垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染地下含水层及修复过程的三维动态监测实验

为实现垃圾填埋场渗滤液在地下含水层中动态扩散及污染层修复过程的实时监测,利用自行设计的三维电学观测系统开展了室内相关监测实验.实验表明渗滤液在含水层中的扩散过程会引起不同时期实测电剖面上低阻异常区的动态变化.对比分析这种变化特征可确定渗滤液扩散区的污染程度、扩散速度及扩散方向.在注水修复过程中,扩散区污染物含量的降低会引起对应区域实测视电阻率值的升高和异常区范围的变化.实验结果对于实现垃圾渗滤液污染地下含水层现状调查及动态监测具有重要意义.     

垃圾填埋场渗漏污染三维分布式电学监测系统研制及应用

垃圾填埋场建设期将电极传感器网状布设于防渗层下方,垃圾场启用后通过预设电极实现观测区自然电位和地下介质电阻率测试.对比不同时期实测自然电位和视电阻率剖面特征变化,确定垃圾场渗漏与否、渗漏点的位置、数量及渗滤液形成羽状体的空间分布和扩散过程.三维分布式电学监测系统就是基于上述理念设计研制的,包括采集站、供电控制器及传感器系统,可同时完成多个位置点电位测量.粉砂层中渗滤液扩散过程的原位三维电学监测结果显示渗滤液污染区呈现自然电位负异常和低阻特征,低阻异常区分布范围和实际污染区具有良好的对应关系,污染区扩散特征可通过分析低阻异常区变化来确定.     

物化探方法在隐伏活动断裂探测中综合研究——以安宁河秧财沟断裂为例

利用地球物理方法寻找隐伏活动断裂,是解决工程地质问题的重要方法手段之一.本文在综合分析、研究了隐伏活动断层物化探技术方法的基础上,优选高密度电阻率法、大地电磁测深和氡气测量等3种综合物化探方法技术组合,结合地质、钻探资料进行综合处理与解释,准确地对安宁河东支秧财沟隐伏活动断裂进行定位.物化探方法技术组合综合解释推断的结果与钻孔实际情况基本吻合,证明该方法组合能经济、快速、有效地确定隐伏活动断裂位置、深度和产状,为后期工程地质勘察提供技术支撑.本文首次提出安宁河东支断裂的地球物理勘探模式,为后期开展相关工作提供技术支撑.     

大地电磁法在阿苏卫填埋场地下水污染检测的应用研究

城市垃圾填埋引发的地下水污染是一个危及国计民生的大问题,对垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况进行有效探测已成为环境治理工作面临的一项紧迫任务.本文通过应用大地电磁法对阿苏卫垃圾填埋场地下水污染的检测研究,揭示出该地区地下电性结构和地下水污染区的电性特征,并通过引入模糊数学的隶属函数理论,给出了地下水污染划分的量化指标,清晰、直观地显示出阿苏卫垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况.     

瞬变电磁法理论与应用研究进展

对国内外瞬变电磁法的方法研究概况、理论研究、仪器状况以及在应用领域的研究进展情况做出了综述性评价.瞬变电磁法的理论研究主要涉及正演方法、反演方法、资料处理方法.瞬变电磁法的应用领域包括地面、海洋、航空以及地下等不同工作场地.同时指出瞬变电磁法的发展趋势为研究三维正反演、多分量观测、成像技术、微信号分析等,以及注重发展海洋、井下、航空瞬变电磁法等.     

生活垃圾渗滤液污染砂土电阻率变化机制实验研究

为探讨含水多孔介质被垃圾渗滤液污染后的电阻率模型,实现基于土体电阻率的污染物量化分析,以不同粒径组成、不同初始含水量三种渗滤液污染砂土为样本进行了电阻率测试,基于实验结果对污染砂土电阻率变化机制进行了分析.结果显示污染砂土电阻率普遍随渗滤液侵入量增大呈指数降低;和相同含水程度未污染土相比,污染土电阻率值更低,降低幅度随初始含水量增大而减小.渗滤液污染导致的孔液电阻率变小、孔隙水含量增大是导电性增强的主导因素,与此同时污染过程也存在导致土体导电性降低的因素,降低因子受土的类型和初始含水量控制.涵盖这些因素的Archie型公式可作为渗滤液污染土的电性基本式,进而可利用这个基本式实现土体中污染物含量的量化分析.     

金伯利岩的物化探异常特征及勘探方法

金伯利岩是金刚石的成矿母岩之一.金伯利岩的分布严格受断裂构造控制,矿体呈管状、脉状,具有成群、结带分布的特征;它具有磁性强、电阻率低、微量元素Cr、Ni 、Nb含量高的特征.地表物化探异常多为椭圆状、条带状且与断裂构造共生.综合物化探异常与矿体吻合较好;金伯利岩岩体形状空间分布与围岩的物性差别,决定了异常大小强弱、反映明显程度; Cr、Ni 、Nb的元素异常范围与金伯利岩管（脉）的形状有直接的对应关系.有针对性选用综合物化探方法、采用合适的测网寻找金伯利岩是行之有效的.     

