检波器-大地耦合系统特性的振动力学解释、模态参数识别及其对地震资料的影响与消除

检波器-大地耦合系统处于地震数据采集的最前端,是地震采集中的基本问题.“耦合是指两个系统之间的相互作用.检波器和大地的耦舍是影响能量转换的重要因素之一,取决于两者之间接触的牢固程度,以及检波器的重量和接触面积等;该耦合系统中存在着自然谐振并有滤波效应”(R.E.Sheriff).多年来,对耦舍响应的研究主要集中在理论研究以及检波器耦合效果对比两个方面,并以感性描述、现象罗列居多.笔者在研究过程中设计了检波器-大地耦舍响应的测定方法,并实际测量了检波器-大地耦合响应.结果表明,检波器-大地耦合响应可以用“单自由度有阻尼的自由振动系统”来描述,涉及到“固有频率”以及“阻尼比”两个参数,并可用参数扫描法对其振动模态进行参数识别.当检波器埋置效果差时,耦合响应使得地震子波相位增加,分辨率降低;高频成分增加,信噪比降低(主要在高频端).根据测得的耦合响应对检波器接收到的数据进行“耦合反褶积”,将地震数据“还原为”地表下数十厘米处的介质振动,从而消除耦合响应,可以增强地震信号的“保真度”,提高信噪比与分辨率.由于地表介质的多变性,每一个检波器对应的耦合响应均不同,同一检波器组合中多个检波器的耦合响应存在一定差异;其中只要有一个检波器埋置差,其整体的耦合效果就会显著变差;因为耦合响应对地震数据的影响非常深刻并难以忽略,所以合成地震记录时也应该考虑耦合响应的影响.     

检波器-地表耦合系统对地震记录的影响

检波器与地表耦合处于地震数据采集系统的最前端,考虑到其位置和功能的重要性,探讨了检波器-地表耦合对地震记录的影响问题.为了提高野外地震资料的品质,在调查了地表物性的基础上,自行研制了检波器-地表耦合装置.先后在吉林油田、大庆油田和新疆塔河附近等地区,在可比条件下与常规耦合方式进行了对比实验.结果表明,这种特殊耦合方式与常规耦合方式相比,无论从比较接收能力的实验中取得的单次记录,以及按生产要求所获得多次叠加剖面,其地震信号的能量、频带宽度和信号保真的程度都有明显改善.     

检波器-大地耦合响应对地震数据的影响

检波器-大地耦合响应是地震检波系统中非常重要的一个环节.包含反射波等在内的地面振动必须经由检波器的机电转换,才能成为地震仪可以识别的电信号,然后进入数据记录系统.但是,严格地来讲,经过检波器机电转换之前的信号—如果刨除检波器自身滤波响应影响的话—是"检波器外壳的振动",不是"地表的振动";而我们希望接收到的是后者,不是前者,二者之间的差异就是"检波器-大地耦合响应".作者通过一项专利技术(测耦检波器),实现了野外施工中单点检波器耦合响应参数的规模测量与记录,并通过试验展示了挖坑埋置以及检波器外形、尺寸、质量等检波器性能参数因素对耦合响应乃至地震数据的影响.     

频率域声-弹耦合地震波波动方程有限差分方法

本文针对声-弹耦合介质,为尽可能的减少频率域正演模拟的计算内存,提高计算效率,在一阶非均质位移-应力波动方程的基础上,借助等效交错网格思想并充分考虑密度参数空间变化对地震波传播的影响,推导了声-弹耦合地震波波动方程.在流相介质和固相介质中分别采用非均质情况频率域二阶声压标量波、二阶纯位移控制方程,为保证流、固相介质间地震波能量的稳定传输和有效交换,提出了声-弹耦合界面转换过渡层方法,并详细阐述了过渡层与上下介质空间差分具体耦合方法.在与非均质纯位移波动方程正演结果对比分析的基础上,首先采用各向同性单层流相介质模型进行正演模拟验证了声-弹耦合方程数值模拟中过渡层策略的有效性和准确性,随后又数值模拟了地震波在声-弹耦合介质简单模型和复杂Marmousi2模型中的传播,验证了本文方法稳定性和准确性,同时该方法可以简单的推广到三维情况.     

