分光光度法测定地下水中六价铬的不确定度评定

对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测地下水中六价铬的不确定度来源进行分析、计算和合成,标准曲线的不确定度采用线性双误差拟合。地下水样品测定结果表明,影响测定结果的不确定度因素主要来源于六价铬标准系列溶液配制和样品的重复测定,对地下水样品中六价铬测定的不确定度作了评估。     

新疆14C年代测定及数据集（I＊）

主要介绍新疆维吾尔自治区地震局放射性同位素碳测年实验室的１４Ｃ测年原理,样品的前处理、样品的化学制备,低水平放射性测量方法及测定年代。首次公布一批１４Ｃ年代测定数据。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定地球化学样品中痕量银

本文采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量银。选择硝酸镁和硫脲混合溶液为基体改进剂,银的灰化温度为800℃,研究了最佳的分析测定条件。该方法检出限为0．01μg／g。用该方法对国家地球化学标准样品的测定结果与标准值相符。     

方解石变形温度回零微观标志的实验研究和相关问题讨论

为了判断变形方解石温度回零程度，设计了一组岩石破裂实验，对含方解石灰岩样品进行不同温度下的固定围压实验，对原态固结破裂样品进行微观观测，提出不同回零状态的微观识别标志，从而为方解石变形年代测定值可靠性评价提供微观依据。最后对未达到回零温度的变形样品年代测定值的修正问题进行了探讨。     

西藏金沙江缝合带一些岩石的初步研究(Ⅰ):花岗岩

对采自西藏金沙江缝合带的花岗岩样品进行了岩石学、岩石化学、稀土和微量元素分析以及年龄测定等。研究结果表明 ,这些花岗岩样品属于前人所划分的念青唐古拉岩带中的安多和班戈岩体 ,为花岗二长岩 ,属于钙系 -钙碱性系列。其中属于安多岩体的样品与前人在该地区所描述的稍有不同 ,主要表现在更为酸性和富钠 ;其稀土配分的右倾斜率较小 ,所测得的K -Ar年龄 (15 7Ma)也较前人的结果年轻。属于班戈岩体的其他样品均与前人的研究结果基本一致 ,所获K -Ar年龄数据(12 1Ma)也在前人测定的结果范围内。此外 ,对其中 1件样品的黑云母和钾长石的4 0 Ar/ 39Ar分段加热测定 ,获得了 (12 9± 1 9)Ma和 (131± 1 9)Ma的坪年龄 ,并揭示出岩体冷却速度较快、侵位较浅的特征     

北京地区天然水氢同位素特征

测定天然水的氢同位素组成,是研究不同类型天然水成因的重要手段之一。为此,我们在北京地区32个点采了样,并进行了下述测定。方法:用金属铀还原法制备样品,H_2用MM602型质谱仪测定,标准样采用世界标准平均海水     

宁河普1-V 孔上部沉积的花粉分析及14C 年代测定

宁河普1-Ⅴ孔位于天津宁河县任凤村附近,为蓟运河、潮白河之冲积堆积。该处晚更新世以后地层极为发育,但研究甚少。本文就普1-Ⅴ孔岩芯的花粉分析及C14年代测定作一简报。一、样品采集及分析结果花粉分析及C14测定的样品取自0—55.7米岩芯,其主要为一套薄层、中层状粘土及砂质粘土互层沉     

稳定同位素技术应用于水域食物网的方法学研究进展

稳定同位素技术是揭示食物网中物质的循环路径和探究消费者、生产者间的营养关系的重要方法.但是,不同的样品处理方法可能引起同位素比值的变动,使得食物网模型的建立和各研究结果间的相互比较存在一定的困难.样品的预处理主要分为四个环节,即保存、分离、酸化和干燥.在水域生态系统中,水体中的颗粒,溶解性有机物质、细菌、浮游动物、藻类、水生植物、鱼类及底栖动物等采集后,通过分离纯化,得到目的样品,-20℃冷冻保存.对于含有无机碳酸盐的生物样品,例如沉积物、含有钙质结构的无脊椎生物、部分浮游生物等需要酸化处理以排除无机碳对6"c测定的影响,1mol/L.HCl滴加可以达到很好的去除效果.对于生物样品δ15N的测定则不需要酸化处理.最后,样品经冷冻干燥或40—70℃低温烘干以备稳定同位素的测定.另外,用福尔马林、乙醇等保存在博物馆里的样品,对于长时间尺度上食物网的重建具有重要的生态学意义.本文系统总结了不同研究中样品处理过程的差异,分析其干扰机制,为进一步的方法学研究奠定了基础.     

