我国海洋专属经济区调查工作的回顾与展望

联合国海洋法公约于１９９４年１１月２６日生效后，各沿海国家的海洋开发与管理都将面临新的形势与任务。本文对我国专属经济区调查工作进行了回顾与展望，供有关部门领导和专业人员参考。     

我国周边海洋国家专属经济区和大陆架的管理状况

专属经济区和大陆架制度是现代海洋法的新制度,全球以专属经济区和大陆架为主要标志的国际海洋新秩序将全面建立。根据《联合国海洋法公约》,中国可管辖的专属经济区和大陆架面积可达300万平方公里。了解周边海洋国家对专属经济区和大陆架的管理状况,不仅对维护我国在专属经济区和大陆架的权益方面有重要意义,而且对我国的海洋经济发展也会产生深远的影响。     

我国海洋区域发展特征分析

中国的海洋区域,按《联合国海洋法公约》和我国主张,共分五大部分:内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架。按我国海洋工作开展的范围,还要加上沿海(沿海地带)、国际海底开发和两极事业。海洋区域与陆地区域不同的是,在管辖权属上分了很多的等级,每一部分的区域,都会有一种不同的管辖权限,这种管辖权限,既有国际法所赋予的,也有国内法所赋予的;既有通过不断地管辖所获得的“历史性权力”,也有通过政治、经济、法律和军事行动所获得的管辖空间。从区域发展研究的角度上说,海洋区域比陆地区域要更为复杂和难于把握。随着中国陆地资源的进一…     

专属经济区一条加大国家之间贫富差别的法规

——1982年的《联合国海洋法公约》是妥协的产物,关于专属经济区的章节中就存在着不少缺陷。它忽视了划界中的海区“重叠”问题,也忽视了陆锁国和地理学上不利国家实际利益的分配问题。正如荷兰著名海洋法专家Barbara Kwiatkowska 1989年所著的《新海洋法中的200海里专属经济区》一书中提到:“在     

现有海洋维权法规与我国海洋维权形势浅析

沿海国家纷纷把维护海洋权益、发展海洋经济作为本国的重大发展战略。国际海洋法律的不断健全,为各国在维护海洋活动秩序方面提供了法律保障。近年来,我国在海洋立法、海洋维权等方面加大力度,制订和完善了有关海洋维权的配套法规,为我国的海洋权益维护创造了良好的法律环境。     

大陆架的法律制度

1　大陆架的概念　　 (1)大陆架的自然定义大陆架是指环绕大陆的浅海地带 ,陆地向海的自然延伸部分。其范围自海岸线 (多指低潮线 )开始以极缓的倾斜达到海底坡度显著增加的陆架坡折处。陆架坡折的水深变化在 2 0～ 5 5 0ｍ之间 ,平均 130ｍ。陆架平均坡度 0°0 7′,平均宽度 75ｋｍ。大陆架外是倾斜度显著增大的大陆坡和倾斜坡度变小至深海海底的大陆基。大陆架、大陆坡和大陆基三者构成大陆边。大陆边是整个地球的大陆地壳和大洋地壳的一个过渡地带 ,占海洋面积的 2 1% ,蕴藏有丰富的石油和天然区等自然资源。　　 (2 )国际海洋法中的大陆…     

专属经济区调查的费用和利益

本文讨论专属经济区调查的目的、重要性、技术应用及相应的费用。尽管设计专属经济区为其沿岸国家提供了海洋资源（包括渔业）管理的树利,它同时也附带了一定的责任,包括水文地理调查和海图制作。目前大陆边缘的定义非常复杂,当其延伸范围从海岸线向外超过２００海里时,就要求有详细的测深和地球物理调查资源来确定外围界线。     

中国海洋大气沉降监测与评价工作回顾与展望

海洋大气污染物沉降是海洋环境监测评价体系的重要内容之一,对于研究污染物迁移和制定相关的控制对策具有重要意义。文章回顾了我国海洋大气监测与评价领域10多年的发展情况,结合国际上的先进经验,对存在的问题进行较深入的分析,在此基础上提出了构建现场监测与模型结合的海洋大气监测与评价工作体系建议,包括几个需要重点解决的关键性问题和未来发展方向。     

