Heavy metal pollution and soil magnetic susceptibility in urban soil of Beni Mellal City (Morocco)

The assessment of anthropogenic impact in the urban environment can be evaluated according to heavy metal contents of soils such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Fe. These elements have more affinity to establish metallic bond with ferrous material leading to enhancement of soil magnetic susceptibility. The objective of this study was to undertake joint magnetic and geochemical investigations of road-side urban soil materials to address the environmental pollution of Beni Mellal city that has been subjected to environmental stress, due to population overpressure and related urbanization. Twenty three soils magnetic susceptibility profiles were made along 5 km peripheral national road (N8) in Beni Mellal. The magnetic survey reported here for the first time on this City’s topsoils tries to establish the link between magnetic properties and the content of heavy metals. High magnetic susceptibility values and high contents of heavy metals were found near the paved edge of the road and within the place reserved as large engine park. Magnetic extracts of highly polluted areas and unpolluted soil (olive plantation) were analyzed by SEM coupled with RDX in order to discriminate anthropogenic magnetic spherules and pedo-lithogenic magnetite-like minerals. Magnetic mineralogy determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests the presence of hematite, magnetite and goethite in highly polluted areas. The iron oxides and especially goethite are efficient in incorporating and/or adsorbing foreign ions.     

唐山城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

以唐山城市土壤为对象,采用单因子指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤重金属的环境质量及污染特征进行评价,并采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,没有重金属元素出现污染状态,其中Hg、Ni、Cr、As都处于清洁状态,Pb、Zn、Cu绝大部分样点处于清洁状态,7.94%、6.35%、1.59%处于安全状态,Cd元素绝大部分样点处于清洁安全状态,只有1.59%处于警戒状态;综合污染评价土壤环境整体优良,清洁、安全土壤面积比例分别为98.41%、1.59%,没有出现警戒和污染土壤;各重金属元素中,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Hg,已达到强潜在生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度潜在生态危害,综合考虑多种重金属的潜在生态危害性,其轻微生态危害、中等生态危害、强生态危害、很强生态危害的百分比分别是73.02%、26.98%、0%、0%,整体表现为轻微潜在生态危害。     

辽阳市土壤重金属含量特征及潜在风险评价

采用污染负荷指数法和生态危害指数法对辽阳城市表层土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等重金属元素的污染程度及其生态风险进行评价。结果表明,土壤As元素基本无污染,其他7项重金属元素含量均高于对应的全国土壤背景值,其中Hg、Cd为主要污染元素,其污染程度分别为重度、中度,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni元素处于轻度污染。生态风险评价结果显示,Hg、Cd亦为主要生态风险因子,Hg属于较强生态风险,Cd属于中等生态风险。辽阳城区存在轻度重金属元素污染,潜在生态风险水平为中等;新城区土壤生态环境优于老城区,建议进一步发挥新城疏导功能,缓解城市压力。     

土壤重金属污染潜在风险评价

以北方某河流河床及河流两侧农田中土壤为研究对象,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中Cd 和Ni 的污染状况进行风险评价。结果表明,废弃冶炼中心处河床及河流两侧土壤中 Cd 和Ni 污染严重,均超过当地土壤背景值; 河床中土壤重金属富集程度为Cd ＞ Ni,其中Cd 富集程度达5 级,为重污染。以当地土壤背景值作为参比值进行评价,该河流处于重度的潜在生态危害程度,重金属的生态危害顺序为Cd ＞ Ni。     

安徽省宣州区土壤重金属污染风险评估及来源分析

利用1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查数据,对安徽省宣州区土壤重金属污染风险进行评估,并开展土壤重金属来源解析。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属污染风险总体较低,低污染风险的土壤占74.64％;污染风险可控的土壤占25.04％,主要影响指标为Cd、 As以及 Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn;污染风险较高的土壤占0.32％,主要影响指标为Cd。重金属形态分析结果显示:土壤Cd、Pb生态风险高于As、Hg,其中As、Hg残渣态占比最高,Cd离子交换态占比最高,Pb残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态占比较高。通过表层土壤、深层土壤元素含量相关性分析,推断区内土壤重金属主要来源于成土母质,局部地区土壤(Hg、Cd、Cu、Zn、As、Pb等高含量)主要受矿山开采、畜牧业养殖等人为活动影响。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils from the metropolitan area of Mexico City

