弱碱性土有效硫测定影响因素的探讨

准确测定土壤中有效硫的含量,对土壤硫元素是否缺乏的判定及合理施用硫肥具有重要的意义.测定碱性土中有效硫的含量可以采用pH=8.5的碳酸氢钠浸提后测定浸提液中硫的含量.文章采用碳酸氢钠法浸提弱碱性土中的有效硫,紫外-可见分光光度法测定,针对影响弱碱性土中有效硫测定过程中浸提液的氧化脱色、比浊液的酸度条件等影响因素进行了详...     

偏最小二乘法回归 (PLS)研究酸性森林土壤中铝的释放过程

采集了华南和西南酸性森林小流域中的土壤和土壤水并分析其化学组成,利用偏最小二乘法回归(PLS)研究了土壤中铝的释放过程,以综合评价各种影响因素的相对重要性。连续3年(2000～2002)的现场监测数据表明,尽管土壤水中铝的浓度存在显著差异,但铝的形态分布在各流域之间基本相似。大多数土壤水中单体铝(Ala)主要以无机态(Ali)存在,有机铝(Alo)一般不足10%。在pH3.6～5.6范围内,土壤水中Al3 活度(pAl)与土壤水pH值呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001),上层和下层土壤中pH-pAl拟合直线的斜率分别为1.28和2.00,明显偏离三水铝石(gibbsite)的溶解平衡模式。偏最小二乘法回归分析显示,上层和下层土壤中铝具有不同的来源和主导影响因素。上层土壤中,铝主要来源于有机键合铝(Alorg),土壤水离子强度(I)是造成铝浓度差异的主导因素。与此同时,铝的释放过程明显受到离子交换反应的影响。下层土壤中,铝近乎全部来源于无机键合铝(Alinorg),土壤水H 浓度成为影响铝释放过程的最主要因素。与上层土壤相比,离子交换对土壤铝释放过程影响明显减小。     

酸性条件下红壤中铝的活化及环境意义

利用动态反复浸提模拟实验研究了4种红壤中固相铝的活化过程。结果表明，红壤酸化程度与土壤表面变换性铝呈正相关关系。当高强度外源H^ 输入土壤后，有机铝和无机铝均可活化。浸提初期以弱键合的有机铝活化为主，当浸提到一定程度时，弱键合有机铝亏损，无机铝活化的相对重要性显示出来。20次浸提后，宁海红壤，嵊县红壤及永春红壤的铝总活化量中无机铝占主要部分。当土壤酸化到一定程度时（如屯溪红壤）有机铝和无机铝均亏损，铝的活化量很低。酸性条件下弱键合有机铝的快速活化产生高浓度的可溶性铝以及随后的快速亏损都将对生态环境产生重要影响。     

DTPA浸提-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石灰性土壤中的有效态钴和有效态铅

传统的原子吸收光谱和分光光度法测定土壤有效态钴和有效态铅,操作繁琐,且分析效率低,不适用于大量样品的测定;利用先进仪器测定虽然提高了分析效率,但由于浸提剂的浓度影响仪器灵敏度,测定结果不准确.本文用DTPA溶液浸提,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石灰性土壤中有效态钴和有效态铅的含量.稀释倍数实验表明,浸提液稀释2倍时,石灰性土壤国家标准物质的测定值与标准值基本一致;稀释5倍或10倍时,测定值较标准值偏高;不稀释时,由于浸提液的浓度较高,受到基体干扰,测定值偏低.本方法确定对浸提液稀释2倍进行实验,有效态钴的检出限为0.0130 μg/g,有效态铅的检出限为0.0142 μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=9)小于8％.用土壤国家标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值的相对误差小于9％(n=9),满足了DD 2005 - 03对土壤样品中有效态钴和有效态铅的测定要求.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤浸提液中的钼

本方法使用德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司的vado 6原子吸收分光光度计、MPE5自动进样器，测定草酸铵浸提土壤浸提液中的钼。用于稀释样品的水量取决于样品中钼的浓度。     

溴酚蓝作酸碱指示剂分光光度法测定土壤中有效磷

测定土壤中有效磷的标准方法及通用方法,通常采用酸或碱溶液浸提样品,调节浸提液pH值后用分光光度法测定。该方法过滤操作繁琐、酸碱指示剂二硝基酚颜色易受溶液底色干扰且有毒。对现有方法进行优化创新,提高检测效率,对土壤有效态分析及土壤质量评价具有重要意义。本文比较了不同浸提时间、不同浸提液酸度、不同酸碱指示剂等实验条件对检测结果的影响;采用离心分离代替过滤,使用溴酚蓝作指示剂调节pH。同时对比了溴酚蓝指示剂与标准方法的二硝基酚指示剂的检测结果,吸光度、标准物质准确度、未知样品检测结果均完全一致。研究表明使用溴酚蓝作酸碱指示剂,颜色突变更明显,不易受待测液底色影响,毒性低,测试数据准确。实验条件优化后的方法适用于酸性、中性及石灰性土壤有效磷的快速测定。     

