考虑非均质各向异性效应的阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析

基于极限分析上限定理与土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,考虑土的强度分布的非均质性与各向异性, 建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式。对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,考虑土的强度非均质性与各向异性的条件,利用极限分析上限定理建立阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧有效土压力。通过大量的变动参数对比计算,探讨了土的强度的非均质性与各向异性等因素对阻滑桩桩侧极限抗力及最优加固位置的影响。     

Internal Stability Analysis of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls

The stabilization of slopes by the technique of reinforced earth (Terre Armée) is a very economical and reliable technique. We propose in this paper to check the overall internal stability of the reinforced earth retaining walls by three mechanical models, using the analytical method of the limit equilibrium (failure). The main objective of this paper is to compare these failure mechanical models with the failure models obtained by numerical analysis (code FLAC 2D), in order to validate the most realistic and more unfavourable failure models. Parametric and comparative studies carried out have allowed us to bring a very useful knowledge concerning the study of the internal stability of the reinforced earth retaining walls. It also proposed a theoretical mechanical model of calculation proved by numerical simulation.     

Capturing strain localization in reinforced soils

Lade’s single hardening soil model with Cosserat rotation embodied in the finite element method is employed to investigate the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soils with special attention to the development of shear banding. The ability of the finite element model to detect shear banding in a reinforced soil is examined against three high quality small-scale laboratory plane strain tests on Toyoura sand with and without reinforcement. These three tests were chosen because of the clear failure surfaces that developed in the soil during loading. The FEM analyses were able to reasonably simulate the plane strain laboratory tests including both unreinforced and reinforced cases. The FEM analyses gave reasonably good agreement with the experimental results in terms of global stress–strain relationships and shear band occurrences. Furthermore, and based on FE analyses of a hypothetical geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) retaining wall, it is shown that the geosynthetic reinforcements are very effective in hindering the formation of shear bands in GRS retaining walls when small spacing between the reinforcement layers was used. When used properly, the geosynthetic reinforcements made the soil behave as a truly reinforced mass of considerable stiffness and strength.     

人工边坡潜在滑动面研究——以广州科学城某人工高边坡为例

运用强度参数的改变对边坡破坏面形迹影响不明显这一特点,在数值模拟过程中通过改变岩体强度参数,有效地获取潜在滑动面的位置和形态,较好地解决了滑动面搜索的难题。将该法应用于广州科学城某人工高边坡稳定性的研究,在三维数值模拟过程中,将强度参数大幅度折减,计算后获得各剖面的剪应变增量图,从这些图中可获得潜在滑动面。这与人们通常将此类边坡的中风化面作为滑动面存在较大差别。将该滑动面运用极限平衡法进行计算,计算结果显示各剖面的安全系数基本都大于1.2,边坡稳定但仍需要加固处理,与三维数值模拟结果相一致。由此认为用这种分析法确定出的潜在滑动面合理、计算结果可靠,可作为搜索边坡潜在滑动面并计算安全系数的方法之一。     

考虑边坡内孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩简化分析方法

将塑性极限分析上限定理与抗剪强度折减技术相结合,建立了考虑孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,采用数学优化方法求解桩侧极限有效土压力及相应的潜在破坏模式,其中水对边坡的影响作用通过虚功方程来体现,将孔隙水压力当作外力荷载做功,进一步地,基于获得的桩侧无量纲极限有效土压力,建立了抗滑桩的挠曲微分方程,采用有限差分法求解桩身的反应。在此基础上,针对典型算例边坡进行变动参数计算与对比分析,探讨了孔隙水压力对抗滑桩加固力与最优加固位置的影响。     

