Ecological benefits of Anystis baccarum in an orchard ecosystem and the need for its conservation

Integrated pest management programs are very important in the control of invertebrate pests within apple orchards. Many current integrated pest management strategies concentrate on specialist predatory species. However, generalist beneficial insects, such as several mite species, must also be fully researched for their potential in controlling pests. Previous research has shown that the generalist predatory mite Anystis baccarum (Linnaeus) can offer much potential in controlling invertebrate pests within Northern Irish apple orchards. However, apple growers have been mis-identifying this beneficial species as the economic pest European fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). As a result, unnecessary pesticide applications have been applied against what has now been confirmed as a beneficial species. To aid apple growers in the identification of A. baccarum, identification cards were produced. Positive uptake of the cards by many apple growers has resulted in correct identification of A. baccarum from P. ulmi, and therefore, a reduction in chemical pesticide applications. The benefits of A. baccarum within orchard ecosystems is discussed.     

Environmental impact of an orchard winter wash and early season pesticide applications on both a beneficial and a pest mite species in Bramley apple orchards

Apple orchards often receive winter-washes to help aid invertebrate pest control. These can have detrimental environmental consequences. The application of winter-wash increased Aculus schlechtendali numbers while a decrease in numbers of the beneficial mite Anystis baccarum was observed. The application of early season pesticide treatments produced mixed results in relation to A. schlechtendali. Pirimiphos-methyl had no apparent detrimental effect on A. baccarum, whereas pirimicarb and phosalone reduced A. baccarum populations. The potential to incorporate an orchard winter-wash and early-season pesticide applications within integrated pest management strategies is discussed.     

Environmental monitoring of Archips podana (fruit tree tortrix moth) in Bramley apple orchards in Northern Ireland

Apple is host to many species of tortricid moths. Archips podana is an economically important species in the Bramley’s Seedling apple orchards of Northern Ireland. Chemical pesticides are routinely applied to control moth populations. Pheromone trapping has shown that the moths are not concentrated in any particular habitat. Moth damage to fruit is generally negligible. The need for careful judgement to be applied before deciding on the application of chemical pesticides to control moth populations is discussed.     

Effect of capillary pressure on distribution of gas and oil occurrences in lateral migration of oil and gas

In a chain of structural traps the same collector stratum sometimes contains oil, sometimes gas, sometimes water. Phenomena here disclosed show why empty or half empty traps occur between others filled with gas or oil, both in the pattern resembling the differential trapping of these fluids and in any other pattern. While still an important principle in the forming of deposits, differential trapping of oil and gas during their lateral migration is neither universal nor exclusive. – Authors.     

煤层气藏的封闭及其研究意义——华北石炭—二叠系煤层气藏封闭特征浅析

煤层气是一种以吸附气为主的天然气,其保存与散失的矛盾仍十分突出．毛细封闭、质量浓度差封闭和压力封闭是煤层气藏封闭的主要表现形式．根据这３种不同封闭机理对煤层气藏的作用特点的不同,可以分为以压力封闭和围岩中毛细封闭为主的他封闭型,以毛细封闭和质量浓度差封闭为主的自封闭型,以及３种封闭共同作用的混合封闭型．自封闭型煤层气藏的封闭特征主要取决于煤储层自身的孔裂隙系统发育特征,其含气量通常较高．而他封闭型煤层气藏的含气饱和度受下列因素的制约：（１）连续沉积的围岩岩性及其厚度;（２）相邻煤层气藏中煤层气（或烃）质量浓度的高低;（３）构造条件是否简单稳定;（４）水文地质条件是否稳定;（５）区域不整合界面与煤层气藏之间的垂直距离及其连通状况．煤层气藏的外部封闭按规模可分为３级：第１级封闭是煤系围岩对煤系内若干煤层气藏的封闭;第２级封闭是煤系内其他岩系对某一煤层气藏及其顶底板构成的封闭;第３级封闭是顶底板围岩对某一特定煤层气藏的封闭．煤层气藏封闭条件的优劣是决定煤层气藏保存与高产的关键因素之一,而水文地质条件是影响煤层气藏封闭的关键．认识华北不同地质条件下各煤层气藏封闭特征的差异、寻找封闭条件良好的煤层气藏是今后煤层气勘探     

