浙江普陀山岛老红砂的成因与环境

作者根据野外实地考察,描述了浙江普陀山岛老红砂的性状,通过样品的采集及室内分析,从老红砂的沉积结构、石英砂颗粒表面微结构特征、微量元素等揭示了老红砂属于古风砂沉积。通过与中国华南地区老红砂的比较分析,结合老红砂的年代测定数据以及普陀山岛的地理环境特征等,揭示了该地的古地理环境。     

亚热带第四纪沉积型红土与风化壳型红土的磁学特征对比

对浙江新昌玄武岩、花岗岩风化壳红土和江西南昌第四纪沉积型红土剖面的磁学特征进行了分析,结果表明,同一气候区内风化壳红土的磁学特征受母质特征影响较大。随着风化强度的增加,强磁性的玄武岩风化壳磁化率先减小后增加,磁性矿物颗粒先变粗后变细,弱磁性的花岗岩风化壳磁化率逐渐增加,磁性矿物颗粒逐渐变细。第四纪沉积型红土剖面中,均质红土磁化率远大于网纹红土,磁性矿物颗粒亦较网纹红土层细。这些差别说明了第四纪沉积型红土剖面中均质红土与网纹红土不完全相同的物质来源。     

Terrace formation in the upper Bengal basin since the Middle Pleistocene: Brahmaputra fan delta construction during multiple highstands

Floodplains, paleosols, and antecedent landforms near the apex of the Brahmaputra fan delta in north‐central Bangladesh preserve cycles of fluvial sediment deposition, erosion and weathering. Together these landforms and their associated deposits comprise morphostratigraphic units that define the river's history and have influenced its channel position and avulsion behaviour through the Late Quaternary. Previously, temporal differentiation within these units has not been sufficient to decipher their sequence of deposition, an important step in understanding the spatial pattern of migration of the Brahmaputra River. Holocene units in this region are fairly well established by radiocarbon dating of in situ organic material, but pre‐Holocene units are considered Pleistocene‐aged if organic material is dated >48 000 year BP (the limit of radiocarbon dating) or the sediments are positioned beneath a prominent paleosol, interpreted as a buried soil horizon that developed during a previous sea level lowstand. In such cases, these morphostratigraphic units have been broadly interpreted as Pleistocene without knowing their absolute depositional ages or relative evolutionary chronology. Here we use detailed sediment analysis to better differentiate morphostratigraphic units at the Brahmaputra's avulsion node, establishing the sequence of deposition and subsequent weathering of these bodies. We then test this relative chronology by luminescence dating of the sands beneath these landform surfaces. This work provides the first absolute depositional age constraints of terrace sediments for the Middle to Late Pleistocene Brahmaputra River and upper Bengal basin. The luminescence ages are complemented by detailed compositional trends in the terrace deposits, including clay mineralogy and the degree of weathering. Together, these newly dated and carefully described morphostratigraphic units reflect eustasy‐driven cycles of terrace development by way of highstand floodplain deposition and subsequent lowstand exposure and weathering, along with active tectonic deformation. Defining this Late Quaternary history of terrace development and position of the Brahmaputra River is a first step toward an integrated understanding of basin and delta evolution over multiple glacioeustatic cycles and tectonically relevant timescales.     