我国围填海效益评估研究回顾和展望

围海造地是人们对海洋空间较为直接的干预,人们在向海洋索取空间资源的同时,也在不自觉地对海洋生态、环境产生影响。文章主要通过回顾我国近20年的围填海效益评估方面文献资料,得出如下结论:(1)我国学者围填海效益评估方面研究内容较为单一,缺少综合性研究成果;(2)在效益评估的研究方法上,以"货币化"和"等级量化"评估为主,缺少适宜的评价方法;(3)近几年,出现有少量综合效益评估方面的研究成果,但相关研究处于初级阶段。     

应当加强对海洋划界技术的研究

国际海洋边界划定主要是指相向和（或）相邻沿海国之间进行的专属经济区和大陆架边界划定。国际法并不要求国际海洋划界在所有海域必须遵循一个特定的划界方法，但是在划界技术上对任何沿海国的要求却是严格一致的。1982年《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）生效之后，沿海国海洋管理重中之重的任务是对本国管辖海域海洋边界的划分。国家实践表明，一条位置准确，精确度高的海洋边界的划定不仅能够促进沿海国海洋资源开发活动的进展，而且还能够发展相互之间的睦邻友好关系。海洋划界考虑的主要因素是政治、法律制度和技术问题。每个沿海国划定一条海洋边界，     

Thailand and the 1982 law of the sea convention

This article considers Thailand's problems with the 1982 LOS Convention, especially the exclusive economic zones. Despite the disadvantages, it recommends that Thailand should ratify the Convention.     

Calculated sea area of the New Zealand 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone

A calculation of the area of the New Zealand 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone is presented with definitions, cartographic methods, and calculations based on areas of quadrilaterals of the earth's surface of 1° extent in latitude and longitude. An area of 1 181 487 square international nautical miles (4 053 049 km²), ± 0.377%, includes enclaves adjacent to the Chatham Rise and the Pukaki Rise retained for assessments related to fisheries research programmes.     

Bio-logging of marine migratory species in the law of the sea

The use of advanced and emerging remote data-collection technologies, and in particular bio-logging of marine migratory species, raises fundamental questions about the scope of authority of coastal states to regulate marine scientific research in the waters under their jurisdiction. Bio-logging involves the attachment of devices to marine animals that collect and transmit data about their movements and aspects of the local marine environment, and is now routinely used by marine scientists to support conservation programs and augment oceanographic data collection. Tagged marine life, including seabirds, marine mammals, sea turtles and pelagic fishes, may interact unpredictably with the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of numerous coastal states. This article explores the legal implications of bio-logging within the legal regime of marine scientific research in the law of the sea. Although bio-logging is a form of marine scientific research, when it is initiated outside a coastal state׳s jurisdiction it does not later fall within it, even if the tagged animals subsequently enters a coastal state׳s territorial sea or EEZ.     

Rights based fishing on the high seas: Is it possible?

The high seas fisheries are troubled by overcapacity and lax enforcement of management rules. The idea has emerged that these problems could be dealt with by property rights solutions such as ITQs. Such management tools only emerged after the 200-mile EEZ was established. This made it possible to apply the sovereign state's legislative, enforcement and judiciary apparatus to regulate fisheries. It is argued that without the EEZ such solutions would have been unlikely to emerge, and that a further extension of the EEZ is necessary to apply rights-based regulations to high seas fisheries. The current management regime of high seas fisheries lacks the necessary enforcement apparatus, which makes it necessary to apply trade sanctions, port measures and blacklisting to support regulations of high seas fisheries. It is argued that such measures are likely to be the second best, compared to further extending coastal state jurisdiction. Finally a bioeconomic model is applied to analyze potential gains from cooperation in high seas fisheries.     

The exclusive economic zone and economic development in the Pacific island countries

The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) became accepted internationally in the 1970s. This transferred resource wealth to the coastal states establishing such zones. The history of the EEZ is reviewed, and its impact on the economic development of the Pacific island states considered. The growth performance and the tuna fishery development of these states are reviewed and possible causes of limited success discussed. The use of trust funds to increase the resource wealth of the Pacific island states is briefly considered.     