国内外单位建筑物震害预测方法研究述评

国内外单体建筑物的震害预测方法包括历史震害统计法、专家评估法、模糊类比法、半经验半理论法、结构理论计算方法和动态分析法。本首先对国内外单体建筑物震害的预测方法进行了研究论述，然后探讨了各种方法的优缺点。     

垃圾填埋场动力稳定机理及稳定分析研究现状与进展

简述国内外在垃圾填埋场动力稳定机理及稳定分析方面的研究现状与最新进展，包括：1．垃圾土（MSW）与接触面的属性参数；2．垃圾土的本构模型；3．填埋场动力分析方法。     

地震波有限差分数值模拟框架下的起伏地表处理方法综述

本文查阅了近30年来国内外关于有限差分方法模拟近地表复杂介质方面的文献,分析了在有限差分法框架下复杂地表地形起伏问题的处理及实现方法.总结了地震波有限差分数值模拟方面的成果.复杂地表类型很多,对地震资料的影响程度也不尽相同,要想完全描述近地表影响因素是不可能的,而关键的问题就是自由边界条件方程的处理.所有处理及实现方法中不外两种:直接法(局部)和间接(全局)法.文中列出的方法,各有特点.我们的目的是寻找合适的方法解决适合的问题.     

Options for the Treatment and Management of Municipal Landfill Leachate: Common and Specific Issues

This paper aims to explore information from the literature for emphasizing the state‐of‐the art and progress in landfill leachate generation, fate and migration, and treatment. Leachate composition is discussed in terms of types of waste disposed and the processes occurring within landfill. The focus is also on potential pathways of environmental contamination by leachate, which may increase environmental and human health risk. The analysis addresses the opportunity and support for decision making concerning alternatives for leachate management and treatment. Advantages and limitations of treatment methods and processes are discussed considering leachate transfer, physico‐chemical methods, biodegradation, and combined methods.     

Statistical Comparison of Leachate from Hazardous, Codisposal, and Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

There has been considerable debate regarding the chemical characterization of landfill leachate in general and the comparison of various types of landfill leachate (e.g., hazardous, codisposal, and municipal) in particular. For example, the preamble to the U.S. EPA Subtitle D regulation (40 CFR Parts 257 and 258) suggests that there are no significant differences between the number and concentration of toxic constituents in hazardous versus municipal solid waste landfill leachate. The purpose of this paper is to statistically test this hypothesis in a large leachate database comprising 1490 leachate samples from 283 sample points (i.e., monitoring location such as a leachate sump) in 93 landfill waste cells (i.e., a section of a facility that took a specific waste slream or collection of similar waste streams) from 48 sites with municipal, codisposal, or hazardous waste site histories. Results of the analysis reveal clear differention between landfill leachate types, both in terms of constituents detected and their concentrations. The result of the analysis is a classification function that can estimate the probability that new leachate or ground water sample was produced by the disposal of municipal, codisposal, or hazardous waste. This type of computation is illustrated, and applications of the model to Superfund cost-allocation problems are discussed.     

Landfill Leachate Treatment: A Case Study for Istanbul City

One of the most important problems arising from landfilling solid wastes is the leachate which contains high amount of pollution. Discharge of leachate without treatment causes negative effects on environmental and public health. In this study, parameters of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄‐N), and total phosphorus (TP) were examined in the samples taken from the influent and effluent of leachate treatment plant, where Odayeri landfill leachate is treated. Obtained results showed that the treatment plant, which consisted of preanoxic biological treatment system, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) units were operating with high efficiency. Among the examined parameters during study, COD, TN, NH₄‐N, and TP were found to be treated at the rate of 99, 94.5, 99, and 93.8%, respectively. Landfilling is increasing rapidly in the world and this consequently brings the need of leachate treatment facilities. Therefore, this study is considered to be a guide for construction and operation stages of proposed new treatment plants.     

Elements in Cottonwood Trees as an Indicator of Ground Water Contaminated by Landfill Leachate

Ground water at the Norman Landfill Research Site is contaminated by a leachate plume emanating from a closed, unlined landfill formerly operated by the city of Norman, Oklahoma, Ground water contaminated by the leachate plume is known to be elevated in the concentration of many, organic and inorganic constituents. Specific conductance, alkalinity, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, boron, sodium, strontium, and deuterium in ground water are considered to be indicators of the leachate plume at this site.
Leaf samples of broad-leafed cottonwood, Populus deltoides , were collected from 57 sites around the closed landfill. Cottonwood, a phreatophyte or "well plant," functions as a & surrogate well and serves as a ground water quality sampler. The leaf samples were combusted to ash and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation for 35 elements and by prompt-gamma instrumental neutron activation, for boron. A monitoring well was located within a few meters of a sampled cottonwood tree at 15 of the 57 sites, and ground water samples were collected from these monitoring wells simultaneously with a leaf sample. The chemical analyses of the ground water and leaf samples from these 15 sites indicated that boron, bromine, sodium, and strontium concentrations in leaves were significantly correlated with leachate indicator constituents in ground water. A point-plot map of selected percentiles indicated high concentrations of boron, bromine, and sodium in leaf ash from sites downgradient of the most recent landfill and from older landfills nearby.
Data from leaf analysis greatly extended the known areal extent of the leachate plume previously determined from a network of monitoring wells and geophysical surveys. This phytosgeochemical study provided a cost-effective method for assessing the extent of a leachate plume from an old landfill. Such a method may be useful as a preliminary sampling tool to guide the design of hydrogeochemical and geophysical studies.     

