Simplified analytical solution for point load acting behind a cantilever wall

The analysis of earth pressure resulting from an applied point load behind a retaining wall is to be carried out in three dimensions as the earth pressure distribution varies both in vertical and horizontal directions. In this research, the semi‐empirical expressions developed by Terzaghi [Trans. ASCE 1954; 119 ] for earth pressure due to point load are integrated and a correction factor is introduced to develop equivalent equations for two‐dimensional analyses. A new parameter referred to as the design width, which is the horizontal distance retained by the individual vertical retaining element is introduced. The used procedure and the resulted equations are tested and verified by adopting different design width values covering the practical range. The resulted equations together with the semi‐empirical expressions of earth pressure due to line load developed by Terzaghi [Trans. ASCE 1954; 119 ] can be easily used for two‐dimensional analysis of the effect of point load. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑摩擦条件下临近既有建筑物的有限土体土压力上限解

针对现有刚性挡土墙与支护结构工程有限土体土压力研究大都基于墙背光滑的假定,本文考虑挡土墙与填土之间及建（构）筑物与填土间的摩擦作用,挡土墙背倾角及填土顶面竖向荷载的影响,引入极限分析上限理论进行研究。根据临近建（构）筑物有限宽度土体的工程特性,基于平动模式采用直线滑动破裂面,在土压力上限求解中引入粗糙挡土墙及粗糙建（构）筑物与土界面间的摩擦能耗计算,分别建立有限宽度土体在主动极限状态和被动极限状态下的土压力计算模型,并利用数值计算方法求解。通过对有限土体主动土压力进行参数分析,表明极限破裂角是一个不确定角,其随着计算深度增大而非线性增大,随有限土体宽度和挡土墙背倾角增大而减小;主动土压力合力随墙土间外摩擦角、挡土墙背倾角及超载增大而增大,墙土间外摩擦角对极限破裂角影响较小,而对土压力合力影响较大。通过工程算例分析并与其它方法计算结果进行对比,表明有限土体主动土压力和被动土压力均小于无限土体土压力。     

悬臂式围护桩受力性状与土压力试验研究

为研究悬臂式围护桩结构的受力性状和土压力分布特点,结合西宁火车站改造工程,对该深基坑支护结构在不同开挖工况条件下,悬臂桩的受力性状与内力传递特征进行动态的现场试验。试验结果表明：悬臂桩的受力特征与理论值有所差异,在实际设计中,可对其在配筋方式、混凝土设计、嵌固段长度等方面进行优化,实测土压力小于朗肯土压力,与经典土压力理论有显著区别。该试验结果可以有效优化桩身设计,为软岩基坑支护结构在开挖过程中的受力及变形提供理参考性依据。     

填土相对密实度对加筋土挡墙的影响研究

自加筋土出现以来,由面板、筋材、填土组成的加筋土挡墙被广泛研究并应于道路、铁路等土建工程中。填土的压实对加筋土挡墙的变形、土压力及筋材拉力等影响显著。为研究填土相对密实度对加筋土挡墙的影响,进行了3组不同相对密实度的离心模型试验,通过试验数据分析得到以下结论：相对密实度越大,墙体变形越小,特别是加载期变形量;压实可增大面板附近土体约束,使水平土压力大于设计值;试验挡墙设计较保守,筋材填土界面摩擦系数小于设计值;筋材面板之间连接拉力分析表明,连接拉力实测值小于测试土压力。     

非线性破坏准则对主动土压力的影响

本文采用非线性破坏准则分析和确定了刚性挡土墙主动土压力大小和滑动面位置。首先应用“切线法”引入了变量 和 ,然后运用迭代法计算得出对应于不同潜在滑动面上的 和 值,再运用广义库仑土压力理论求解主动土压力大小。其中对应于最大主动土压力的滑动面即为最危险滑动面,此时的所求即为主动土压力。通过与采用线性Mohr－Coulomb破坏准则下的研究结果比较得出,采用非线性破坏准则确定刚性挡土墙主动土压力更加符合实际工程,结果更加准确,而采用线性Mohr－Coulomb破坏准则计算的主动土压力结果偏小,在实际工程设计中偏于不安全。     