黄河兰州断面半挥发性有机污染物分布特征研究

用固相萃取和液液萃取的方法对黄河兰州断面的水样品进行预处理,再进行气相色谱／质谱联用分析测定,对饮用水源水中的半挥发性有机物进行了测定,并对结果进行了讨论。     

泥炭样品不同有机组分的~(14)C测年的初步研究

分别用ＮａＣｌＯ、ＮａＯＨ溶液、Ｎａ４Ｐ２Ｏ７和ＮａＯＨ混合溶液和有机溶剂对采自延庆盆地大王庄两个泥炭样品进行前处理，每个样品获得１０个不同有机组分，对这些有机组分的１４Ｃ年龄测定值进行对比。以探讨泥炭等样品不同有机组分１４Ｃ测年的可靠性     

Estimating Aquifer Sensitivity to Nitrate Contamination Using Geochemical Information

Methods for predicting aquifer sensitivity to contamination typically ignore geochemical factors that affect the occurrence of contaminants such as nitrate. Use of geochemical information offers a simple and accurate method for estimating aquifer sensitivity to nitrate contamination. We developed a classification method in which nitrate-sensitive aquifers have dissolved oxygen concentrations > 1.0 mg/L, Eh values >250 mV, and either reduced iron concentrations < 0.1 mg/L or total iron concentrations < 0.7 mg/L. We tested the method in four Minnesota aquifer systems having different geochemical and hydrologic conditions. A surficial sand aquifer in central Minnesota exhibited geochemical zonation, with a rapid shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions 5 m below the water table. A fractured bedrock aquifer in east-central Minnesota remained aerobic to depths of 50 m, except in areas where anaerobic ground water discharged upward from an underlying aquifer. A bedrock aquifer in southeast Minnesota exhibited aerobic conditions when overlain by surficial deposits lacking shale, whereas anaerobic conditions occurred under deposits that contained shale. Surficial sand aquifers in northwest Minnesota contained high concentrations of sulfate and were anaerobic throughout their extent. Nitrate-nitrogen was detected at concentrations exceeding 1 mg/L in 135 of 149 samples classified as sensitive. Nitrate was not detected in any of the 109 samples classified as not sensitive. We observed differences between our estimates of sensitivity and existing sensitivity maps, which are based on methods that do not consider aquifer geochemistry. Because dissolved oxygen, reduced iron, and Eh are readily measured in the field, use of geochemistry provides a quick and accurate way of assessing aquifer sensitivity to nitrate contamination.     

Combined use of spot samples and continuous integrated sampling in a study of storm runoff from a lowland catchment in the south of England

We have used two different sampling techniques to study the geochemical response of a small lowland rural catchment to episodic storm runoff. The first method involves traditional daily spot sampling and has been used to develop a standard end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) of the relative contributions of ground water flow and surface runoff to the total stream flow. The second method utilizes a continuous sampling device, powered by an osmotic pump, to produce an integrated 24‐h sample of the stream flow. When combined with the EMMA results from the spot samples, analyses of the integrated samples reveal the presence of a third component that makes a significant contribution to the dissolved NO₃, Ca and K export from the catchment during the rising limb of the hydrographic profile of a storm event following a prolonged dry period. The storm occurred in the middle of the night, so that the response of the stream chemistry was not captured by the daily samples. We hypothesize that this third component is derived from the flushing of stored soil water that contains the geochemical signature of decaying vegetation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using multivariate statistical techniques and geochemical modelling to identify factors controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry in a typical transitional area between Taihang Mountains and North China Plain

Identifying the key factors controlling groundwater chemical evolution in mountain-plain transitional areas is crucial for the security of groundwater resources in both headwater basins and downstream plains. In this study, multivariate statistical techniques and geochemical modelling were used to analyse the groundwater chemical data from a typical headwater basin of the North China Plain. Groundwater samples were divided into three groups, which evolved from Group A with low mineralized Ca-HCO₃ water, through Group B with moderate mineralized Ca-SO₄-HCO₃ water, to Group C with highly saline Ca-SO₄ and Ca-Cl water. Water-rock interaction and nitrate contamination were mainly responsible for the variation in groundwater chemistry. Groundwater chemical compositions in Group A were mainly influenced by dissolution of carbonates and cation exchange, and suffered less nitrate contamination, closely relating to their locations in woodland and grassland with less pronounced human interference. Chemical evolution of groundwater in Groups B and C was gradually predominated by the dissolution of evaporites, reverse ion exchange, and anthropogenic factors. Additionally, the results of the inverse geochemical model showed that dedolomitization caused by gypsum dissolution, played a key role in the geochemical evolution from Group A to Group B. Heavy nitrate enrichment in most groundwater samples of Groups B and C was closely associated with the land-use patterns of farmland and residential areas. Apart from the high loads of chemical fertilizers in irrigation return flow as the main source for nitrate contamination, the stagnant zones, flood irrigation pattern, mine drainage, and groundwater-exploitation reduction program were also important contributors for such high mineralization and heavy NO₃⁻ contents in Group C. The important findings of this work not only provide the conceptual framework for the headwater basin but also have important implications for sustainable management of groundwater resources in other headwater basins of the North China Plain.     

