大陆下地壳麻粒岩的流变学研究进展

大险下地壳麻粒岩的流变学研究可以解释地壳变形、壳幔物质交换以及岩石圈深部动力学过程等科学问题.前人通过研究各矿物的显微构造变形特征与变形机制,运用广义混合流变律探讨多矿物复合岩石的流变性质,结合水与流体对岩石变形强度的弱化作用,阐明在大陆下地壳变形环境下复矿麻粒岩的塑性变形和韧性流变性质.目前人们致力于对天然变形岩石和...     

物理细胞自动机与岩石弹-脆-塑性性质的细观机制研究

基于能量守恒定律和岩石的基本力学性质,进一步发展了由作者提出的一种用于模拟岩石非线性破坏演化的新方法-物理细胞自动机（PCA）模型。该模型通过岩石内部（或细观）基元（或细胞）间简单的随机相互作用的综合结果来反映岩石系统整体的稳定宏观力学现象。利用PCA模型,研究了形成不同岩石本构关系的本质影响因素,揭示了岩石弹-脆-塑性性质的细观机制,为进一步认知岩石等非均质材料的力学性质提供了一种新的理论方法。同时,其研究思路和结论也可为微观和细观力学的数值模拟方法及新型复合材料的设计提供重要的借鉴。     

花岗岩岩相学特征及岩石可锯性研究

花岗岩岩石中矿物的成分、结构、构造类型和矿物力学性质是制约岩石可锯性的主要因素。花岗岩岩石中石英矿物多（岩石偏酸性）、颗粒结晶粗大，矿物裂理和解理发育差，岩石呈致密块状构造，则可锯性差，反之则可锯性好。并以四川红系列花岗岩石材加工为例，说明了花岗岩岩相学特征对岩石可锯性影响的程度。从而，为花岗岩石材开发过程中，如何选择金刚石锯片提供科学参考资料     

石槽矿区不同力学性质结构面中岩浆岩的某些变异问题探讨

本文首先研究了一中酸性杂岩体在不同的构造环境中,在不同力学性质结构面中的侵位特征,进而,侧重分析了处在不同力学性质结构面中的同一岩浆岩石在结构、构造、矿物组成、岩石化学成分及矿物稳定性等方面的变异特征。在考虑差应力作用之外探讨了这种构造岩浆岩相的力学原因,即是由于构造应力所产生的附加静水压叠加在这一深度上的静水压(围压)上,使得不同力学性质结构面中产生不同的局部总静水压而造成的。     

岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法研究

数值计算中利用随机分布对各单元赋予不同的物理力学参数来考虑岩石的非均质性,赋值过程是纯随机的,并没有考虑岩石矿物组成的结构特征。故提出一种新的岩石非均质参数赋值方法--岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法,基于岩石矿物种类及其含量定义细胞元类别判定区间,利用Monte Carlo方法对各个细胞元进行矿物类别判定,并进行相应的参数赋值,通过各矿物细胞元的随机混合体来描述岩石的非均质性。该方法既考虑了组成岩石的矿物种类及其含量（结构特征）,又考虑了组成矿物在岩石中的随机分布特征。针对矿物分布的随机特征,利用两矿物细胞元混合模型和三矿物细胞元混合模型进行数值试验,研究了矿物细胞元随机分布特征对岩石宏观力学参数的影响。研究结果表明,岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法具有结构性和随机性的双重特性,其随机性不依赖于随机参数,岩石宏观力学参数受细胞元随机性特征的影响很小。     

岩石宏观流变性质的数值模拟

本文用有限元方法研究多矿物岩石的流变性质,即在一定温度压力范围内单矿物流变性质已知的情况下,采用随机网格划分和材料性质指定的方法,建立三维多矿物岩石的有限元模型,在计算机上计算该岩石模型在不同温度压力下的变形,根据这种数值模拟实验的结果,确定岩石整体的流变性质,而不必再进行真实多矿物岩石的高温高压实验.用有限元方法进行多矿物岩石流变性质的研究可以更为高效和节省,但其前提是多矿物间没有发生化学反应,变形机制仍与单矿物实验时的主导机制一样.本研究中进行了由锗橄榄石和锗尖晶石组成的双矿物岩石的流变实验,鉴于单个的随机生成的模型不一定居有代表性,因此对每一种矿物比例均随机生成了多个岩石模型,进行大量Monte Carlo实验和统计分析.计算结果表明,由两种矿物组成的双矿物岩石整体流变性质介于两者之间且按一定规律分布,与矿物比例有关;但即使同等矿物比例混合后的岩石会由于内部矿物分布结构的不同仍会出现一定差异,特别在试件尺度小时这种效应更为明显,因此多矿物岩石实验试件应该有足够大的尺度.     

