试论断层封堵分析技术在油气地质勘探中的应用

油气地质勘探是寻找油田的重要工作,利用断层封堵技术源于20世纪70年代初,结合三维地震资料以及工作站联合研究,大大推进了断层控制油气的研究。本文主要通过断层封堵分析技术,论述其在油气地质勘探中的应用。     

京西北蔚县-广灵半地堑盆地南缘断裂带的断层生长研究

通过高分辨率遥感影像解译、高分辨率DEM三维分析、野外地质地貌调查以及探槽开挖等方法,对蔚县-广灵盆地南缘断裂带上多处断层生长发育的现象进行了分析和研究.结果发现,断层的生长发育主要发生在几何结构不规则的区段,亦即断层的生长是由其几何结构不规则性决定的.这种不规则性主要包括几何形态的不平滑性或不连续性.断层的生长发育具...     

开发地震构造建模技术的研究方法

某油田已注水开发40年,高井网密度条件下仍对某些微构造、断层认识不足。运用三维地震解释资料与开发井资料解释两项技术结合,优势互补,相互验证,形成了一套开发地震可视化构造建模技术,应用该项技术显著提高了断层的首尾部延伸、复杂断裂带断层的组合关系、无井断点控制的小断层识别精度,对油田特高含水期提高钻井成功率、油田精细调整挖潜具有重要意义。     

利用跨断层资料研究首都圈地区断层活动特征及地震危险性

本文针对首都圈的跨断层形变资料（1984-2016年）,利用11个场地的基线和水准观测资料,计算了断层三维活动量,以此来分析首都圈断层现今的活动特征。同时计算了断层形变协调比序列,分析其与首都圈中强地震的关系。结果表明:首都圈的断层活动有明显的区域特征,受张家口-渤海断裂带影响的西北地区的断层以左旋张性活动为主,而中部和东部断层表现为右旋压性特征。断层协调比结果显示在首都圈及其邻区出现中强地震前后,协调比会出现发散现象,这种现象可以作为今后首都圈及邻近地区中强地震危险性分析的一种依据。     

基于断层运动和应力演化分析断层强震危险程度的研究进展

震间断层强震危险性研究是地震中长期预测中的基础科学问题, 其中断层运动及应力演化的研究对认识地震的孕育发生、 破裂过程具有重要意义, 为地震危险性分析提供科学依据。 本文首先回顾了震间断层运动模型的理论研究进展; 其次, 简略地回顾了断层不均匀性和断层摩擦定律的研究历程, 论述了确定摩擦参数、 圈定凹凸体的发展趋势与研究动态, 并阐述了基于断层不均匀性和断层摩擦定律的强震过程数值模拟的应用; 最后, 论述了基于断层运动和应力演化分析断层中长期强震危险程度的应用, 并叙述了与地震短期、 临震预测密切相关的断层运动成核过程。     

滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度与断层错距的统计关系

本文以非粘土断层泥带宽度与断层错距在断层(带)发育中期线性相关的实验结果为依据,对滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度(W)与断层错距(D)的关系作了统计分析,目的在于建立一种从断层破碎带几何特征反演断层背景位移的新方法。通过对该区中等发育程度的33条断层48组样本的统计,得到相关性较好的D=18.5W的经验关系式,同时还就这一关系式的适用范围及影响因素进行了分析讨论。应用D—W关系,确定了直线型的剑川断裂中北段的背景位移分布,并提出断层的背景位移分布可作为断层分段的一个重要指标。     

北京黄庄—高丽营断层,八宝山断层中段活动性综合研究

在黄庄－高丽营断层及八宝山断层中段布设了监测断层活动性的水淮、短边测距、重力、地磁等的共点同步观测网，分析了各观测量的时空分布及相互关系。研究认为，黄庄－高丽营断层处于应变能积累的闭锁状态；八宝山断层处于蠕动或旷动的状态；应用形变及重磁手段共点同步综合监测断层活动性，可以获得断层活动的微动态的丰富信息。     

华北地区跨断层流动形变监测场地优化初探

首先分析了华北地区跨断层流动形变监测场地布测现状及监测效能,继而依据跨断层流动形变测量规范及监测的可控性、均匀性、目的性以及监测场地监测效能等,结合该区域断裂活动及地震活动性研究结果,给出华北地区跨断层流动形变监测场地拟优化布设结果。该优化布设结果消除了华北地区跨断层流动形变网监测地震活动盲区,有助于提高该区跨断层流动形变网监测地震活动能力。     

措勤地区活动断层构造特征

青藏高原自然环境恶劣,地震台网分布稀疏,基于ETM数据,对措勤地区活动断层构造进行了解泽,并建立了活动断层构造框架。通过分析活动断层与地震活动性的关系,指出措勤地区活动断层的活动性对青藏高原地震研究有着重要的意义。     

滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度与为断层错距的统计关系

本文对非粘土断层泥带宽度与断层错距在断层（带）发育中期线性相关的实验结果为依据，对滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度（Ｗ）与断层错距（Ｄ）的关系作了统计分析，目的在于建立一种从断层破碎带几何特征反演断层背景位移的新方法。通过对该区中等发育程度的３３条断层４８组样本的统计，得到相关性较好的Ｄ＝１８．５Ｗ的经验关系式，同时还就这一关系式的适用范围及影响因素进行了分析讨论。应用Ｄ－Ｗ关系，确定了直线型的剑川断裂中     

磁县大名断层分段特征及活动性

根据邯郸市活断层探测的最新资料,结合野外调查和石油地质的研究成果,对磁县—大名断层的分段性进行了研究;根据探槽开挖及测年结果的分析,对其活动性进行了讨论。研究结果显示,磁县—大名断层从东向西可分为3段:大名—临漳段、磁县—峰峰段和南山村—岔口段,3段呈左阶展布。研究表明:磁县—峰峰段晚更新世以来没有活动的证据;西段活动性较强;大名—临漳段沿线有多次中强震发生,其活动性有待进一步研究。由于上覆沉积层的影响,磁县—峰峰段未见明显的地表破裂带,因沉积物厚度逐渐减薄而表现为上断点由东向西逐渐变浅,在南山村—岔口段表现为明显的地表破裂带。     

Alteration and mass transfer inferred from the Hirabayashi GSJ drill penetrating the Nojima Fault, Japan

Abstract Mineralogical and geochemical studies on the fault rocks from the Nojima–Hirabayashi borehole, south-west Japan, are performed to clarify the alteration and mass transfer in the Nojima Fault Zone at shallow depths. A complete sequence from the hornblende–biotite granodiorite protolith to the fault core can be observed without serious disorganization by surface weathering. The parts deeper than 426.2 m are in the fault zone where rocks have suffered fault-related deformation and alteration. Characteristic alteration minerals in the fault zone are smectite, zeolites (laumontite, stilbite), and carbonate minerals (calcite and siderite). It is inferred that laumontite veins formed at temperatures higher than approximately 100°C during the fault activity. A reverse component in the movement of the Nojima Fault influences the distribution of zeolites. Zeolite is the main sealing mineral in relatively deep parts, whereas carbonate is the main sealing mineral at shallower depths. Several shear zones are recognized in the fault zone. Intense alteration is localized in the gouge zones. Rock chemistry changes in a different manner between different shear zones in the fault zone. The main shear zone (MSZ), which corresponds to the core of the Nojima Fault, shows increased concentration of most elements except Si, Al, Na, and K. However, a lower shear zone (LSZ-2), which is characterized by intense alteration rather than cataclastic deformation, shows a decreased concentration of most elements including Ti and Zr. A simple volume change analysis based on Ti and Zr immobility, commonly used to examine the changes in fault rock chemistry, cannot account fully for the different behaviors of Ti and Zr among the two gouge zones.     

地震地质综合解释在辽河油田东部凹陷中段构造解释的应用

地震资料解释一个地区时综合使用地震和地质资料非常重要。作者在辽河油田东部凹陷的构造解释中,首先,利用野外观察到的地质构造现象, 建立地质露头模型;然后根据典型露头照片所示的构造特征对断层进行组合和构造解释;进而结合地震剖面特征分析油气的运移、聚集和成藏特征。通过地震地质综合解释的研究,推断出研究区内的走滑断层为油气的主控因素,走滑断层发育地区为油气富集的有利地带,同时对黄沙坨和欧利坨子油田的构造样式以及和油气之间关系进行了分析和研究。     

The application of seismic-geological integrated interpretation in the eastern depression of the Liaohe oil field

It is very important to comprehensively interpret areal seismic data with geological data in a research area. For the structural interpretations in the middle depression of the eastern basin of Liaohe oilfield, we first analyze and study geological phenomena on outcrop pictures collected in the field and establish geological outcrop models. Second, we make fault and structural interpretations based on the structural characteristics of the outcrop pictures. Third, we analyze the migration, accumulation, and formation of oil and gas using characteristics of seismic profiles. By geologic and geophysical comprehensive interpretation, it is inferred that, in the research area, the dominant factor controlling oil and gas accumulation is strike-slip faults. Structural modes and the relationship of the oil and gas in the Huangshatuo and Oulituozi oil fields are also analyzed and investigated.     