小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势空间差异性的影响

本文以云南省蒙自市断陷盆地高原面上典型封闭式岩溶洼地小流域为研究对象,研究小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势的影响。结果表明:（1）在研究区内小降雨事件一般只能补给10 cm以上的土壤,因此在旱季（强降雨事件发生前）,土壤水分随着深度的增加整体呈变小的趋势;受洼地地形影响,整个土壤剖面（0 ~ 80 cm）的土壤水分存在从坡顶到洼地底部逐渐增加,苹果树叶水势逐渐升高的现象;受地质背景的影响,土石质坡地平均土壤水分比石质坡地土壤水分高2.67%,相对应的土石质坡地苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度要低于石质坡地。（2）通过观测对比发现,8天内12次的小降雨事件可以使0~10 cm土壤水分整体上略有升高,但并未能完全改变0~10 cm土壤水分洼地底部大于两侧坡地,而土石质坡地高于石质坡地的特征。（3）小降雨事件虽然只能补给0~10 cm的土壤水分,但由于坡地地区苹果树根系分布较浅（5~30 cm）,部分浅层分布的苹果树根系已能吸收到水分,另一方面小降雨事件具有降温、增湿,减少太阳辐射的作用,可以减小苹果树蒸腾作用,从而降低苹果树叶水势,因此推测小雨事件可以明显减轻苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度      

The Gas Resources Assessment Expert System of the Songliao Basin

The gas resources assessment expert system is one of the advanced methods for appraising oil and gas resources. The establishment of a knowledge base is the focal task in developing the expert system. This paper presents a summary of the mechanism and the major controlling factors in the formation of gas pools in the southeast uplift of the Songliao basin. Then an appropriate assessment model is established for trapping the gas resources and a knowledge base built in the expert system to realize the model. By using the expert system to appraise the gas-bearing probability of 25 major traps of the Quantou and Denglouku Formations in the Shiwu-Dehui area, the authors have proved that the expert system is suitable for appraising traps in the Songliao basin and similar basins.     

The impact of land use on water loss and soil desiccation in the soil profile

Farmlands have gradually been replaced by apple orchards in Shaanxi province, China, and there will be a risk of severe soil-water-storage deficit with the increasing age of the apple trees. To provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry in the Loess Plateau, soil water content in a 19-year-old apple orchard, a 9-year-old apple orchard, a cornfield and a wheat field in the Changwu Tableland was investigated at different depths from January to October 2014. The results showed that: (1) the soil moisture content is different across the soil profile—for the four plots, the soil moisture of the cornfield is the highest, followed by the 9-year-old apple orchard and the wheat field, and the 19-year-old apple orchard has the lowest soil moisture. (2) There are varying degrees of soil desiccation in the four plots: the most serious degree of desiccation is in the 19-year-old apple orchard, followed by the wheat field and the cornfield, with the least severe desiccation occurring in the 9-year-old apple orchard. Farmland should replace apple orchards for an indefinite period while there is an extremely desiccated soil layer in the apple orchard so as to achieve the purpose of sustainable development. It will be necessary to reduce tree densities, and to carry out other research, if development of the economy and ecology of Changwu is to be sustainable.     