洞庭湖周边地区第四纪红土粒度特征及环境意义

第四纪风成红土广泛分布于中国南方,与北方的黄土同为反映第四纪古环境的重要载体。基于洞庭湖周边地区10 处剖面122 个红土样品的粒度分析,对该区红土沉积特征及其反映的环境意义进行探讨。结果显示：①样品均以粉砂（4~63 μm）为优势粒级,其次为粘粒（<4 μm）,砂含量很少,并富集“风尘基本粒级”（10~50 μm）,含量达33.23%~42.23%,粒度特征与典型的黄土、下蜀黄土、加积型红土样品相似,显著不同于湘潭洪冲积红土,也区别于本区砂岩风化壳红土,表明洞庭湖西、南、东缘丘陵岗地存在风成堆积成因的中亚热带风成加积型红土。② 黄棕色土、网纹黄棕色土、均质红土、网纹红土等4 类样品的粘粒含量由高到低的排序是网纹红土 >均质红土 >网纹黄棕色土>黄棕色土;粉砂含量由高到低的排序正好相反。结合粒度参数推测,黄棕色土发育时期,沉积作用增强,粒度变粗,分选性较好;网纹红土发育时期,沉积作用较弱,风化成壤作用强,细颗粒含量增多,分选性相对较差。这可能反映了洞庭湖地区中更新世至晚更新世冬季风加强,风化减弱的气候变化过程。③ 沿冬季风主导风向（偏北风）,洞庭湖周边地区红土的M_φ、Md值（φ值）自北向南增大（变细）,风成组分（10~63 μm）百分含量随之减少,<2 μm组分百分含量自北向南略有增加。这种趋势提供了组成该地区加积型红土的粉尘由偏北向南传输的风成证据和母质风化程度向南增强的环境信息。     

Tectonic,sedimentary and diagenetic controls on sediment maturity of lower Cambrian quartz arenite from southwestern Baltica

Lower Cambrian quartz arenitic deposits have a worldwide occurrence. In this study, petrographic and mineralogical analyses were carried out on samples from the quartz‐rich Ringsaker Member of the Vangsås Formation from southern Norway and the corresponding Hardeberga Formation from southern Sweden and on the Danish island of Bornholm. The quartz arenite is almost completely quartz cemented and has an average intergranular volume of 30%. The quartz cement is the dominating cause for porosity loss. Dissolution along stylolites and microstylolites is suggested to be the primary and secondary source for the quartz cement respectively. The quartzose sandstone from southern Norway was severely cemented prior to the Caledonian Orogeny, thus limiting the tectonic influence on diagenesis during thrusting. For most samples, authigenic clay minerals and detrital phyllosilicates represent ca. 5% of the present‐day composition. This, together with a low feldspar content, of on average 4%, indicates that the sediment was extremely quartz‐rich already during deposition. The low amount of feldspar prior to burial and the formation of early diagenetic kaolinite point to weathering, sediment reworking and early diagenesis act as important controls on sediment maturity. The large variation in clay‐mineral and feldspar content between the localities, as well as within the sandstone successions, can be explained by different palaeogeography on the shelf during deposition and subsequently dissimilar subjection to reworking and early diagenetic processes. Weathering in the provenance area, reworking in the depositional shallow‐marine environment and meteoric flushing during the burial stage are suggested to explain the high mineralogical maturity of the lower Cambrian sandstone from southwestern Baltica. These processes may generally account for similar quartz‐rich shallow‐marine sandstone units, deposited as a result of intensive continental denudation and during temperate to subtropical and moderately humid conditions.     

Origin of Lower Cretaceous quartzose arenites in northern India and the Indus Basins of Pakistan—The result of provenance composition,weathering or diagenesis?

Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) sandstones of the Ghaggar-Hakra Formation in the Barmer Basin of northwest Rajasthan, India, have a complex depositional history which is confusing given they are quartzose arenites. The heavy mineral grains are very well-rounded, and the assemblage is dominated by zircon and rutile grains suggesting that the sediments have been recycled multiple times, whilst the presence of staurolite indicates a metapelite provenance component. Petrographical analysis suggests that extreme diagenesis cannot account for the quartzose arenite composition, despite Early Cretaceous soil formation and at least two periods of subsequent telogenetic modification. An alternative explanation to extreme chemical weathering in the provenance area is that the Ghaggar-Hakra sandstones are multi-cycle sediments derived, at least in part, from the quartzose arenites of the Cambrian Jodhpur Group. This analysis suggests that variations in detrital mineralogy across the Western India Rift System and Indus Basins are the result of transcontinental fluvial transport systems sourcing sediment from specific basement highs (Nagar Parker High, Devikot High, Deodar Ridge and Aravalli Mountain Range) mixed with varying proportions of sediment derived from sandstones of the Jodhpur Group. Consequently, we suggest that Cretaceous fluvial systems were controlled by the local palaeogeographies within the failed rifts of the Barmer and Cambay Basins and that both basins formed barriers to sediment transport from the Aravalli Mountain Range across the northwest Indian plate and into surrounding basins.     

