution of the Large-scale Active Manisa Fault,Southwest Turkey: Implications on Fault Development and Regional Tectonics

This paper aims to illustrate and discuss mechanism(s) responsible for the growth and evolution of large-scale corrugated normal faults in southwest Turkey. We report spectacular exposures of normal fault surfaces as parts of the Manisa Fault - a ?50-km-long northeast-ward arched active fault that defines the northwestern edge of the Manisa graben, which is subsidiary to the Gediz Graben. The fault is a single through-going corrugated fault system with distinct along-strike bends. It follows NW direction for 15 km in the south, then bends into an approximately E-W direction in the northwest. The fault trace occurs at the base of topographic scarps and separates the Quaternary limestone scree and alluvium from the highly strained, massive bed-rock carbonates. The fault is exposed on continuous pristine slip surfaces, up to 60 m high. The observed surfaces are polished and ornamented by well-preserved various brittle structural features, such as slip-parallel striations, gutters and tool tracks, and numerous closely spaced extension fractures with straight or crescentic traces. The rocks both in the footwall and hanging-wall of the fault possess a well-developed fault rock stratigraphy made up, from structurally lowest to the top, of massive undeformed recrystallized limestone, a zone of cemented breccia sheets, corrugated polished slip planes, and first brecciated, then unbrecciated scree.

The observed slip surfaces of the Manisa Fault contain two sets of striations that suggest an early phase of sinistral strike-slip and a subsequent normal-slip movements. The first phase is attributed to: (i) approximately E-W-directed compression that commenced during either (?) Early-Middle Pliocene time or (ii) the current extensional tectonics and consequent modern graben formation in southwest Turkey that initiated during the Plio-Quaternary. During this period, the Manisa Fault was reactivated and it became a major segment. Stress inversion of fault slip data suggests that southwest Turkey has been experiencing multidirectional crustal extension, with components of approximately N-S, E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE extension. Following the reactivation, the inherited fault segments were connected to each other through interaction, linkage and amalgamation of previously discontinuous and overlapping smaller stepping adjacent faults. Linkage was via the formation of new connecting (breaching) fault(s) or by curved propagation of fault-tips. The result is a single through-going corrugated fault trace with distinct along-strike bends. The final geometry of the Manisa Fault is thus the combined result of reactivation and continuing interaction between previously discontinuous segmented fault traces.     

Structure of a normal seismogenic fault zone in carbonates: The Vado di Corno Fault,Campo Imperatore,Central Apennines (Italy)

The Vado di Corno Fault Zone (VCFZ) is an active extensional fault cutting through carbonates in the Italian Central Apennines. The fault zone was exhumed from ∼2 km depth and accommodated a normal throw of ∼2 km since Early-Pleistocene. In the studied area, the master fault of the VCFZ dips N210/54° and juxtaposes Quaternary colluvial deposits in the hangingwall with cataclastic dolostones in the footwall. Detailed mapping of the fault zone rocks within the ∼300 m thick footwall-block evidenced the presence of five main structural units (Low Strain Damage Zone, High Strain Damage Zone, Breccia Unit, Cataclastic Unit 1 and Cataclastic Unit 2). The Breccia Unit results from the Pleistocene extensional reactivation of a pre-existing Pliocene thrust. The Cataclastic Unit 1 forms a ∼40 m thick band lining the master fault and recording in-situ shattering due to the propagation of multiple seismic ruptures. Seismic faulting is suggested also by the occurrence of mirror-like slip surfaces, highly localized sheared calcite-bearing veins and fluidized cataclasites. The VCFZ architecture compares well with seismological studies of the L'Aquila 2009 seismic sequence (mainshock M_W 6.1), which imaged the reactivation of shallow-seated low-angle normal faults (Breccia Unit) cut by major high-angle normal faults (Cataclastic Units).     

基于形变观测分析中国台湾东部花东纵谷断层运动特征

花东纵谷断层是中国台湾动力作用和地壳运动变形最强烈的断层之一,其断层运动特征和强震危险程度一直备受学者的关注。文中分别以同震地表位移、1992-1999年震间形变数据为约束,反演2003年成功MW 6.8地震同震位错分布和花东纵谷断层震间运动特征。结果表明：花东纵谷断层北段处于强闭锁状态（闭锁率高达0.9）,闭锁深度深（约27 km）;南段闭锁程度较弱（闭锁率约0.5）,闭锁深度较浅（约12 km）;中段闭锁程度与闭锁深度介于南北段之间。另一方面,2003年成功MW 6.8地震微观震中位于震间无震滑移区与闭锁区的过渡带附近。依据同震位错、震间断层运动反演结果,以及历史强震破裂分布特征,分析认为,花东纵谷断层南北段运动方式存在差异性,北段主要以强震形式运动,南段以蠕滑和地震两种形式运动。自1951年花莲-台东ML 7.3地震序列后,花东纵谷断层南段、中段和北段至2016年所累积的矩能量分别等价MW 6.4、MW 7.0、MW 7.4地震;若发生级联破裂,整个断层至2016年所累积的矩能量等价MW 7.5地震。