基于微观岩石力学试验和NWA13618陨石的小行星岩石力学参数分析

未来人类的地外天体勘探、太空资源开发、地外基地建设等活动都离不开岩土工程技术的发展。目前,人类获得太空岩石样本仅有太空飞行器取样和收集陨石两种途径。由于陨石存量稀少、价格昂贵、尺寸小并且形状任意,因此难以加工成传统力学试验与模拟（mechanical testing&simulation,简称MTS）材料试验机等宏观岩石力学试验所需要的高质量标准岩样。基于微观岩石力学试验和统计分布模型,发展了适用于小尺寸陨石的力学参数测量新技术。首先,应用矿物自动定量分析系统（TESCAN integrated mineral analyzer,简称TIMA）获得NWA13618陨石成岩矿物组成、含量和分布。然后,利用网格纳米压痕技术进行大量压痕试验获得多点弹性模量;之后,利用高斯混合模型,统计求解NWA13618陨石中4种主要矿物的力学参数。橄榄石、辉石、铁镍金属、长石的弹性模量分别为116.73、101.77、87.24、70.74 GPa;最后,基于岩石力学试验结果,采用Mori-Tanaka均质化方法获得NWA13618陨石宏观cm尺度弹性模量为90.48 GPa。提出的微观岩石力学试...     

长期注水对致密砂岩油藏岩石力学性质影响机制研究

注水开发是致密砂岩油藏增产的重要手段,长时间注水会改变地层岩石物理力学性质,影响油井产量。为探究长时间注水对地层岩石物理力学性质影响的微观机制,选取同一储层已注水15a及尚未注水岩芯进行对比试验分析。通过试验得到了注水前后地层岩石在弹性力学参数、矿物成分、微观孔隙结构等方面的差异。长时间注水后,岩石矿物成分及内部结构发生变化,主要表现为黏土矿物及方解石含量降低,岩石颗粒间填充物及胶结物大量减少,中小孔隙发育为大孔隙,孔隙度增大,进而导致致密砂岩力学性质弱化,变形能力增大。     

矿物成分和细观结构与岩石材料力学性质的关系

岩石材料的宏观力学性质取决于其矿物成分和细观结构。使用材料试验机,测定了岩浆岩、化学沉积岩以及碎屑沉积岩9种岩样的力学性质参数。采用X射线衍射方法,测定了相应岩样的矿物成分。使用扫描电镜,观测了相应岩样的细观结构。分析了矿物成分和细观结构分别与力学性质参数的定性关系。对各组岩样的研究分析表明:存在于颗粒边界的裂隙会显著降低岩样的抗拉强度,长石矿物是岩样脆性的主要来源,颗粒大小和面理结构会对岩石的内摩擦角造成显著的影响,细晶花岗岩中较高的方解石含量使其抗压强度和弹性模量较小,细晶花岗岩中石英含量较高,其粘聚力较大;石盐晶体的细小与紧密堆积,造成了相应岩样的膨胀或蠕变特性,有机质的存在会对岩盐的力学性能产生显著的弱化;岩样中颗粒间的弱带,会弱化岩石材料的力学性能。深灰色泥岩中石英胶结物的次生加大现象,使得深灰色泥岩的力学性能得到提高。     

煤系地层中常见的碎裂变质岩

“碎裂变质岩是指矿物和岩石在构造应力作用下,发生破裂粉碎以及重结晶和新矿物所成的岩石。”不论矿物还是岩石发生破裂都有一个过程,从产生裂隙,到完全粉碎,碎裂到一定程度,就会从量变发展到质变。物质性质发生了改变,就会构成新相矿物和岩石。这一过程相当复杂。碎裂变质岩在数量上可能不多,但分布却十分广泛。随着地质力学的推广,碎裂变质岩的研究,已为许多地质工作者所重视,并取得了不少进展。笔者等在从事煤田地质工作时,体会到,正确辨认碎裂变质岩对研究地质构造,确定断裂的存在及其力学性质有着相     