Geology and palynology of the Triassic succession of Bjørnøya

The Triassic succession of Bjørnøya (200 m) comprises the Lower Triassic Urd Formation (65 m) of the Sassendalen Group, and the Middle and Upper Triassic Skuld Formation (135 m) of the Kapp Toscana Group. These units are separated by a condensed '.'Middle Triassic sequence represented by a phosphatic remainé conglomerate (0.2m).
The Urd Formation consists of grey to dark grey shales with yellow weathering dolomitic beds and nodules. Palynology indicates the oldest beds to be Diencrian; ammonoid faunas in the middle and upper part of the formation arc of Smithian age. The organic content (c. 1 %) includes kerogen of land and marine origin, reflecting a shallow marine depositional environment.
The Skuld Formation is dominated by grey shales with red weathering siderite nodules. There are minor coarsening upwards sequences; the highest bed exposed is a 20 m thick, very fine-grained sandstone. Palynomorphs indicate a late Ladinian age for the lower part of the formation, and macrofossils and palynomorphs indicate Ladinian to Carnian ages for the upper part. Sedimentary structures, a sparse marine fauna and microplankton indicate deposition in a shallow marine environment. The organic residues contain dominantly terrestrially derived kerogen.     

地球化学组成揭示的杜蒙沙地化学风化和沉积再循环特征及其对风尘物质贡献的指示

对杜蒙沙地的河流冲积砂、河漫滩泥质粉砂、沙质古土壤和风成沙等不同类型沉积物进行了采样（27组）,对这些样品的细颗粒组分（<63 μm）进行了常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素（REE）和Sr-Nd同位素比值等地球化学分析,就杜蒙沙地的化学风化、沉积再循环特征及其对风尘物质的贡献等展开了讨论。结果显示,杜蒙沙地的地球化学组成表现出空间的均一性,低的化学蚀变指数CIA（48~56,平均52）及A-CN-K和A-CNK-FM图解均表明了杜蒙沙地仅遭受了低级的化学风化程度。沙地的成分成熟度较低,大部分河流沉积物表现出初次循环沉积特征,系大兴安岭东侧中酸性岩浆母岩风化剥蚀的产物经嫩江搬运堆积形成;古土壤表现出与河流沉积物相同的初次循环特征,表明古土壤的成土母质是河流沉积物,这与野外地层出露情况一致;风成沙表现出再循环沉积特征,系河流沉积物就地起沙搬运堆积形成。不活动元素比值、REE和Sr-Nd同位素比值等物源判别图解,结合植被和地貌状况,一致表明杜蒙沙地与东北平原中东部的风尘物质没有地球化学亲缘关系,其对该地区（甚至下风向更远地区）的大气风尘的贡献很小。     

Impact of volcanism on the sedimentary record of the Neuquén rift basin,Argentina: towards a cause and effect model

The analysis of volcano‐sedimentary infill in sedimentary basins constitutes a challenge for basin analysis and hydrocarbon exploration worldwide. In order to understand the contribution of volcanism to the sedimentary record in rift basins, we study the Jurassic effusive‐explosive volcanic infill of an inverted extensional depocentre at the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. A cause and effect model that evaluates the relationship between volcanism and sedimentation was devised to develop a conceptual model for the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of this volcanic rift basin. We show how the variations in the volcanism, coupled with the activity of extensional faults, determined the types of volcanic edifices (i.e., composite volcanoes, graben‐calderas, and lava fields). Volcanic edifices controlled the stacking patterns of the volcanic units as well as sedimentary systems. The landform of the volcanic edifices, as well as the styles and scales of the eruptions governed the sedimentary input to the basin, setting the main variables of the sedimentary systems, such as provenance, grain size, transport and deposition and geometry. As a result, the contrasting volcaniclastic input, from higher volcaniclastic input to lower volcaniclastic input, associated with different subsidence patterns, determined the high‐resolution syn‐rift infill patterns of the extensional depocentre. The cause and effect model presented in this study isolates the variables of the volcanic environments that control the sedimentary scenarios. We suggest that, by adjusting the first order input parameters of the model, these cause and effect scenarios could be adapted to similar rift basins, in order to establish predictive facies models with stratigraphic controls, and the impact of volcanism on their stratigraphic records.     