高频微功耗海底地震仪研制

介绍了中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所自主研制的用于深水油气地球物理勘探的高频微功耗海底地震仪研制情况 .高频海底地震仪的仪器舱和水声释放器单球一体化总体结构设计 ,提高谐振频率和耦合频率 .采用先进的 32位单片机技术 ,系统具有体积小、重量轻、微功耗 (<30 0mW)和宽工作频带 (2～ 10 0Hz)的特点 .     

从一个野外试验看不同检波器的差异——以DSU3与20dx为例

数字检波器是近年来发展起来的一种新型检波装置.为了对比数字检波器与普通模拟检波器的差别,我们选择数字检波器DSU3与模拟检波器20 dx进行了一个针对性的野外试验.从试验结果上来看,二者主要存在四个方面的差异.通过分析差异的原因,我们认为模拟检波经过多年的应用,从理论认识到实践操作都非常成熟,但是存在容易受到电磁干扰、信号串音、漏电等现象;同时,即使经过‘类检波器反褶积’后,模拟检波器仍然难以补偿数据的‘极低频’部分;模拟检波器的灵敏度有待于进一步提高,以便降低电噪声在全部信号中所占的比例,提高信噪比;数字检波器确实在电学指标方面取得了一些进步,尤其在灵敏度、线性畸变、线性频带范围、适量保真度等方面;但是,数字检波器在耦合效应,一致性、稳定性或者抗干扰能力均存在一些问题.同时,在石油勘探中‘强噪音’以及‘多次覆盖’的双重背景下,受当前处理能力的限制,检波器电学性能方面的‘极高指标’,并不能保证地震数据的‘极高质量’.我们的研究表明:使检波器更小、更轻、更好耦合的努力与电学指标的改进具有同等重要的意义;具有良好的电学性能,更好的耦合参数,稳定性好,耐用,价格合理的检波器是我们追求的目标.     

杂食性鱼类对浅水水体底栖—浮游生境耦合作用的影响:微综述

浅水水体存在着强烈的底栖-浮游生境耦合作用,耦合的结果决定着水生态系统关键特征.在缺少大型水生植物的浅水系统中,底栖藻类和浮游藻类对光照和营养盐的竞争是底栖-浮游生境耦合最为重要的生态过程之一,但该过程受到杂食性鱼类的影响.本文以浅水水体的底栖-浮游生境耦合作用为切入点,综述了杂食性鱼类对浅水水体底栖-浮游生境耦合作用的影响过程及机理.一般而言,杂食性鱼类有利于提高水层营养盐浓度,促进浮游藻类生长,降低水体透明度,不利于底栖藻类竞争,从而加速水体富营养化.但不同种类的杂食性鱼类(如底栖杂食性鱼类、偏植物性饵料的杂食性鱼类、偏动物性饵料的杂食性鱼类以及小型杂食性鱼类)因食性差异,对底栖-浮游生境耦合的影响机理不同,产生的生态环境效应各异;即便同一种杂食性鱼类也可因发育阶段不同对底栖-浮游生境耦合产生不同的影响.在人类活动、全球变暖以及富营养化等多重因子胁迫下杂食性鱼类在鱼类群落结构中的比例上升,因此,杂食性鱼类对水生态环境产生的影响深远、复杂,值得持续关注.     

基于直立长方体模型的山体隆升与重力变化关系数值模拟

基于形变与密度变化耦合运动理论,利用时变场内重力垂直梯度的计算方法,采用直立长方体模型,根据青藏高原平均降升速率,模拟计算在艾黎地壳均衡模式下,地表形变所引起重力及其垂直梯度的变化。结果显示,在山体抬升过程中,伴随着地表的隆升,重力值亦逐渐减小,导致其减小的原因为介质体密度减小与测点的高度增加。伴随着山体最高点抬升了5 cm,在最高点处重力变化为-14μGal,对应的重力梯度约为-2.6 E。重力垂直梯度与静态场重力梯度存在一定的差异,其原因为在重力梯度场中加入了时间效应。     