有限填土加筋土挡墙的稳定性及破坏模式分析

有限填土加筋土挡墙是短加筋土挡墙的一种特殊情况,其工作性状还没有被清晰地认识。文章在离心模型试验成果的基础上,采用FLAC软件建立有限填土加筋土挡墙的二维数值模型,讨论了加筋间距、加筋长度以及墙面与竖直平面的夹角对挡墙稳定性和破坏模式的影响。结果表明:（1）墙后有限填土情况下主动土压力约为库伦主动土压力的1/2~1/3;（2）在稳定地基工况下,挡墙均为复合破坏模式,滑动面呈折线型,在挡墙中下部,滑动面同时穿过了加筋区和填土区,从墙趾处滑出;在挡墙上部,滑动面基本沿着填土与稳定墙面的接触面向上发展;（3）潜在滑动面是自下向上逐渐形成的,体现为下部剪切、上部拉张的特征;（4）在墙后有限填土情况下,加筋长度减小到0.4H时,挡墙仍能保持稳定,加筋间距在控制挡墙稳定性方面具有重要作用。     

Analysis and Design of Retaining Wall having Reinforced Cohesive Frictional Backfill

The case of a rigid wall with inclined back face retaining reinforced cohesive-frictional backfill subjected to uniformly distributed surcharge load has been analyzed using limit equilibrium approach. The analysis considers the stability of an element of the failure wedge, which is assumed to develop in the reinforced earth mass adjoining the back face of wall. The non-dimensional charts have been developed for computing the lateral earth pressure on wall and the height of its point of application above the base of wall. The theoretical findings have been verified by model tests on a rigid wall retaining a dry cohesive-frictional soil reinforced by geogrid strips. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. A design example has been included to illustrate the design procedure.     

阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析的上限解法

从极限分析机动学方法出发,利用土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的临界稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式.对于典型问题,通过与现有极限平衡解和有限元数值解的对比分析,验证了这种上限解法的合理性.进而对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,利用极限分析上限定理建立了阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定了极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧土压力,以此为土坡加固中阻滑桩设计提供依据.通过数值计算与分析探讨了阻滑桩加固位置的优化布置等问题.     

Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfill with retaining walls rotating about the top

Currently, knowledge of the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top (RT mode) is still lacking which leads to inaccurate estimations of the earth pressure. Numerical simulations using finite element limit analysis find that under the effects of backfill geometries, interface strengths, and soil properties, the upper soil layer supported by soil arching retains its integrity and the lower soil layer is sheared by multiple curved sliding surfaces in the limit state. Based on the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills, a calculation model is established which considers the soil arching effect, curved sliding surface, and cohesive soils. Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top are derived by using the limit equilibrium horizontal slice method. Compared with previous studies, the present method predicts the earth pressure distribution with higher accuracy. Several extensive parametric studies have also been conducted. Thus, decreasing the aspect ratio of backfills, increasing the inclined angle of natural slopes, interface strengths, and soil cohesion are beneficial for maintaining backfill integrity and reducing earth pressure against retaining walls.

     

Coulomb土压力理论的两种解法

采用极限平衡变分法和Culmann分析方法,对土压力问题进行了研究。在极限平衡变分法中,以滑动体静力平衡的2个力的平衡方程为基础,引入Lagrange乘子,将以变分学观点来描述的主动土压力和被动土压力问题,转化为确定含有2个函数自变量的泛函极值问题。依据泛函取极值时,必须满足Euler方程,得出了主动土压力和被动土压力取极值时墙后土体沿平面滑动破坏的结论。在Culmann分析方法中,沿用了Coulomb土压力理论关于平面滑动破坏的假定,而在推导土压力计算公式的过程中,仅利用了滑动体沿某一特定方向的一个力的平衡方程。与目前通行的Coulomb土压力公式的证明过程相比,Culmann分析方法更为简洁。     

Numerical analyses of stability and deformation behavior of reinforced and unreinforced tunnel faces

In traditional tunneling, an analysis of the face stability is required to avoid failure mechanisms or excessive face extrusion. Face reinforcement can improve face stability and reduce deformations. In the present work a numerical study of both unreinforced and reinforced tunnel excavation faces by means of 3D FEM analyses is presented. The results are compared with those of the traditional limit equilibrium method and with an analytical solution based on previous numerical studies. It could be shown that the LEM may lead to non-conservative results. Finally, the deformation response is assessed and the benefits of face reinforcements are investigated.     