Non-dune eolian sand in Indian mounds

Indian mounds, near Careyville, Florida, about 2.0 m high, are located on hillsides and hilltops 10 to 20 m above the floodplain of the nearest river (Choctawhatchee). Each mound is composed largely of quartz sand, with a scattering of artefacts and stream pebbles (not in layers), but with no visible bedding.Probability plots showed 25 Gaussian distributions, 18 having the ‘dune hump’, three having the ‘surf break’ and nine being doubly-truncated or having other patterns of unknown or uncertain origin. The surf breaks probably were inherited from pre-Pleistocene marine terraces in the area. The pebbles and the sand were not introduced by the same agency. The sand probability plots, taken as a set, indicate an eolian origin. The rough symmetry of the mounds, and the lack of cross-bedding, argue against a migrating dune origin.On a variability plot (showing the variability of the means versus the variability of the standard deviations), one suite of samples fell clearly within the ‘dune’ number field, a second suite in the overlap area between ‘dune’ and ‘beach’, and a third suite, taken immediately adjacent to a creek bed, plotted in the overlap area between ‘beach’ and ‘coastal plain stream’.The pebbles, of common Southern Appalachian types, are attributed to the activities of the inhabitants, perhaps children. The sand is thought to have been carried by the wind, perhaps from nearby river sand bars, or from areas burned either by lightning-set wildfires or as part of “slash-and-burn” agriculture. The mounds are thought to represent clearings (for huts), and hence good trapping devices for wind-borne sand.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区山地苹果林蒸散特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的典型代表米脂为研究区,选取苹果林地生态系统为研究对象,揭示苹果林地的蒸腾蒸发耗散规律及其影响机制,为指导有限水资源条件下苹果产业发展科学布局、优化管理措施及充分挖掘苹果林地的生产潜力提供科学依据.运用热扩散茎流计（TDP）、小型蒸发皿测定了组成苹果林地蒸散的果树蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量,运用水量平衡公式计算了冠层截留量,分析了各气象因子与蒸腾速率的关系,并评估了苹果林地的蒸散量,以期正确认识和评价苹果林地生态水文效应.不同生育期的日均蒸腾速率大小依次为果实膨大期>果实着色期>新梢生长及幼果发育期>萌芽开花期,小时尺度下,不同生育期蒸腾速率到达峰值的时间不同.不同天气条件下,晴天状况下树干蒸腾量明显大于阴天,影响苹果林地蒸腾速率的主要气象因子为太阳辐射和空气温度.果实膨大期及果实着色期为果树耗水的主要时期.降水对蒸腾的影响表现出滞后效应.植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量、冠层截留量对蒸散的贡献率由大到小依次为58.9%、26.8%、14.3%.试验期间,降水量大于蒸散量,果园水分收支略有盈余,不同月份土壤水分收支情况不同,应加强萌芽开花期、新梢生长及幼果发育期果园的水分管理.      

琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷天然气成藏条件与成藏模式

利用钻井岩芯、岩屑地质化验资料及测井、二维、二维地震数据,综合分析了琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷储层的发育特征、天然气成藏条件及成藏主控因素.结果表明,峡谷中、下部堆积的多期浊积砂岩,储集物性好,是该区带的优质储层;峡谷内发育的大量岩性、构造-岩性复合型圈闭为天然气聚集造就了重要场所;凹陷中的渐新统崖城组煤系烃源岩及广厚的半封闭浅海泥岩生气潜力大,提供了丰富的烃源基础;峡谷下方的底辟/微裂隙是深部崖城组烃源岩生成的天然气向上运移的重要通道.可见,中央峡谷成藏条件优越,圈闭有效性和运移是该区天然气成藏的关键要素;由于峡谷内圈闭大多数定型于上新世莺歌海组沉积时期,与下伏崖城组烃源岩主生气期形成合理配置,因此,天然气成藏较晚,L1、L2和L3气田的重大发现就是很好的例证.     

Characteristics of Triassic Petroleum Systems in the Longmenshan Foreland Basin, Sichuan Province, China

The Triassic in the Longmengshan foreland basin is rich in oil and gas resources. Its reservoirs feature low-porosity, low-permeability, small pore throat, high water saturation, and strong heterogeneity. The existence of abnormally high pressure and various reservoir-cap combinations developed at different times provide favorable conditions for trapping oil and gas. Taking the theory of petroleum systems as a guide, and beginning with research on tectonics, sedimentary history, distribution and evolution of source rocks, reservoir evolution, hydraulic force distribution, and hydrocarbon migration, analysis and study of static factors like source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks, and dynamic factors such as hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation revealed the characteristics of the Upper Triassic petroleum system in western Sichuan province. The deepbasin gas in the central hydrocarbon kitchen of the Upper Triassic, structural-lithological combination traps on the surrounding slopes, and the structural traps of the Indo-Chinese-Yangshan paleohighs, are potential plays. The relatively well- developed fault zones in the southern segment of the Longmengshan foothill belt are favorable Jurassic gas plays. Pengshan-Xinjin, Qiongxi, and Dayi are recent exploration targets for Jurassic oil/gas reservoirs.     