电感性耦合对地电阻率交流观测的影响

地电阻率交流观测方法中存在电感性耦合效应,会影响观测值的准确性。理论研究表明电感性耦合效应与供电信号频率、供电线与测量线间距离以及线路间平行走线的长度等条件相关。为了探讨理论研究与实际观测的一致性,在江苏省高邮地电台进行电感性耦合效应对地电阻率交流观测影响研究的实验,实验通过改变观测电极间的布线,分析上述条件对地电阻率交流观测结果的影响。实验结果表明,减小平行长度、增大线间距离、减小供电信号频率均能够减小电感性耦合效应,此结果与理论分析一致。当供电信号频率低于0.5 Hz时,平行长度与线间距离的变化对电感性耦合效应的影响较小,可忽略不计;当供电信号频率大于1 Hz时,为降低电感性耦合效应的影响,需要随供电信号频率增加,减小线间平行长度或增大线间距离。     

电离层舒曼共振的空间观测

通过功率谱分析和波阻抗函数计算,本文证实了Aureol 3卫星在电离层高度上(>600km)观测到的极低频(ELF)波场扰动是和舒曼共振相关的电磁振荡.与舒曼共振地面观测相比较,Aureol 3观测到的舒曼共振电场分量具有很好的谐振谱结构,峰值频率和各阶舒曼共振本征频率对应;磁场分量的高阶峰值频率偏离14, 20, 26Hz等舒曼共振本征频率;随着卫星高度的改变,电场与磁场谐振的一阶最大能量峰值并不会发生在同一频率,结合本文分析的数据,分别位于78Hz和10Hz;水平方向的磁场分量更接近南北方向的线极化而不是地球－电离层空腔中的椭圆极化;波阻抗随频率表现出不太规则的准正弦振荡,它会随着频率增加和飞行高度上升呈现减小的趋势.虽然舒曼共振信号和电离层密度梯度间的非线性作用可以解释舒曼共振空间观测的部分特征,但需加入其他机制,如电离层不稳定性,传播模式的耦合,进一步了解电离层高度上舒曼共振各种特征产生的原因.     

Geophone‐ground coupling with flat bases

Seismic acquisition can be costly and inefficient when using spiked geophones. In most cases, such as the desert, the most practical solution is the use of flat bases, where geophone‐ground coupling is based on an optimal choice of the mass and area of contact between the receiver and the ground. This optimization is necessary since areas covered by sand are loose sediments and poor coupling occurs. Other cases include ground coupling in stiff pavements, for instance urban areas and ocean‐bottom nodes. We consider three different approaches to analyse coupling and model the geophone with a flat base (plate) resting on an elastic half‐space. Two existing models, based on the full‐wave theory, which we refer to as the Wolf and Hoover‐O'Brien models, predict a different behaviour with respect to the novel method introduced in this work. This method is based on the transmission coefficient of upgoing waves impinging in the geophone‐ground contact, where the ground is described as an anelastic half‐space. The boundary conditions at the contact have already been used to model fractures and are shown here to provide the equation of the damped oscillator. This fracture‐contact model depends on the stiffness characteristic of the contact between the geophone base plate and the ground. The transmission coefficient from the ground to the plate increases for increasing weight and decreasing base plate area. The new model predicts that the resonant frequency is independent of the geophone weight and plate radius, while the recorded energy increases with increasing weight and decreasing base plate area (as shown from our own experiments and measurements by Krohn) which is contrary to the theories developed by Wolf and Hoover‐O'Brien. The transient response is obtained by an inverse Fourier transform. Optimal geophone‐ground coupling and energy transmission are required, the first concept meaning that the geophone is following the motion of the ground and the second one that the signal is detectable. As a final example, we simulate seismic acquisition based on the novel theory, showing the differences between optimal and poor ground‐to‐geophone energy transmission.     