This study reports the degree of heavy metal pollution (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and V) in 135 urban topsoil samples from the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Pollution indices (PI) were calculated to identify the metal accumulation with respect to the background values. The levels of heavy metals in the analyzed samples show a wide range of variation. Lead, Zn and Cu are the elements most enriched in the analyzed area, presenting pollution indexes of up to 23.8, 21.6 and 12.4, respectively. Geochemical maps were produced to assess the spatial distribution of pollution index. It is concluded that emissions from vehicles may be the major source of Pb urban contamination; furthermore, other small or large factories are possible sources for soil pollution (Cu, Zn). The concentration of Cr, Ni, and V in most of the analyzed samples do not appear to reach pollution levels. The assessment of the soil environmental quality in the metropolitan area Mexico City in terms of PI can be used as the basis for a regular monitoring program for implementing suitable pollution control measures.     

北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对北京城区表层土壤样品54项指标的地球化学背景值进行了详细研究,认为微量元素中Ni、Cr和As含量值存在极高值点,具有点源污染特征;Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu具有面状污染特点。对这5种重金属元素开展研究,统计北京城区五环内每个区域的数据并结合元素含量空间分布特征,指出元素含量平均值由市中心向周边地区逐渐降低。采用内梅罗指数法对表层土壤重金属元素污染进行评价,认为北京市城区表层土壤大部分已经被重金属元素所污染。分析了造成土壤重金属元素污染的可能影响因素,主要包括工业活动、化石燃料燃烧、建筑涂料、机动车尾气等,并提出了污染防控的建议。     

Magnetic screening of a pollution hotspot in the Lausitz area, Eastern Germany: correlation analysis between magnetic proxies and heavy metal contamination in soils

This investigation was carried out within the scope of EU-FP5 project MAGPROX. In parallel with the work of Kalinski et al. (2004, submitted), in which the magnetic signatures of the same soil profiles were analysed in more detail. The ‘hot spot’ under investigation was situated in the Lausitz area, Eastern Germany, between two major power plants, Schwarze Pumpe and Boxberg. This heavily industrialized region is known as the Black Triangle, named after the large lignite deposits and the old-technology power plants, among other petrochemical plants, refineries, textile manufacturing and glasswork industries. The relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co and Ni) in soil profiles was determined statistically using linear regression analysis. Strong positive correlation was observed between heavy metal concentrations as viewed preliminarily from the heavy metal and magnetic susceptibility distributions with depth (soil profiles), and from the correlation coefficients obtained.MAGPROX team–FP5 RTD Project No. EVK2-CT-1999-00019     

黄山城市土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

提要：以黄山市城区（屯溪区、徽州区、经济开发区）和城郊的表层土壤为研究对象,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对区内表层土壤重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）污染进行了分析和评价;应用SPSS处理软件,采用因子分析法对表层土壤重金属元素含量数据进行分析研究。结果表明：研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级,8种重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为：Hg＞Cd＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni;各种重金属的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为：Hg＞Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Ni＞Cr＞Zn;潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80,表明黄山市土壤总体处于中等危害程度,其中Hg对潜在生态危害指数RI值的贡献最突出,其次是Cd;总体上讲,黄山土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态危害主要是由城镇区域和耕地区域内的日常生活和生产活动所致,如农业施肥、污水灌溉、工厂排污、生活垃圾局部泛滥、燃煤排放等。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries

Globally, aquatic ecosystems are highly polluted with heavy metals arising from anthropogenic and terrigenous sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution of stream sediments and possible sources of pollutants in Nakivubo Channel Kampala, Uganda. Stream sediments were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The degree of pollution in Nakivubo channelized stream sediments for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was assessed using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution load index. The results indicated that (1) the sediments have been polluted with lead, cadmium and zinc and have high anthropogenic influences; (2) the calculation of geo-accumulation index suggest that Nakivubo stream sediments have background concentration for copper, manganese and Fe (I _geo ≤ 0); (3) factor analysis results reveal three sources of pollutants as explained by three factors (75.0 %); (i) mixed origin or retention phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions; (ii) terrigenous and (iii) dual origin of zinc (vehicular and industrial). In conclusion, the co-precipitation (inclusion, occlusion and adsorption) of lead, cadmium and zinc with manganese and iron hydroxides, scavenging ability of other metals, very low dissolved oxygen and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline pH in stream water could account for the active accumulation of heavy metals in Nakivubo stream sediments. These phenomena may pose a risk of secondary water pollution under sediment disturbance and/or changes in the geo-chemistry of sediments.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on the soil microbial activity