Factors contributing to nitrate contamination in a groundwater recharge area of the North China Plain

Nitrate contamination is a common problem in groundwater of the North China Plain (NCP) owing to overuse of fertilizers and discharge of wastewater. Accordingly, it is important to investigate nitrate contamination in recharge areas to understand the fate of nitrate in the plains area. In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of nitrate and factors contributing to its sources and transformation in shallow groundwater of the Beiyishui River watershed, NCP, were analysed by a combination of multiple regression and multi‐tracer methods. The nitrate concentration of 79% of the samples exceeded the natural environmental standard of 13.3 mg l^?1, while that of 23% of the samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard of 50 mg l^?1. Groundwater age estimation of the hill regions based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) revealed a mix of young water from 1982 to 1990 and old, low CFC water. The analysis based on the variations in land use in past years revealed that part of the grassland was converted into woodland between 1980 and 1995; therefore, the land use at the recharge time was used to determine which surface conditions influence groundwater nitrate concentrations. Multiple regression analysis showed that point source pollution contributed to the high concentration of nitrate in the hill region. Fertilizer application associated with land use change from grassland to woodland was also related to the present nitrate concentration. In the plains area, the contribution of fresh water from fault fractures and denitrification led to 31 to 72% and 6 to 51% reductions in nitrate concentrations, respectively. Our results suggested that controlling point source contamination and fertilizer input to hilly regions of the study will prevent groundwater of the plains area from deterioration in future years by mixing fresh water into the aquifers and decreasing denitrification, and therefore nitrate concentrations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球化学数据库管理平台的建设与思考

为更好地发挥地球化学数据及方法在异常分析及震情跟踪研判中的作用,提高地球化学数据获取的便利性及数据存储的可靠性,规范异常核实及流动观测等地球化学样品的采集及检测流程,实现地球化学数据的自动分析及相关图件的自动绘制,中国地震台网中心建立了基于Linux系统的地球化学数据库管理平台,该平台应用数据库、地理信息系统(GIS)、WebGIS等技术,集成了样品送检、实验室检测、报告产出、数据存储筛选下载分析、图件绘制等功能,利用Piper图、Na-K-Mg三角图、同位素分析等方法,分析不同样品的地球化学特征,并给出相关图件。平台自推广以来,收集了大量的地球化学数据,提升了数据的可利用性,降低了地球化学数据分析的技术门槛,在异常性质分析及震情跟踪研判中发挥了作用。     

Geologic controls on the chemical behaviour of nitrate in riverside alluvial aquifers,Korea

To investigate the origin and behaviour of nitrate in alluvial aquifers adjacent to Nakdong River, Korea, we chose two representative sites (Wolha and Yongdang) having similar land‐use characteristics but different geology. A total of 96 shallow groundwater samples were collected from irrigation and domestic wells tapping alluvial aquifers. About 63% of the samples analysed had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the Korean drinking water limit (44·3 mg l^?1 NO₃^?), and about 35% of the samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the Korean groundwater quality standard for agricultural use (88·6 mg l^?1 NO₃^?). Based on nitrogen isotope analysis, two major nitrate sources were identified: synthetic fertilizer (about 4‰ δ¹⁵N) applied to farmland, and animal manure and sewage (15–20‰ δ¹⁵N) originating from upstream residential areas. Shallow groundwater in the farmland generally had higher nitrate concentrations than those in residential areas, due to the influence of synthetic fertilizer. Nitrate concentrations at both study sites were highest near the water table and then progressively decreased with depth. Nitrate concentrations are also closely related to the geologic characteristics of the aquifer. In Yongdang, denitrification is important in regulating nitrate chemistry because of the availability of organic carbon from a silt layer (about 20 m thick) below a thin, sandy surface aquifer. In Wolha, however, conservative mixing between farmland‐recharged water and water coming from a village is suggested as the dominant process. Mixing ratios estimated based on the nitrate concentrations and the δ¹⁵N values indicate that water originating from the village affects the nitrate chemistry of the shallow groundwater underneath the farmland to a large extent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemistry of the Springfield Plateau aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in Arkansas,Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma,USA