前陆盆地斜坡带勘探丛式平台优选评价——以厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地TW区块为例

针对南美前陆盆地斜坡带圈闭规模小、热带雨林地貌勘探投资大、丛式平台优选难的问题,以厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地TW区块为例,在圈闭地质风险评价后,进行平台控圈闭群经济性评价,最终实现丛式平台优选评价。评价方法流程包括：1）圈闭地质风险评估和圈闭资源量评价（传统六要素评价）;2）丛式平台经济评价,设计N个平台（每个平台控制圈闭不同）,对单一平台控制范围内的圈闭进行经济性评价,包括投资（钻井、平台建设、道路及管线建设、射孔费用、地表植被复原费等）和收益（原油出售）,剔除没有经济价值的圈闭后重新对单一圈闭的经济性进行评价,直至单一平台内所有圈闭均具有经济价值;3）丛式平台和圈闭优选：根据单一平台控制圈闭总经济价值大小,优选出最优的丛式平台,按照经济价值大小对最优平台控制圈闭进行优选获得圈闭排序;4）新一轮平台和圈闭优选,删除已选出的圈闭后重新进行步骤2）-3）,最终获得研究区的平台及圈闭优选排序。运用该方法提出TW区块平台建设和圈闭钻探建议,实施效果良好。     

海安凹陷南部断裂活动对油气运聚作用的探讨

海安凹陷断裂较发育，断裂形成、活动的时期不同，对构造圈闭、油气侧向及纵向上运移起控制作用。断裂活动与烃源岩生、排烃期的时空配置关系是构造捕获油气并成为有利圈闭的重要因素之一。深入研究断裂的性质与特征，确定油气运聚的主要部位，可大大提高该区的勘探效率。     

Optimal use of a dome-shaped anticline structure for CO2 storage: a case study in the North German sedimentary basin

Structural traps like anticline structures are preferred for carbon dioxide sequestration as they limit lateral spreading of CO₂ and thus provide localized storage. This study, therefore, assesses strategies for maximizing storage of CO₂ using as hypothetical but realistic storage site a typical anticline structure in the North German sedimentary basin. Scenario simulations are performed to investigate the effects of well number, location, spacing and alignment, using fracture pressure and containment of CO₂ within the anticline as constraining factors. Scenarios are ranked by stored CO₂ mass, pressure increase due to injection and CO₂ immobilized by dissolution or residual trapping. It is found that pressure overlap from different injectors influences CO₂ migration considerably, limiting the storable amount to about 150 Mt, which represents half of the static capacity estimate.     

非常规含气系统的研究和勘探进展

从含油气系统的观点出发，分别总结了煤层气、盆地中心气、裂缝型页岩气、浅层生物气和天然气水合物五类非常规含气系统的地质和地球化学特征，修改和补充了传统油气系统的概念，为天然气新领域的开拓和发展提供了新的思路。常规天然气藏为浮力驱动的存在于构造或地层圈闭中的独立气藏，而非常规天然气藏一般不是浮力驱动的聚集气藏，它们在区域上呈连续弥散的聚集，常常与构造和地层圈闭无关，因此，它们的成藏要素和过程与常规天然气藏有所区别。在煤层气和页岩气中，烃源岩既是储层，又是盖层且运移距离很短；储层多为低孔隙度、低渗透性的裂缝型储层，主要为毛细管力和水力封闭，大型煤层气藏可以出现在向斜构造中。     

Sampling characteristics and biases of enclosure traps for sampling fishes in estuaries