Bioattenuation in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate traced with δ13C

The impact on groundwater imparted by the infiltration of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate from capped, unlined landfills can be attenuated by biogeochemical reactions beyond the waste source, although such reactive loss in the aquifer is difficult to distinguish from conservative advective dispersion. Compound-specific measurement of δ(13)C in carbon species, including CH(4), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and the major DOC compounds (acetate, humic acid, and fulvic acid) provides a constraint in this assessment that can assist in exercises of modeling and prediction of leachate transport. The Trail Road municipal landfill near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, hosts an unlined sector which produces a highly enriched leachate (DOC >4500 mg/L) that provides a good site to examine reactive attenuation within the receptor aquifer. Acetate, a sentinel component of leachate DOC (~1000 mg C/L), is absent in impacted groundwater. Mass balance calculations together with reaction modeling suggest continued acetate fermentation with calcite control on DIC and δ(13)C(DIC) evolution. In groundwater within 50 m of the landfill, methane concentrations are elevated (~10 mg/L), consistent with acetate fermentation, whereas δ(13)C(CH4) measurements in deeper groundwater range down to -51‰ compared with -60‰ in the landfill demonstrating oxidative loss. DOC in the deep aquifer is remarkably depleted to values less than -40‰ suggesting methanotrophic bacteria selectively consume isotopically light CH(4) to fix carbon. Continued reaction of leachate DOC in groundwater is demonstrated by evolution away from conservative mixing lines on diagrams of δ(13)C vs. concentrations of DIC and DOC.     

Risk-Based Engineering Design for a Landfill Leachate Collection and Liner System

A methodology is used to identify the tradeoffs between costs and exposure risk associated with landfill leachate collection and low permeable systems. The results are useful in demonstrating the point at which additional levels of sophistication in design of a leachate/liner system do not produce significant reductions of exposure risk. The case study application to the Durham Regional landfill demonstrates that clay liner hydraulic conductivity is the parameter with the largest influence on the risk of exceedance at the point of compliance. When the underlying clay is more permeable, there is a significant merit associated with use of a QA/QC program.     

Detection of Contaminant Plumes by Borehole Geophysical Logging

Two borehole geophysical methods—electromagnetic induction and natural gamma radiation logs—were used to vertically delineate landfill leachate plumes in a glacial aquifer. Geophysical logs of monitoring wells near two land-fills in a glacial aquifer in west-central Vermont show that borehole geophysical methods can aid in interpretation of geologic logs and placement of monitoring well screens to sample landfill leachate plumes.
Zones of high electrical conductance were delineated from the electromagnetic log in wells near two landfills. Some of these zones were found to correlate with silt and clay units on the basis of drilling and gamma logs. Monitoring wells were screened specifically in zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit. Zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit were caused by the presence of ground water with a high specific conductance, generally from 1000 to 2370 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). Ambient ground water in the study area has a specific conductance of approximately 200 to 400 μS/cm. Landfill leachate plumes were found to be approximately 5 to 20 feet thick and to be near the water table surface.     

Characterization of a dismissed landfill via electrical resistivity tomography and mise-à-la-masse method

Electrical resistivity methods are widely used for environmental applications, and they are particularly useful for the characterization and monitoring of sites where the presence of contamination requires a thorough understanding of the location and movement of water, that can act as a carrier of solutes. One such application is landfill studies, where the strong electrical contrasts between waste, leachate and surrounding formations make electrical methods a nearly ideal tool for investigation. In spite of the advantages, however, electrical investigation of landfills poses also challenges, both logistical and interpretational. This paper presents the results of a study conducted on a dismissed landfill, close to the city of Corigliano d'Otranto, in the Apulia region (Southern Italy). The landfill is located in an abandoned quarry, that was subsequently re-utilized about thirty years ago as a site for urban waste disposal. The waste was thought to be more than 20 m thick, and the landfill bottom was expected to be confined with an HDPE (high-density poli-ethylene) liner. During the digging operations performed to build a nearby new landfill, leachate was found, triggering an in-depth investigation including also non-invasive methods. The principal goal was to verify whether the leachate is indeed confined, and to what extent, by the HDPE liner. We performed both surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and mise-à-la-masse (MALM) surveys, facing the severe challenges posed by the rugged terrain of the abandoned quarry complex. A conductive body, probably associated with leachate, was found as deep as 40 m below the current landfill surface i.e. at a depth much larger than the expected 20 m thickness of waste. Given the logistical difficulties that limit the geometry of acquisition, we utilized synthetic forward modeling in order to confirm/dismiss interpretational hypotheses emerging from the ERT and MALM results. This integration between measurements and modeling helped narrow the alternative interpretations and strengthened the confidence in results, confirming the effectiveness of non-invasive methods in landfill investigation and the importance of modeling in the interpretation of geophysical results.