预应力锚杆柔性支护喷射混凝土面层上的土压力

针对锚喷支护设计中面层土压力计算模式存在的问题,以预应力锚杆柔性支护技术为研究对象,假定锚杆间的土拱为二维平面拱,推导出了一种作用在喷射混凝土面层上的土压力计算方法,得到了面层土压力的分布曲线。分析土体黏聚力 、内摩擦角 、外摩擦角 和锚杆水平间距 对面层土压力的影响,并与简仓法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明, 越小,面层土压力越大,且简仓法计算值明显小于文中计算值; 对面层土压力最大值无影响;面层土压力最大值与 成正比; 对面层土压力也有明显影响,在实际工程设计中,不应忽略 对减小面层土压力的贡献。最后给出了计算面层上的土压力简化公式。     

多年冻土地区L型挡土墙土压力(冻胀力)的分析与试验

为适应多年冻土区土体冻胀过程所产生的较大变形的特性, 缩短施工进程, 减少扰动时间, 在青藏铁路格拉段选择了一个试验工点进行了L型悬臂挡墙的初步验证性试验研究. 通过对L型挡墙的受力模式分析, 确定了对粗颗粒填料不考虑冻胀力的土压力设计控制值. 通过与现场实测土压力分布规律的对比, 探讨了土压力与冻胀力的关系.     

互锚式薄壁挡土墙影响因素分析

针对日益增多的高填方路堤,提出了一种新型的挡土墙结构--互锚式薄壁挡土墙,它具有成本低廉、结构合理、施工方便的特点,有利于保护环境,具有广泛地应用前景。在现场测试的基础上进行有限元分析,总结出拉筋应力、侧向土压力、侧向位移等指标的可能影响因素,为这种新结构的设计及优化提供了理论依据。     

青藏铁路L型挡土墙土压力的试验与分析

Considering the only retaining structure L-type retaining wall used in Golmud-Lhasa section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the earth pressure and frost-heaving force was tested in a frost-thaw circle for one year, and several different analysis models were studied. Compared with site test and theory analysis, it was found that the actual earth pressure is much larger than the designed earth pressure. Hence,a revised analysis model of earth pressure is put forward, which could include another possible force except slide triangle or frost heaving force. The model in this paper is only consider the thrust force other than failure sliding wedge. This model could be used as reference for the design and construction of similar projects.     

考虑挡墙位移效应的被动侧土压力计算方法

挡土结构上土压力的计算是土力学和岩土工程领域的基本研究课题之一。实际工程中的土压力通常是介于主动土压力和被动土压力之间的某一值,墙后填土由于碾压具有较高的密实度。经典的朗肯和库仑土压力理论只能计算极限状态下的土压力,没有考虑挡墙的位移以及剪切过程中密砂的强度从峰值强度降低到残余强度这一强度变化特性对于土压力的影响。给出了考虑挡墙位移效应的被动侧土压力计算方法,该方法能够同时考虑剪切过程中密砂的强度从峰值强度降低为残余强度这一强度变化特性对被动土压力的影响。通过土压力模型试验结果对计算方法进行了初步验证,计算结果和试验结果吻合较好,表明了该方法的有效性。     

不同面板形式加筋土挡墙结构特性现场试验研究

以成昆铁路复线加筋土挡墙为工程依托进行现场原位试验,对比分析工后9个月内新型整体式面板、内嵌返包结构的模块式面板和模块式面板3类加筋土挡墙的结构特性。在此期间发生两次地震,监测了震后挡墙变形及土压力变化。结果表明:整体式面板加筋土挡墙整体稳定性最好,具有良好的抗震性能,格栅应变变化率、墙体压缩量和墙面水平位移均最小。整体式面板和模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈M型,内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈倒S型。整体式面板加筋土挡墙的侧向土压力系数沿墙高变化较小,小于美国联邦公路局(FHWA)加筋设计指南计算值;内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数沿墙高呈增大的趋势,挡墙中、下部小于FHWA计算值,上部接近或大于静止土压力系数;模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数大部分处在FHWA计算值与静止土压力系数之间。3类挡墙土工格栅应变沿墙高均呈非线性变化。挡墙墙体压缩量随着时间的增加逐渐增加,在工后前50 d时间内增加速率较快,随后增加速率减缓,进入雨季之后增加速率再次增大。发生地震后,3类加筋土挡墙均出现不同程度的墙背土压力减小、格栅应变增大、墙体压缩量增加和墙面板外移的现象。     