新疆库尔勒活动断裂和断层破裂段探讨

新疆南疆重镇库尔勒市及附近地区，至少分布着９条颇具规模的活动断裂。尤其斜切库尔勒市区北部的库尔勒断裂，新活动十分强烈。库尔勒断裂东段与兴地断裂西段很可能是连通的一条地震破裂段，两者均存在着丰富的多期次古地震事件的遗迹，为较稳定的断层“破裂单元”。该破裂段上现代地震活动异常平静，但发现了明显的蠕滑错开形迹。这种地震的发生与断层滑动不协调现象，说明断层运动受到了抑制，能量在某处得以积累，有酿成大震的条件和危险。     

Petrophysical study of faults in sandstone using petrographic image analysis and X-ray computerized tomography

Petrographic image analysis (PIA) and X-ray computerized tomography (CT) provide local determinations of porosity in sandstone. We have investigated small faults called deformation bands in porous sandstones using these techniques. Because the petrophysical properties of the fault rock vary at a small scale (mm scale), the ability of PIA and CT to determine porosity in small volumes of rock and to map porosity distribution in two and three dimensions is crucial. This information is used to recognize the processes involved in fault development and the different kinds of microstructures associated with dilatancy and compaction. The petrophysical study of fault rock in sandstone permits one to make predictions of the hydraulic properties of a fault and thereby evaluate the sealing or fluid transmitting characteristics of faulted reservoirs and aquifers. The results of this study indicate that faulting in sandstone alters the original porosity and permeability of the host rock: the porosity is reduced by an order of magnitude and the permeability is reduced by one to more than seven orders of magnitude for faults associated with compaction.     

念青唐古拉山南东麓断层的初步研究

念青唐古拉山南东麓断层位于尼木、当雄、谷露一带,长240km,总体走向NE,倾向SE,由力学性质、运动方式不同的三大段构成。晚第四纪以来,该断层强烈活动,目前能比较确定的活动次数至少有6—7次;断层切断一系列地质、地貌体,留下了丰富的位移现象;晚第四纪以来,平均水平滑动速率4.2mm/a、垂直滑动速率3.5mm/a。沿断层观察到多次古地震和历史地震的地表破裂;现今地震震中主要位于该断层附近,等震线的长轴方向也与该断层的走向一致。表明该断层是青藏高原内部一条强烈活动的发震断层。     

断裂带首波研究进展

断裂带首波是沿着存在物性差异界面传播的一种地震折射波,在传播过程中携带了断裂带的重要信息,对分析和研究断裂带以及附近区域的精细结构提供了一种新的分析方法。本文主要阐述断裂带首波的产生原理、波形特征、识别及分析方法等,介绍目前国际上识别及利用断裂带首波开展断裂带特征方面的研究现状,并针对地震危险区域存在物性差异的断裂带,提出可结合密集台阵观测技术,利用断裂带首波进行断裂带精细结构探测及其变化监测研究,提高潜在孕震环境及发生机理的认识水平。     

The special sealing mechanism of caprock for Quaternary biogenetic gas in Sanhu area,Qaidam Basin,China

The Quaternary biogenetic gas reservoirs in the east of Qaidam Basin have many characteristics such as late forming time,shallow burial depth,low diagenetic grade,high porosity and high permeability and so on.It cannot be considered as caprock according to the traditional evaluation criterion.However, the large scale and high efficient biogenetic gas reservoirs of the Qaidam Basin are really formed under these kinds of caprocks,so it does have some specialty in its sealing mechanism.Aiming at the special sealing mechanism,some simulating experiments have been done.The research results show that the sealing ability of biogenetic gas caprock is related with water saturation,the caprock that is saturated with salt water can effectively block seepage and diffusion.Furthermore,the multiple reservoir-caprock groups have accumulated sealing effect,causing the formation of big gas fields.The evaluation method with traditional caprock parameters cannot be adopted in evaluating the study area.     

土壤氡对郯庐断裂宿迁段F5断裂探测和活动性的研究

郯庐断裂带宿迁段多年来一直被列为江苏地震重点关注区域。在该区域展开了多期活断层探测和工程地震安全性评价工作,地震监测已经建成了测震、形变、电磁、流体等多种手段。用气体地球化学方法开展相关研究,探索活动断层运动和地震发生之间的相互关系,是对该地区地震科学研究的一种补充,其有着十分重要的意义。沿郯庐断裂带宿迁段F₅断裂布设土壤氡测线并获得相关数据,结合地质勘察、浅层人工地震等资料进行综合分析,结果表明该区域内土壤氡探测结果对断裂带的位置、断层类型和特征、断层活动性具有较好的指示性。土壤氡探测展示F₅断裂两条分支断裂F_5-1、F_5-2的位置,氡浓度异常形态与断层特征存在一定的对应关系,并利用土壤氡浓度强度为指标,初步判断郯庐断裂带宿迁段F₅断裂2条分支断裂的相对活动性。