Geochemical data indicate that the Springfield Plateau aquifer, a carbonate aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in central USA, has two distinct hydrochemical zones. Within each hydrochemical zone, water from springs is geochemically and isotopically different than water from wells. Geochemical data indicate that spring water generally interacts less with the surrounding rock and has a shorter residence time, probably as a result of flowing along discrete fractures and solution openings, than water from wells. Water type throughout most of the aquifer was calcium bicarbonate, indicating that carbonate‐rock dissolution is the primary geochemical process occurring in the aquifer. Concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen and tritium indicate that most ground water in the aquifer recharged rapidly and is relatively young (less than 40 years). In general, field‐measured properties, concentrations of many chemical constituents, and calcite saturation indices were greater in samples from the northern part of the aquifer (hydrochemical zone A) than in samples from the southern part of the aquifer (hydrochemical zone B). Factors affecting differences in the geochemical composition of ground water between the two zones are difficult to identify, but could be related to differences in chert content and possibly primary porosity, solubility of the limestone, and amount and type of cementation between zone A than in zone B. In addition, specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, concentrations of many chemical constituents and calcite saturation indices were greater in samples from wells than in samples from springs in each hydrochemical zone. In contrast, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nitrite plus nitrate, and chloride generally were greater in samples from springs than in samples from wells. Water from springs generally flows rapidly through large conduits with minimum water–rock interactions. Water from wells flow through small fractures, which restrict flow and increase water–rock interactions. As a result, springs tend to be more susceptible to surface contamination than wells. The results of this study have important implications for the geochemical and hydrogeological processes of similar carbonate aquifers in other geographical locations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

庐枞盆地浅表地壳速度成像与隐伏矿靶区预测

利用反射地震初至波可以精确反演地壳速度结构和构造信息.对庐枞盆地采集的高分辨地震数据,运用初至波层析成像方法,反演得到了该区1200 m以上的浅表地壳速度结构信息.找矿信息总是同地球化学异常联系紧密,对采集于炮孔深处的岩屑、泥砂样品进行了地球化学分析,发现了多处显著的金属元素异常.对五条测线的速度成像结果及其映射的地下岩性结构和炮孔地球化学分析结果进行了相关性对比分析.结果显示,庐枞盆地的沉积岩、火山岩和侵入岩具有不同的速度范围,侵入岩具有高波速特征,地球化学信息高异常往往出现在高速侵入岩体的上方;精细的速度信息蕴含着丰富的浅表地壳结构变化特征,与庐枞矿集区已知的地质、岩体、构造和矿体分布存在着良好的对应关系.速度成像结果可以准确刻画地下隐伏侵入岩体的空间分布形态,结合地球化学分析异常和重磁探测等信息,预测隐伏矿床,提供深部找矿靶区.     

Distribution, source and evolution of nitrate in a glacial till of southern Alberta, Canada

This paper addresses the distribution, origin and controls upon nitrate in a 30-km² area of the Interior Great Plains Region of southern Alberta, Canada. High concentrations of nitrate (> 100 mg l⁻¹ NO⁻₃-N) occurred in several isolated enclaves below the water table in brown weathered till. Nitrate concentrations of over 300 mg l⁻¹-N were encountered in groundwater samples collected from these enclaves. Low nitrate concentrations (< 1.1 mg l⁻¹ NO⁻₃-N) were also encountered in the weathered till upgradient and downgradient of the nitrate enclaves. Groundwater samples collected from the underlying grey nonweathered till and bedrock had NO⁻₃-N concentrations of < 1.1 mg l⁻¹.

Through the application of geochemical (NO⁻₃-N and NH⁺₄-N) studies, environmental isotope studies (tritium), microbial analyses (nitrifiers) and laboratory experiments, it was shown that the high nitrates found in the weathered till are the result of the oxidation of ammonium present within the tills. It is postulated that this oxidation occurred during the Holocene epoch when water tables were much lower than present-day levels (5–18 m, and 2 m below ground, respectively).

Through the use of Eh measurements, the enumeration of denitrifying bacteria and laboratory experiments, the potential for denitrification was shown to exist below the present-day water table in the weathered till as well as in the nonweathered till and bedrock. Isotopic data showed that less denitrification may be occurring within the nitrate enclaves than in adjacent downgradient areas.