A micro-mechanics-based elastic–plastic model for porous rocks: applications to sandstone and chalk

A micro-mechanics-based elastic–plastic model is proposed to describe mechanical behaviors of porous rock-like materials. The porous rock is considered as a composite material composed of a solid matrix and spherical pores. The effective elastic properties are determined from the classical Mori–Tanaka linear homogenization scheme. The solid matrix verifies a pressure-dependent Mises–Schleicher-type yield criterion. Based on the analytical macroscopic yield criterion previously determined with a nonlinear homogenization procedure (Shen et al. in Eur J Mech A/Solids 49:531–538, 2015), a complete elastic–plastic model is formulated with the determination of a specific plastic hardening law and plastic potential. The micro-mechanics-based elastic–plastic model is then implemented for a material point in view of simulations of homogeneous laboratory tests. The proposed model is applied to describe mechanical behaviors of two representative porous rocks, sandstone and chalk. Comparisons between numerical results and experimental data are presented for triaxial compression tests with different confining pressures, and they show that the micro-mechanical model is able to capture main features of mechanical behaviors of porous rock-like rocks.     

描述岩石粘弹性固体性质的开尔文模型

大多数固体材料都具有弹性,但真实的固体却极少严格遵从弹性的虎克定律。这些固体材料的变形往往有对时间的依赖性,这种性质是流变学研究的内容。岩石是自然界最普遍的固体,它的力学性质在通常条件下可用虎克定律作精确的描述,而在漫长的地质过程中,岩石的流变特征就逐渐显现出来。地质作用越缓慢,岩石对变形时间的依赖性越明显。为精确描述岩石在地质过程的力学性质,流变学方法被引入地质学。笔者已经介绍过描述"牛顿流体"的马克斯威尔流变模型,文中介绍描述粘弹性固体的开尔文流变模型。和马克斯威尔模型一样,开尔文模型也是流变学的基本模型,它是由一个弹性元件和一个阻尼元件并联而成。文中给出开尔文模型的本构关系和地质应用的简介。     

水对名义无水矿物变形的影响

在固体地球中,水虽微量,但对众多地质过程(例如,岩石部分熔融与火山喷发、地震活动等)和岩石的物理化学性质(例如,电导率、滞弹性、地震波性质、相变动力学等)影响重大。更为重要的是,水能通过影响矿物的变形机制来控制岩石的流变强度,进而制约着地球动力学的过程。名义无水矿物(NAMs:Nominal anhydrous minerals)即为分子式中不含氢的矿物,其晶格的容水量远小于正常含水矿物(如,角闪石,蛇纹石等)的容水量,但由于NAMs在固体地球中体积比例甚大,仅上地幔的橄榄石中所能溶解的水可能比全部地表水还多。因此了解水对NAMs(尤其是分别作为地壳和上地幔主要组成矿物的石英和橄榄石)变形的影响对于精确地构建岩石圈强度剖面和深刻理解构造地质学与地球动力学过程至关重要。本文将系统地回顾水对NAMs变形的影响,首先通过回顾水在固体地球内部的存在形式提出了NAMs是固体地球中的重要水库,接着阐述了NAMs中水的存在形式、溶解机制、溶解度影响因素及扩散动力学,最后着重论证了水致弱化在石英和富镁石榴石中最强,然后依次是单斜辉石、长石、橄榄石,瓦德利石和林伍徳石。     

多孔含水岩层的相似材料配比研究

以石膏、浮石、硅藻土等材料为相似材料对多孔含水岩层进行相似材料模拟。试验中采用四因素（硅藻土水泥石膏比、标准砂浮石比、骨胶比、重晶石骨料比）、五水平的正交试验方法,分别对多孔含水岩层的相似材料试件进行密度、单轴抗压强度、孔隙率、弹性模量以及软化系数的测定,得出相应的物理力学性质指标,采用直观分析法分析各因素对物理力学性质的影响规律。分析结果表明：由于各配比度不同,相似材料强度分布范围较广,在与多孔岩层的岩石参数对比中发现,在一定的相似条件下,基本符合多孔岩层岩石的相似要求;硅藻土含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、孔隙率呈负相关,与软化系数呈正相关;浮石含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、软化系数呈负相关,与孔隙率呈正相关。所加入的两种材料可较好地模拟样品的多孔特性。在允许波动范围之内,所建立的模拟多孔含水岩层的经验方程可用于工程实践。     