Striking the right balance? Applying the jurisprudence of international tribunals to coastal state innovations in international fisheries governance

While the coastal State has ‘sovereign rights’ with respect to the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of the living resources of the exclusive economic zone, including the right to take the necessary enforcement measures, these rights are not as all-encompassing as they first appear. In practice, the geographic and substantive limitations on the coastal State's jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone provide significant challenges to effective fisheries governance and enforcement. This paper considers the approaches that have been adopted – or could be adopted – by coastal States seeking to improve the reach and effectiveness of their jurisdiction over the living resources of the exclusive economic zone, by reference to the current state of jurisprudence from international courts and tribunals.     

德国专属经济区空间规划述评

专属经济区空间规划是近年来才出现的新生事物,是沿海国为加强非主权海域管辖而采取的行政措施。德国北海和波罗的海专属经济区空间规划因协调用海活动间以及海洋利用与海洋环境保护间的冲突而产生,以提升海运产业发展优势为最关切事项,以维护国家政治利益、经济利益、生态利益、科技利益和文化利益为根本目的,但存在对生态保护力度不够的问题。     

Bio-logging as marine scientific research under the law of the sea: A commentary responding to James Kraska,Guillermo Ortuño Crespo,David W. Johnston,bio-logging of marine migratory species in the law of the sea,Marine Policy 51 (2015) 394–400

Rapid advances in attaching miniaturized electronic devices to marine animals for the purpose of learning more about their behavior and interaction with the marine environment, known as bio-logging, raise important and unsettled questions under the international law of the sea. Part XIII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides coastal states with the right to regulate and authorize marine scientific research in offshore areas under their sovereignty and jurisdiction. In their recent article published in this journal, James Kraska, Guillermo Ortuño, and David W. Johnston, assert that although bio-logging is a form of marine scientific research, Part XIII of UNCLOS does not apply to tagged animals that collect scientific information within a coastal state’s 200 mile exclusive economic zone, territorial sea, or internal waters. This commentary rejects Kraska et al.'s interpretation and provides evidence to support the claim that coastal state consent under Part XIII of UNCLOS may, under some circumstances, apply to bio-logging. In light of the immense scientific contributions that bio-logging research provide to global marine conservation efforts and the possible burdens that may be imposed on researchers if coastal states begin to assert their rights under UNCLOS, it is important that the international community engage in a robust and candid discussion of the issue and develop a consensus-based approach on how best to move forward.     

大陆架界限委员会审议划界案的原则和方法——委员会建议摘要案例分析

由于全球大陆边缘地貌和地质特征的复杂性,且《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第76条对200海里以外大陆架外部界限划定的规则存在一定的模糊性,导致大陆架外部界限的划定极其复杂。根据《公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会(以下简称委员会)负责审议沿海国提交的划界案并给出建议,委员会在外大陆架划界方面发挥重要作用。截止2012年12月底,委员会一共收到沿海国65份划界案,目前已完成其中18份划界案的审议工作并给出了建议。本文系统分析了各委员会建议摘要,对委员会在审议划界案时采用的划界原则、审议的关键技术问题等做了综合分析总结,以便为我国今后外大陆架划界和积极应对侵害我国海洋权益的他国划界主张提供参考和借鉴。     

基于分等定级的海岸带资源价值评估方法研究

海岸带资源价值评估是对海岸带资源进行资产化管理和实施有偿使用制度的前提和关键.海岸带资源的价值受多种因素的影响,不同地区的同一种海岸带资源或同一地区的不同种海岸带资源的质量都有所差异.因此,海岸带资源价值评估应在对其分等定级的基础上进行,这样才能体现海岸带资源质量的优劣和资本收益的差异.在分析海岸带资源价值影响因素的基础上,针对目前海岸带资源价值评估方法的不足,根据生产力理论、区位理论和地租理论提出了基于分等定级的海岸带资源价值评估方法体系,以推进我国海岸带资源资产化管理和有偿使用制度的实施,保证海岸带资源的可持续利用.