改进的主动土压力计算方法

墙背土压力分布与挡土墙的位移大小和转动模式密切相关。针对绕墙底向外转动的刚性挡土墙,基于土压力形成机制的分析及已有的研究成果,建立挡土墙位移与墙背土体内摩擦角发挥值之间的关系式,反映了墙背土体内摩擦角随着挡土墙位移的增加而渐进发挥的过程。在此基础上,提出一种改进的考虑位移影响的主动土压力计算方法。计算结果表明,随着挡土墙位移的增大,墙背土压力由静止土压力逐步减小。当挡土墙位移达到临界值后,相应的墙背土压力均收敛于库仑主动土压力。墙底背面土压力也是随着挡土墙位移的增长而逐步收敛于库仑主动土压力。与模型试验结果对比表明,理论计算值与试验实测值基本吻合。     

Pseudo-dynamic methods for seismic passive earth pressure behind a cantilever retaining wall with inclined backfill

The designing of retaining walls requires the complete knowledge of earth pressure distribution. Under earthquake conditions the design needs special attention to reduce the devastating effect, but under seismic conditions, the available literature mostly uses the pseudo-static analytical solution as an approximate to the real dynamic nature of the complex problem. This paper shows a detailed study on the seismic passive earth thrust behind a cantilever retaining wall with inclined backfill surface by pseudo-dynamic analysis. A planar failure surface has been considered. The effect of variation of parameters such as soil friction angle, wall friction angle and back fill inclination have been explored. A complete analysis shows that the time dependent non-linear behaviour of the pressure distribution obtained in the present method results in more realistic design values of earth pressures under earthquake conditions. Results are provided in tabular and graphical non-dimensional form and compared thoroughly with the existing values in the literature.     

New Method to Compute Seismic Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Wall Considering Seismic Waves

In earthquake prone areas, calculation of seismic active earth pressure on retaining wall is very important. Analytical methods till date for computation of seismic active earth pressure do not consider the effect of Rayleigh wave though it constitutes about 67 % of the total seismic energy. In this paper a new dynamic approach is proposed by considering all possible seismic waves viz. primary, shear and Rayleigh waves for estimation of seismic active earth pressure on rigid retaining wall by satisfying all the boundary conditions. Limit equilibrium method is used for estimation of optimised seismic active earth pressure for a rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill with critical combinations of seismic accelerations. The seismic influence zone obtained in this study is about 22 and 17 % larger when compared with available pseudo-static and pseudo-dynamic methods respectively, which indicates the significant effect of Rayleigh wave. Also, there is an increase of about 14 and 6 % in seismic active earth pressure coefficient when the present results are typically compared with pseudo-static and pseudo-dynamic methods respectively. Moreover present results compare well with the available experimental results. Present results are more critical for the design estimation of seismic active earth pressure by considering all major seismic waves as proposed in the new dynamic approach.     

Pseudo-dynamic approach of seismic active earth pressure behind retaining wall

Knowledge of seismic active earth pressure behind rigid retaining wall is very important in the design of retaining wall in earthquake prone region. Commonly used Mononobe-Okabe method considers pseudo-static approach, which gives the linear distribution of seismic earth pressure in an approximate way. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the distribution of seismic active earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill in more realistic manner by considering time and phase difference within the backfill. Planar rupture surface is considered in the analysis. Effects of a wide range of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity and horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on seismic active earth pressure have been studied. Results are provided in tabular and graphical non-dimensional form with a comparison to pseudo-static method to highlight the realistic non-linearity of seismic active earth pressures distribution.     