ELECTRONIC ACCELERATION-SENSITIVE GEOPHONE FOR SEISMIC PROSPECTING***

Previously ignored characteristics of the seismic recording instrument are presently experienced as limitations as more sophisticated interpretive methods using wider frequency ranges are developed to extract stratigraphic information from seismic land data for hydrocarbon and mineral exploration. Most of these limitations arise from inadequate characteristics of the first element of the seismic instrument: the geophone. A geophone does not faithfully follow the motion of the earth for higher frequencies due to poor geophone-earth coupling. This filtering effect brings about time shifts that are dependent on the frequency and the soil type. A geophone can also produce spurious outputs, brought about by the motion of the suspended part of the geophone, with a magnitude comparable to that of the desired output. The suspension is made very compliant to obtain the required sensitivity. A compliant suspension, however, gives a large sag. The geophone can therefore only be used in one position, tolerating little tilt. A compliant suspension also widens the traveling range of the movable part. Minor sensitivity changes with travel are then noticeable as nonlinearity, since the surface wave is large with respect to the reflected wave. A compliant suspension is usually realized in the form of thin, spirally shaped spring-spiders. Such suspensions exhibit transverse or rotational resonances that are in or close to the seismic frequency band. Excited by ground roll, they can produce considerable undesirable output. The novel geophone we describe is a light-weight (17 g) acceleration-sensitive transducer which gives good ground coupling and partial correction for the increasing damping in the earth with increasing frequencies. It employs internal hybrid electronics for a magnetodynamic velocity-nulling feedback system. Velocity nulling makes the movable part of the geophone virtually rigid with respect to the housing. This makes the geophone characteristics independent of the suspension. The springs used are stiff in a transverse and rotational direction so that the suspension resonances are well outside the useful frequency band. This suspension also allows the geophone to be used in any orientation while being only sensitive to the vibration component along the main axis. The feedback system makes the sensitivity flat within 1 dB from 2 Hz to 500 Hz, with a phase tolerance smaller than 5°. The geophone is robust, has no moving internal wires, employs a current output [sensitivity 1 mA/(m s^?2)] and internal gain so that the signal-to-cable-noise ratio is improved. This type of output allows parallel connection without any interaction between the geophones.     

Geophones on blocks: a prototype towable geophone system for shallow land seismic investigations

In recent years some authors have given a certain amount of attention to towed seismic reflection acquisition systems. Based on some of these works we sought to design and test a system making use of currently available geophones instead of specifically designed sensors as employed in some previous works. Thus, bearing in mind that the geophone's characteristics are achieved in the conditions that they are originally designed to be employed in, i.e., coupled with a spike driven into the ground, we devoted our attention to some of the variables involved in the geophone's performance, namely the total weight, the effect of a spikeless geophone and the surfaces on which the geophone is placed. Previously, we had experimentally verified some variations in the signal response due to coupling geophones in different surface materials, such as hard soil, asphalt and concrete pavement and we noticed that these surface materials were in fact an important factor in the overall response. Hence, these materials, or as we also called them coupling agents, could be employed as a base material in the construction of a mobile seismic acquisition device composed of blocks of a certain size, on which the geophone would be then inserted and thus making it into a spikeless surface towable system. Therefore, various materials were tested in order to select one that could maintain a similar fidelity to that of the spike coupled geophone and thus contribute towards building a more time efficient and towable geophone and block system. Pinging tests revealed variations in the coupling frequency and damping characteristics of each coupling agent and from all of these tested materials one was selected for field comparative tests with the normally planted geophones with spike coupling. Finally a seismic reflection profile was acquired simultaneously with both systems, i.e., spike coupling versus cement block coupled geophones. This field test showed similar results in terms of signal levels and frequency content and therefore it was possible to observe the presence of the same reflectors and other seismic events in either of the time sections. With this experiment we propose not only a system that allows a time efficient seismic field operation but we also aim to encourage more research into the response dependency of the coupling agent of which the towable base block is made of.     

特高压互连电气设备减震性能振动台试验

为研究铅金属减震器对特高压互连电气设备的减震效果,进行由硬管母线连接的特高压避雷器设备和电容式电压互感器设备组成的互连耦合体系的地震模拟振动台试验。通过白噪声扫频、抗震及减震试验,测定互连耦合体系抗震结构及减震结构的自振频率以及关键部位的应变、加速度响应。试验结果表明:抗震结构中避雷器设备的最大应变响应大于互感器设备,互连耦合体系中的避雷器设备属于易损设备;安装减震器后互连设备频率降低幅度较小,减震器基本不会影响电气设备的正常运行;安装减震器后互连耦合体系中的避雷器设备和互感器设备在较大峰值加速度地震波作用下,设备顶端加速度响应和最大应变响应均有较大幅度的降低,避雷器设备和互感器设备的最大应变响应的减震效率分别为75%和50%,减震效果显著,减震器的应用大幅提升了互连耦合体系的抗震能力。     