We evaluated the sampling characteristics of enclosure traps in estuaries in southern California, USA. Using enclosure traps that sampled 0.25, 0.5, and 1-m² footprints, we found that enclosure trap size significantly affected estimates of fish density and the precision of these estimates. The highest estimates were produced by the 0.5-m² trap and the lowest by the 0.25-m² trap. Precision of the density estimates improved with increasing trap size, while the proportion of zero values in the data sets decreased and estimates of species richness increased. The largest trap was difficult to use in the field and often did not function properly; thus we concluded that intermediate enclosure trap sizes offered the best compromise between statistical and logistical considerations. By examination of burrows in sediment cores taken in fished out enclosure traps, we found no evidence to support the widely held view that burrow-dwelling fishes evaded capture by hiding in burrows. We also used mark-recapture techniques to estimate recovery efficiency in 0.43-m² enclosure traps. Recovery efficiency averaged 91% and did not differ significantly among estuaries or sampling stations within estuaries. Based on extensive netting within enclosure traps, we determined that in areas with dense fish populations (>90 fish 0.43-m⁻²), netting could be ceased after the first sweep that captured no fish with only a trivial effect on the estimate of density. In more sparsely populated areas, netting had to continue until 2–3 sweeps had captured no fish in order to obtain estimates of density that were within 90% of the actual values present. Overall, we found enclosure traps to be effective tools for sampling small, abundant fishes in shallow estuaries in southern California, but we recommend that care be taken when choosing trap size and sampling (netting) effort within traps in order to optimize their sampling characteristics.     

南沙海域曾母盆地构造样式特征及其与油气聚集和圈闭的关系

南沙海域曾母盆地发育各种类型的构造样式，本文研究与油气聚集和圈闭关系密切的典型构造样式。以盆地构造运动的力学性质为依据，将该盆地的构造样式分为三大类，即伸展构造、挤压构造和走滑构造。伸展构造样式有断块构造和箕状构造；挤压构造样式有褶皱构造、冲断构造和底辟构造；走滑构造样式有花状构造。各种构造样式特征分析结果表明．大部分构造样式可形成能够俘获、圈闭油气的局部构造，部分构造样式除了能形成圈闭以外，其中充填的沉积物还有利于油气的生成一由于这些构造样式的发育时间旱于烃源岩的生烃期和大规模的排烃期，因此极易俘获油气而成为有利的油气聚集带和有效的油气圈闭。     

天山南北前陆冲断带构造滑脱层分布差异及对圈闭样式的控制作用

天山南北前陆冲断带具有较强的差异变形特征,滑脱层的差异对前陆冲断带变形特征及圈闭样式的影响较大,对于天山南北油气勘探具有重要意义。以地震资料解释为基础,通过断距测量、缩短量统计及平衡剖面复原等手段,对天山南北前陆冲断带构造变形差异进行研究,取得如下认识:(1)天山南北前陆冲断带滑脱层性质不同,库车前陆冲断带以古近系膏盐岩为滑脱层,分层变形特征显著;准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带深层断层多穿过滑脱层,分层性差;(2)天山南北前陆冲断带新生代构造变形差异明显,库车前陆冲断带在该时期的平均缩短率为12.1%,准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带的平均缩短率为9.93%,库车前陆冲断带的新生代变形强度比准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带更强;(3)受滑脱层差异的影响,库车前陆冲断带滑脱层上下平均断距总体大于准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带,且库车前陆冲断带的缩短量呈现“单段多峰”复杂的变化趋势,这是准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带没有的特点,表明库车前陆冲断带滑脱层塑性和分层能力比准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带强;(4)基于天山南北前陆冲断带断层活动和滑脱层差异的影响,准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带以岩性—构造的复合圈闭为主,而库车前陆冲断带以盐下大型构造圈闭为主,岩性—构造圈闭为辅。准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带深层和库车前陆冲断带的侏罗系—三叠系煤层、泥岩层等滑脱层控制的岩性—构造圈闭是未来油气勘探的有利目标。     

Tiny trees for trendy produce: Dwarfing technologies as assemblage actors in orchard economies

Apple varieties boom and bust as the vogue for new flavors cycle through the market. Dwarfing rootstocks, an old but freshly blossoming orchard technology, allows growers to intervene in trees in new ways and keep up with shifts in consumer demand. They cultivate customization in apple orchards and facilitate emerging neoliberal trends in food systems. However, the rootstocks do more than entrench actors further into the whims of the market—they also shape economic agency in ways that have multiple expressions. Drawing on work on actor-networks and assemblages, this paper considers how technologies play a role in contemporary food politics through their material characteristics and the performances they inspire. Using apple production in the American Midwest as a case study, this paper discusses the ways that rootstock technologies both reproduce current power structures and conventional organizational forms in food, while providing a platform for an alternative type of assemblage. In doing so, it contributes theoretically to conversations about the role of materials in economic politics and substantively to an optimistic vision of the future of food.