Analysis of the landslide triggering mechanism during the storm of 20th–21st November 2000, in Northern Tuscany

A severe rainstorm of high intensity occurred on 20th–21st November 2000, in the region of Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy, which triggered, within the entire province, over 50 landslides. These landslides can be broadly defined as complex earth slides—earth flows, originating as rotational slides that develop downslope into a flow. In this paper, two such landslides have been investigated by modelling the process of rainwater infiltration, the variations in both the positive and negative pore water pressures and their effect on slope stability during the storm. For both sites, results from morphometric and geotechnical analyses were used as a direct input to the numerical modelling. A modified Chu, 1978 approach was used to estimate the surface infiltration rate by adapting the original Green and Ampt, 1911 equations for unsteady rainfall intensity in conjunction with the surficial water balance. For transient conditions, a finite element analysis was used to model the fluctuations in pore water pressure during the storm, with the computed surface infiltration rate as the surface boundary condition. This was then followed by the application of the limit equilibrium Morgenstern and Price, 1965 slope-stability method, using the temporal pore water pressure distributions derived from the seepage analysis. From this methodology, a trend for the factor of safety was produced for both landslide sites. These results indicate that the most critical time step for failure was a few hours following the rainfall peak.     

挡土墙库仑土压力的遗传算法求解分析

在对破裂面上滑动土体静力极限平衡分析的基础上,建立了基于优化方法求解无黏性土、黏性土库仑土压力的自变量取值区间和目标函数模型,并采用遗传进化方法进行了实例求解分析。研究结果表明,遗传算法在计算挡土墙库仑主动土压力的过程中,收敛速度快、用时短,并具有较高的计算精度。算例1中5组无黏性土挡土墙的主动土压力的计算结果与经典库仑解析解非常接近,平均误差为1.748 %,平均进化代数为15代。算例2中8组黏性土挡土墙的主动土压力计算结果与文献的解答非常吻合,平均误差仅为0.017 %,平均进化代数为17.125代。遗传算法具有良好的适应性和强大的搜索性能,非常适合求解岩土工程优化问题。     

基于强度折减弹塑性有限元法的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性分析

以大型通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS作为平台,以迭代不收敛联合坡面特征点位移陡增作为抗滑桩加固边坡失稳判据,通过二次开发建立了能够自动搜索安全系数的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性强度折减弹塑性有限元分析模型,结合典型算例的对比分析验证了这一判据的有效性。在此基础上,针对一实例边坡进行了稳定性数值分析。研究表明,对于抗滑桩加固边坡,以强度折减有限元法所确定的潜在滑动面,一般地比极限平衡法、极限分析上限方法要浅。     

Capturing strain localization behind a geosynthetic‐reinforced soil wall

This paper presents the results of finite element (FE) analyses of shear strain localization that occurred in cohesionless soils supported by a geosynthetic‐reinforced retaining wall. The innovative aspects of the analyses include capturing of the localized deformation and the accompanying collapse mechanism using a recently developed embedded strong discontinuity model. The case study analysed, reported in previous publications, consists of a 3.5‐m tall, full‐scale reinforced wall model deforming in plane strain and loaded by surcharge at the surface to failure. Results of the analysis suggest strain localization developing from the toe of the wall and propagating upward to the ground surface, forming a curved failure surface. This is in agreement with a well‐documented failure mechanism experienced by the physical wall model showing internal failure surfaces developing behind the wall as a result of the surface loading. Important features of the analyses include mesh sensitivity studies and a comparison of the localization properties predicted by different pre‐localization constitutive models, including a family of three‐invariant elastoplastic constitutive models appropriate for frictional/dilatant materials. Results of the analysis demonstrate the potential of the enhanced FE method for capturing a collapse mechanism characterized by the presence of a failure, or slip, surface through earthen materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挡土墙主动土压力的库仑统一解