Earth pressure distribution behind rigid non-yielding walls under the effect of repeated loading on backfill

One of the most important factors in optimized design of non-yielding retaining walls like basement walls and bridge abutments is to determine the exact variation of earth pressure acting on such walls. In this paper, the distribution of at rest earth pressure behind a laboratory model of a fixed and rigid retaining wall with a cohesionless dry backfill is measured under the effect of static and repeated loads. The same conditions of the experimental model are then simulated numerically with a two-dimensional finite-difference analysis computer code. For the purpose of model verification, the results of numerical model are compared to the results of the experimental model, which is similar in geometrical and geomechanical properties. Cyclic surcharges with different amplitudes and frequencies are applied in different distances from the wall, and the earth pressure distribution, the resultant force, and its point of application are investigated. The effect of soil and loading parameters on the at rest earth pressure is also evaluated, and a parametric study has been carried out. The results of model show a significant increase in the earth pressure due to cyclic loading compared to static loading, especially in the initial cycles of loading. It indicates that the effect of cycling nature of loading should be essentially taken into account in the design of retaining walls.     

影响基坑变形的实质性状态变量分析

深基坑变形控制设计中,要考虑影响基坑变形的因素非常多,各因素又很复杂。用非线性数值分析方法进行基坑变形分析的工作量相当大,时间很长。为了快速准确地分析基坑变形的规律,必须筛选 出主要的因素。为此视基坑数值分析范围为一个系统,基坑周边沉降、支护结构位移和坑底隆起为系统输出量,降水、开挖和支护施工各工况中变化的因素为系统输入量。通过多个基坑实测沉降、位移、隆起量时序数据的关联维数和实质性状态变量个数即     

深基坑支护结构的实用计算方法及其应用

对深基坑支护结构的受力和变形计算提出了一套系统的实用计算方法,较好地解决了基坑支护结构设计、计算的关键问题,并在广州地铁和许多重大基坑工程应用中取得了较好的效果。该方法把支护结构简化为一竖放的弹性地基梁,支撑、锚杆及岩土体用弹簧系统来代替,岩土的弹簧刚度可用岩土的变形模量来计算, 针对基坑工程施工和结构的动态特点,提出了一套系统的计算方法,其中包括考虑施工过程的增量计算法、合理确定支护结构入土深度的计算法、支撑加预应力及支撑拆除的计算方法等,并应用提出的增量法,首次较完整地对国际上著名的支护土压力Terzaghi-Peck表观土压力给出了理论解释,对岩土的变形模量提出采用承载力反算的经验方法,为岩土参数的确定提供了更简便的方法。这一系列的研究成果为深基坑支护结构的设计提供了一套新颖的实用计算方法,较好地解决了基坑支护结构中的一系列设计计算难题,已在工程实践中成功应用。     

重力式挡土墙抗滑稳定分析安全判据和标准

探讨水利、交通等领域挡土墙设计规范中对抗滑稳定安全系数规定的允许值的合理性,认为其相应值与国外相关规定相比偏小。从理论上分析,使用抗力除以土压力的安全系数定义计算土压力相应的强度参数是标准值,而非经分项系数或安全系数折减后的标准值,其允许安全系数宜大于边坡等同类土方构筑物的相应值。认为建立在可靠度理论指导下的分项系数方法可以从根本上摆脱在安全判据方面存在的缺陷。在假定一级建筑物的允许可靠指标为3.7、土的黏聚力和摩擦系数变异系数分别为0.2和0.1的条件下,对一个特定的算例,填土的黏聚力、摩擦系数和基底的摩擦系数分项系数标定值分别为 1.301, 1.209和 1.170,应用提出的相对安全率判据,可以发现上述的分项系数标定值具有普适意义。该成果可以为相关规范的制订提供参考。     

Cost Optimization of Reinforced Earth Walls

This paper deals with optimum cost (objective function) design of geosynthetic reinforced earth retaining walls subjected to static and dynamic loading. The design restrictions are imposed as design constraints in the analysis. Choice of the initial designed length and strength of the reinforcement, which are the elements of the design vectors are made in a way that it forms an initial feasible design vector. Thus the problem is one of mathematical programming. The constraints and the objective function being nonlinear in nature, the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) has been used in conjunction with conjugate direction and quadratic fit methods for multidimensional and unidirectional minimization to arrive at the optimal (minimum) cost of the reinforced earth wall. Optimal cost tables are presented for different combinations of the loading and the developed procedure is validated by taking up an example problem. It has been found from the typical example problem that saving of the order of 7–8% can be made over the conventional design of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls with the aid of design charts.