涡流地震检波器的特性及测试方法的研究

本文介绍了涡流地震检波器的工作原理、结构及其频率响应特性--涡流检波器的输出特性在固有频率之上是按外界激励频率的平方递增。高频灵敏度随着激励频率的增加而增高有助于弥补高频信号通过地层传播时的急剧衰减,从而提高了地震勘探的分辨率。在固有频率之下,则加强了低频滤波作用。 本文还以对单自由度线性振动系统的动态分析为基础,研究了利用实验幅频特性曲线来求该系统的固有频率和阻尼系数的方法,推导出必要的计算公式。最后举出一个应用实例,并检验了这种方法的可信度。     

Seismic resonances of spherical acoustic cavities

We study the interaction of a seismic wavefield with a spherical acoustic gas‐ or fluid‐filled cavity. The intention of this study is to clarify whether seismic resonances can be expected, a characteristic feature that may help in detecting cavities in the subsurface. This is important for many applications, in particular the detection of underground nuclear explosions, which are to be prohibited by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. To calculate the full seismic wavefield from an incident plane wave that interacts with the cavity, we considered an analytic formulation of the problem. The wavefield interaction consists of elastic scattering and the wavefield interaction between the acoustic and elastic media. Acoustic resonant modes caused by internal reflections in the acoustic cavity show up as spectral peaks in the frequency domain. The resonant peaks coincide with the eigenfrequencies of the un‐damped system described by the particular acoustic medium bounded in a sphere with stiff walls. The filling of the cavity could thus be determined by the observation of spectral peaks from acoustic resonances. By energy transmission from the internal oscillations back into the elastic domain, the oscillations experience damping, resulting in a frequency shift and a limitation of the resonance amplitudes. In case of a gas‐filled cavity, the impedance contrast is still high, which means low damping of the internal oscillations resulting in very narrow resonances of high amplitude. In synthetic seismograms calculated in the surrounding elastic domain, the acoustic resonances of gas‐filled cavities show up as persisting oscillations. However, due to the weak acoustic–elastic coupling in this case, the amplitudes of the oscillations are very low. Due to a lower impedance contrast, a fluid‐filled cavity has a stronger acoustic–elastic coupling, which results in wide spectral peaks of lower amplitudes. In the synthetic seismograms derived in the surrounding medium of fluid‐filled cavities, acoustic resonances show up as strong but fast decaying reverberations.     

用于微动探测的低成本自存储式数字地震检波器

微动探测是利用地球表面的天然震动信号进行探测的被动源探测方法.相对于传统的物探方法,微动探测野外施工灵活,阵列形状多样,受施工场地限制小,对施工环境影响小.目前进行微动探测所用的地震检波器大多成本较高、重量和体积大,不便于运输与大规模布设.本文由微动探测方法的特点出发,优化改造了自行研发的低成本自存储式数字地震检波器,使其性能满足微动探测的需要.通过对地震计系统噪声的详细分析、微动探测原理的讨论,结合现场试验数据,探讨了该检波器应用于大规模微动探测的可行性.     

固体液体分界面处P波和S波波场的分离

在地震勘探中,Ｐ波和Ｓ波入射到一固体液体分界面处时,在该分界处的水平检波器和垂直检波器将接受到相位的响应垂直的响应。垂直检波器的响应与在自由界面处的垂直检波器 响应大概相同,而水平检波器对Ｐ波的响应相对于对Ｓ波的 来说要强。     

数字地震仪的发展历史及展望

地震仪经历了光点，模拟和数字的变化，数字地震仪本身由16位发展到24位，其附属设备（电缆，检波器）也是到了不同程度的发展。近年来，I／O等公司利用MEMS技术研制了新型地震检波器，这一新的发展对于地震采集尤其是多分量采集带来重要影响。     

地震检波器的横向灵敏度特性

地震检波器受到地面横向运动激励时的输入输出关系定义为检波器的横向灵敏度特性.本文对检波器线圈受到横向激励时产生的轴向振动进行了分析.可以看到,当悬挂线圈的弹簧片悬丝发生动力失稳时,检波器的横向灵敏度突然增大;在线圈横向振幅很小的情况下,失稳频率接近悬丝的横向固有频率.利用谱分析技术可以准确地从检波器噪声中检测出检波器的横向灵敏度和失稳频率,即检波器假频.