基于极限平衡理论,视墙后填土为服从Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的理想弹塑性材料,指出库仑土压力理论存在的一些缺陷,明确提出极限土压力是由墙后塑性土体产生,并假定塑性区的一族滑移线为直线,即平面滑裂面,建立了更为完善的滑楔分析模型,求解了在一般情况下考虑黏性土作用的挡土墙主动土压力、滑裂面土反力以及它们的分布,而经典库仑和朗肯主动土压力为其特例。     

Reliability Based Earthquake Resistant Design for Internal Stability of Reinforced Soil Structures

This paper presents a method to evaluate reliability for internal stability of reinforced soil structures using reliability based design optimization. Using limit equilibrium method and assuming the failure surface to be logarithmic spiral, analysis is conducted to maintain internal stability against both tensile and pullout failure of the reinforcements. Properties of backfill soil and strength of the geosynthetic reinforcement are considered as random variables. For the seismic conditions, reliability indices of all the geosynthetic layers in relation to tension and pullout failure modes are determined for different magnitudes of seismic accelerations both in the horizontal and vertical directions, surcharge load and design strength of the reinforcement. The efforts have been made to obtain the number of layers, pullout length and total length of the reinforcement at each level for the desired target reliability index values against tension and pullout modes of failure. The influence of horizontal and vertical earthquake acceleration, surcharge load, design strength of the reinforcement, coefficient of variation of soil friction angle and design strength of the reinforcement on number of layers, pullout length and total length of the reinforcement needed for the stability at each level is discussed.     

土工合成材料加筋土柔性桥台复合结构的研究现状

土工合成材料加筋土柔性桥台复合结构（GRS-IBS）是美国针对中、小型单跨桥梁的快速更换问题而提出的一种新型技术,是原有GRS桥台技术的优化与提升。到目前为止,美国积累了10多年的工程经验和研究成果,其中有44个州超过250座桥梁采用了GRS-IBS结构形式进行设计和建造。这些成果主要集中在现场工程监测方面,也有一些关于车辆静载试验和数值分析方面的研究。本文收集、整理了40多座GRS-IBS的工程资料和相关研究成果,即从现场工程监测、车辆静载试验和数值分析3个方面,以案例形式对其研究现状进行归纳总结。结果表明,GRS-IBS整体变形协调性能良好、受环境温度变化的影响小,桥跨结构与桥头引道之间无明显的差异沉降及路面裂缝出现;GRS桥台的沉降与侧向变形基本上能在施工阶段完成,工后沉降及变形均很小;GRS桥台墙面处侧向土压力值很小且分布均匀,不符合朗肯土压力理论,筋材受力亦较小且分布均匀;GRS桥台潜在破裂面的下半段与朗肯主动破坏面吻合较好,但上半段偏差较大,破坏包络面远超出朗肯面。此外,通过数值方法进行影响因素分析,发现小加筋间距和高压实度是保证GRS桥台优良性能的关键性因素;填料内摩擦角、筋-土界面摩擦系数越大,GRS桥台的性能越好。     

基于土拱效应原理求解挡土墙被动土压力

对平移模式下的刚性挡土墙和滑裂面间的楔形土体处于被动极限平衡状态的应力进行分析,考虑墙面和滑裂面之间土体水平力平衡,运用土拱效应原理推导出被动土压力系数和滑裂面水平倾角。并根据水平单元土体的静力平衡条件建立平衡方程,提出被动土压力分布、土压力合力及其作用位置的公式。将公式计算结果与试验结果以及库仑、朗肯理论所得结果进行比较,结果表明,与试验结果接近,验证了所得计算方法的合理性。