Phase equilibria and physical properties

The average physical properties of multiphase aggregates, such as rocks, depend on the properties of the individual phases as well as the statistical spatial distribution of the phases, such as the relative concentrations, and the shape, orientation, and distribution of the grains of the individual phases. If the properties of the phases are similar, the aggregate properties depend mainly on volume averages of properties of the phases; this is the case for elastic properties of rocks. If the properties of the phases differ significantly, the geometric distribution of the phases becomes important; this is the case if a fluid phase is present, which may have a large effect on elastic and electrical properties. Laboratory measurements of properties of individual phases and aggregates, used with theoretical treatments of aggregate properties, permits the interpretation of seismic velocities, attenuation and electrical conductivity in the earth in terms of possible compositions, phases and distribution of phases, such as intergranular fluids.     

Numerical modeling of strongly coupled microscale multiphase flow and solid deformation

When fluid flows in porous media under subsurface conditions, significant deformation can occur. Such deformation is dependent on structural and phase characteristics. In this paper, we investigate the effect of multiphase flow on the deformation of porous media at the pore scale by implementing a strongly coupled partitioned solver discretized with finite volume (FV) technique. Specifically, the role of capillary forces on grain deformation in porous media is investigated. The fluid and solid subdomains are meshed using unstructured independent grids. The model is applied for solving multiphase coupled equations and is capable of capturing pore scale physics during primary drainage by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and advecting fluid indicator function using volume of fluid (VOF) while the fluid is interacting with a nonlinear elastic solid matrix. The convergence of the coupled solver is accelerated by Aitken underrelaxation. We also reproduce geomechanical stress conditions, at the pore scale, by applying uniaxial stress on the solid while simultaneously solving the multiphase fluid-solid interaction problem to investigate the effect of external stress on fluid occupancy, velocity-field distribution, and relative permeability. We observe that the solid matrix exhibits elasto-capillary behavior during the drainage sequence. Relative permeability endpoints are shifted on the basis of the external stress exerted.     

Numerical evaluation of mean-field homogenisation methods for predicting shale elastic response

Homogenisation techniques have been successfully used to estimate the mechanical response of synthetic composite materials, due to their ability to relate the macroscopic mechanical response to the material microstructure. The adoption of these mean-field techniques in geo-composites such as shales is attractive, partly because of the practical difficulties associated with the experimental characterisation of these highly heterogeneous materials. In this paper, numerical modelling has been undertaken to investigate the applicability of homogenisation methods in predicting the macroscopic, elastic response of clayey rocks. The rocks are considered as two-level composites consisting of a porous clay matrix at the first level and a matrix-inclusion morphology at the second level. The simulated microstructures ranged from a simple system of one inclusion/void embedded in a matrix to complex, random microstructures. The effectiveness and limitations of the different homogenisation schemes were demonstrated through a comparative evaluation of the macroscopic elastic response, illustrating the appropriate schemes for upscaling the microstructure of shales. Based on the numerical simulations and existing experimental observations, a randomly distributed pore system for the micro-structure of porous clay matrix has been proposed which can be used for the subsequent development and validation of shale constitutive models. Finally, the homogenisation techniques were used to predict the experimental measurements of elastic response of shale core samples. The developed methodology is proved to be a valuable tool for verifying the accuracy and performance of the homogenisation techniques.     

Novel cooling–solidification annealing reconstruction of rock models

Acta Geotechnica - Rock is a multiphase material containing porous structures. It is well known that the porous structures of rocks vary at the microscale, while the properties of rocks are...     

微观结构超压机制与超高压矿物的形成

提出了由岩石及矿物的结构形态、岩石力学性质不同引起的微结构超压机制。对影响结构超压的诸因素(弹性参数、热物理性质)进行了数值模拟实验和定量分析。研究结果表明，结构压力对超高压岩石、矿物的形成具有重要的意义。结构压力随弹性模量差异、围限压力、温度改变量及热膨胀系数差异的增加而增大。在岩石、矿物的弹性模量相差5倍的条件下，结构附加压力可达到静岩压力的45％左右。如果再考虑热膨胀系数不同及降温引起的附加压力，在较一般的情况下，60公里左右深处就有可能具备柯石英等超高压矿物形成的下限压力条件。