The effects of heavy metals on soil microbial processes were investigated over a period of six weeks. Analytical grade (Sigma) sulphate salts of copper, zinc and nickel were added individually and in combinations to soil samples and incubated in different plastic pots. Samples were taken from the pots forthnightly and the rates of microbial carbon and nitrogen mineralization, microbial biomass carbon and respiration were measured. The results showed the effect of metals on the measured parameters were significant (P<0.05.). By the 6^th week postreatment, the rates of carbon accumulated were high in the copper (6.03 %) and copper:Zinc (5.80 %) treatments but low in the nickel and zinc (4.93 % and 5.02 % respectively). The rates of Nitrogen mineralization were 0.41 and 0.44 % in samples treated with copper and copper:zinc compared to 0.22 %–0.24 % obtained at the beginning of the experiments. Soil microbial biomass carbon declined from average value of 183.7–185.6 μg/g before treatment to as low as 100.8 and 124.6 μg/g in samples treated with copper:zinc and copper respectively.The rate of respiration of the soil microbial populations was equally inhibited by the metals. From an average rate of 2.51–2.56 μg of C/g respiration of the soil microbes declined to 0.98, 1.08 and 1.61 μg of C/g in the copper:zinc, copper and zinc treated soils by the end of the experiment. The results suggest additive or synergistic effects of the metals.     

An assessment study of heavy metal distribution within soil in upper course of Zarqa River basin/Jordan

Levels of heavy metals are found in soils and waters of the major tributary valleys of the Jordan Valley. Heavy metal content in soils irrigated by treated waste water were measured for a 40 km reach of Zarqa River. Soil samples from eight different sites along the upper course of this river were analyzed to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals (CO, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn). Silt forms the major component of the soils with an average of 54%. Clay fractions show an increase with depth from 17 to 41%. Trends in particle size distribution and metal contents were compared across sample sites. Samples contained moderate to considerable levels of Pb and Ni. Concentrations of Cu and Cr ranged between 33–59 and 65–90 ppm, respectively. These values represent a slight to moderate class of pollution. The concentration of Cr shows a decrease with depth and distance from the waste water plant. Cu, Zn, and Ni show increasing concentrations with depth but Pb and CO do not. The concentrations of the measured heavy metals increases near the waste water treatment plant but decreases with distance from the plant due to precipitation in the stream bed and dilution with stream water. This decline in metal content with distance from the treatment plant suggests that most metals reaching floodplain soils may derive from the same source. Although current metal concentrations are low to moderate, floodplain surface soils in this area should be regarded as a potential source for future heavy metal pollution downstream.     

宁沪高速公路句容段两侧土壤磁化率异常与重金属元素的关系研究

高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率从路中央向两侧具有逐渐降低的特征,相对应的样品中的重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe等元素的含量也具有从路中心向两侧逐渐降低的现象。相关分析表明,土壤磁化率与土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的相关性显著,因而可以利用磁化率异常来指示高速公路两侧土壤的重金属污染状况。元素的赋存形态分析表明铁锰氧化物态与残渣态是Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的主要赋存形式;各元素的形态分析结果与土壤磁化率的相关统计分析表明,高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率与可交换态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、铁锰氧化物态中的Fe、Pb、Zn、有机还原态中的Cu、Cr、Fe、Zn和残渣态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、N i具有明显的相关性。     