土壤pH值实验室测定过程中影响因素的探讨

土壤pH值是土壤酸碱强度的指标,是土壤的基本性质之一,由于土壤成分复杂且内部处于不断交换的过程,其pH值的准确测定较为困难,因此展开影响因素的逐一研究对其pH值的准确测定有着重要意义。本文就实验室玻璃电极法测定土壤pH值过程中的几个重要影响因素展开实验并研究讨论。结果表明,陈化时间对实验室测定土壤pH值影响较大,20天以上的陈化能使土壤pH值稳定;不同方式处理实验用水浸提所测得的土壤pH值基本无差别;浸提时间对样品的测定有很大的影响,应尽量选择浸提时间在30～60 min;液土比过小则浸提液少,过大则稀释效应显著,均不利于pH值的准确测定,通常选择选择液土比为2. 5∶1。     

快速催化极谱法测定土壤中的有效态钼

土壤中的有效态钼是生态地球化学评价的重要内容之一。经典的测定方法是以草酸-草酸铵溶液(Tamm溶液)为浸提剂的催化极谱法,在测定过程中存在铁、锰等离子及草酸盐、有机质的干扰,而消除这些干扰的程序繁琐、耗时较长。本文通过实验初步探讨了干扰机理,认为草酸根和有机质都具有还原性,在浸取过程中铁、锰等多变价的金属离子转变成还原态离子,这几种物质都与测定体系中的氯酸钠发生氧化还原反应,从而影响催化波的灵敏度。本文提出在草酸-草酸铵浸提液中加入固体氢氧化钠沉淀分离铁、锰等杂质,以硝酸-硫酸破坏浸提液中草酸盐及有机质,利用钼-苯羟乙酸-氯酸盐-硫酸体系极谱催化波实现了土壤标准物质中有效态钼的测定。相比于传统消除干扰的方法,本方法所用试剂种类少,操作时间短,有效地减少了分析过程中的误差来源,方法检出限为0.0015μg/g,低于传统方法的检出限(0.0068μg/g),精密度(RSD,n=12)7%,相对误差小于8%,国家标准物质的测定值和标准值更加吻合。经上千件土壤样品的验证,此法适用于pH 3.6~10.5土壤中有效态钼的测定,可测定范围为0.005~2 mg/kg,具有快速简便、测定结果准确和稳定等特点,适合推广应用于大批量土壤有效态钼的快速分析。     

H+和有机酸对可变电荷土壤铝释放的动力学研究

利用流动搅动法研究了在模拟酸雨和低分子量有机酸条件下可变电荷土壤铝释放的动力学特征,结果表明,在pH3.5的模拟酸雨作用下,红壤和黄壤中流出液铝的浓度范围约为15～40μmol/L,铝的释放快反应来源于土壤交换性铝和有机络合态铝,铝的释放慢反应对应于含铝矿物的溶解。赤红壤和砖红壤上在0～300min内流出液铝的浓度范围约为1～5μmol/L,流出液pH值大于4.5,对H 的缓冲作用表现为阳离子交换、SO24-的专性吸附释放OH-和矿物表面的质子化;当流出液pH值小于4.5时,H 开始溶解土壤中的含铝固相,铝释放的最后浓度为20～30μmol/L。用相近pH值的有机酸溶出土壤铝的浓度比pH3.5的模拟酸雨要高,特别是在砖红壤上,开始就有大量铝的释放,其浓度为20～75μmol/L,红壤上是70～150μmol/L,随时间延长,流出液中的铝浓度分别为10～20μmol/L和20～30μmol/L。有机酸作用下铝的释放机制主要是有机酸被土壤吸附后,有机酸与位于表面晶格中的铝原子形成络合体,促进了铝的溶解;其次是有机酸的吸附掩盖了土壤表面的质子化过程,增强了酸的溶解,以及有机配体对铝的络合作用,增加了铝的释放量。不同有机酸对铝的溶出能力也有不同,其释放铝能力的大小为:柠檬酸>酒石酸>苹果酸,这取决于有机配体与铝的络合能力。     

分光光度法研究铀试剂Ⅲ和钍的反应

不久以前由薩符文[1-2]提出的用于分光光度法测定铀和钍的铀试剂Ⅲ(1,8-二羟基萘-3,6-二磺酸-2,7-二[<偶氮-1>-2-苯胂酸])很有价值,而且在最近两年无论在钍[3-7]和铀[7-11]的测定中都得到了极广泛的应用。铀试剂Ⅲ具有为分光光度法测定钍和铀的其他试剂所     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861