海南岛琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及其潜在生态风险,采集了表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品2682件,对应中层（80~100 cm）及深层（180~200 cm）土壤样品各304件。分析测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg八种重金属元素。对8种重金属元素空间分布特征进行多元统计分析,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对该区土壤重金属污染程度、生态风险进行评估。结果显示,表层土壤中8种重金属元素均值均高于海南岛土壤重金属背景值,表现出不同程度的积累;不同土地利用类型及种植类型对表层土壤重金属富集影响较大;垂向上,由表层至深层,土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni五种重金属元素含量依次降低,但差异不大;Cd、As、Hg在垂向上表现出明显的表聚性。Pearson相关性分析与因子分析结果显示,Cu、Cr、Ni主要受地质背景影响,其余5种元素均受地质背景及人为因素影响。地累积指数结果显示,8种金属元素均值除Hg（0.08）外,均小于0,总体为无污染-轻微污染;生态风险评价显示,Cd和Hg为主要危害元素,Cd以轻微-中等危害为主,Hg以中等-强风险为主,其余元素危害指数均为轻微级,96%的土壤总体潜在生态危害指数在中等以下。     

Fractionation and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil samples collected along Zerqa River,Jordan

The objectives of the current study were to determine the chemical partitioning of Pb, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Mn, Fe and Cd using sequential extraction procedure and to assess the environmental risk associated with these metals in the farming soils along Zerqa River. Metal concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study area demonstrated a wide range for pH, organic matter, carbonate contents, and cation exchange capacity, and is polluted with Pb, Cd, Mn, and Cu. The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural activities, and discharge of treated and untreated wastewater are the major sources of pollution in the study area. Principal component analysis coupled with Pearson’s correlation analysis between the heavy metals revealed strong and positive correlation between these metals in the study area. According to the Risk Assessment Code (RAC), major portions of Cd and Mn are contained in exchangeable and carbonates fractions and therefore can easily enter the food chain. These metals pose a high to very high risk to the environment. Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn pose medium risk, while Cr poses a low environment risk.     

高光谱遥感在土壤重金属污染监测中的应用

高光谱技术的快速发展为宏观、快速获取土壤中的重金属元素信息提供了有力支撑。选择云南大红山铜矿作为研究区,对其土壤进行采样,其中水样、底泥样和土壤样各30个,共90个样本。使用ASD光谱仪对样品进行光谱分析,借助ENVI软件对原始测量数据进行平滑与去噪处理,利用与重金属相关的官能团在VNIR和SWIR波段光谱吸收特征的变化提取光谱吸收特征参数。通过与预处理后研究区的HyMap遥感图像数据进行光谱相似度及光谱参数相似度的对比,验证了将ASD实测光谱与HyMap高光谱遥感数据结合监测研究区重金属污染的可行性。认为高光谱遥感在土壤重金属监测方面有着广泛的应用前景。     

内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

Heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils: mineralogical analyses and magnetic characterization

Urban soil samples collected from the city of Xuzhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Pb and Zn. The samples were also investigated for mineralogy using X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The identified minerals are mainly composed of quartz and calcite as major minerals. Soil samples contained elevated Zn (2,049 ± 5,439 mg/kg) and Pb (115 ± 58 mg/kg). According to the index of geoaccumulation, the soils of the study area are considered to be moderately to strongly contaminated with respect to Zn, moderately contaminated with respect to Pb. The magnetic measurements indicate that the dominant magnetic components are multidomain grains of ferrimagnetic minerals and that superparamagnetic and stable single-domain ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic minerals are present in small magnetic concentrations in this area. The measured metals correlated positively with the determined magnetic parameters (χ, χ _ARM, SIRM and SOFT). This result suggests that simple, rapid, and non-destructive magnetic measurements could provide useful information about Pb and Zn pollution in Xuzhou urban surface soils.     

秦皇岛近岸海域沉积物重金属含量及污染评价

重金属是近岸海域的主要污染物之一,了解其在沉积物中的含量和污染程度对海洋环境保护研究具有重要意义。文章分析了秦皇岛近岸海域沉积物重金属含量分布特征,并采用修正综合指数法对其污染状况进行分析评价。结果表明:重金属平均含量由高至低的顺序是CuPbAsCdHg,超出环境背景值较高的是Hg和Cu;沉积物重金属污染程度总体处于很低-低等级,石河口、人造河口等近岸海域污染程度略高于其他临近海域。