Controls on early post-rift physiography and stratigraphy, lower to mid-Cretaceous, North Viking Graben, Norwegian North Sea

The transition from syn- to post-rift is often poorly constrained and in contrast to syn-rift systems, the controls on the development of post-rift systems are poorly understood. This paper documents the timing of the post-rift onset and discusses the controls that affected the subsequent development of the post-rift infill of the North Viking Graben using an integration of seismic and well data. The study enhances our understanding of post-rift system development in general and provides an analogue for other post-rift systems. Within the early post-rift infill of the North Viking Graben five key seismic surfaces were mapped [Base Cretaceous Unconformity (BCU), Intra-Aptian, Top Albian, Top Cenomanian and Top Turonian], which divide the post-rift interval into four key seismic stratigraphic units (K1–K4). The BCU has an intra-Volgian age on the basin slopes and shelfal and terrace areas and is interpreted to mark the end of rifting in the study area. On the footwall crests adjacent to the graben the BCU represents a complex unconformity from the syn- and post-rift combined, and in the graben it forms a conformable contact. Therefore, the BCU could not be used to date the onset of the post-rift in these locations. The thickness variations and age relationships between the syn-rift stratigraphy and the K-units reveal that the early post-rift infill of the North Viking Graben was dominantly controlled by the significant local syn-rift topography, especially in the K1 and K2 stages. The Cretaceous post-rift stratigraphy was also influenced by relative base level, which controlled the sediment source areas, the development of the basin geometry itself and subsequently the style of sediment deposition in the study area. Regional variations are also recognised in the post-rift stratigraphy although these variances are strongly influenced by the local basin physiography.     

中国暖温带海岸风尘沉积序列的研究现状与展望

中国暖温带海岸的风尘沉积序列是断续分布于渤海-北黄海沿岸的以黄褐色为主的粉砂质或砂质沉积物。通过查阅1960年以来的文献资料,综述了此类沉积的分布规律、地层形态、沉积特征、地质年代、形成机制和古环境演变等方面的成果,认为其主体为陆架沙漠化环境下的衍生沉积,是冬季风搬运近源物质的结果,时代上属中-晚更新世。因此,暖温带海岸风尘沉积序列是渤海-北黄海陆架沙漠化的有力佐证,且较好地记录了中国中更新世以来中纬度沿海地区的气候环境变化：时间上,气候逐渐干冷;空间上,自北向南风化作用增强。基于研究现状,展望了今后的工作重点和方向。     

中国南方红土古环境重建中存在的几个问题

随着黄土-古土壤系列在中国北方第四纪古环境演变的成功恢复，对中国南方红土所记录的古环境和全球变化信息的研究也逐渐成为热点。然而，纵观最近10多年来对中国南方红土古环境变化的研究现状，还存在不少问题，一些结论尚难以令人满意，从成因机理上未能给予有力的理论支持。对在风化壳形成机理的认识、风化壳剖面记载环境变化的历史、红土-沉积旋回所反映的古气候变迁、红土和黄土的古环境记录的对比等方面的研究中暴露出的一些问题，本文进行了剖析和讨论。     

Multicyclic sediment transfer along and across convergent plate boundaries (Barbados,Lesser Antilles)

The main source of siliciclastic sediment in the Barbados accretionary prism is off‐scraped quartzose to feldspatho‐litho‐quartzose metasedimentaclastic turbidites, ultimately supplied from South America chiefly via the Orinoco fluvio‐deltaic system. Modern sand on Barbados island is either quartzose with depleted heavy‐mineral suites recycled from Cenozoic turbidites and including epidote, zircon, tourmaline, andalusite, garnet, staurolite and chloritoid, or calcareous and derived from Pleistocene coral reefs. The ubiquitous occurrence of clinopyroxene and hypersthene, associated with green‐brown kaersutitic hornblende in the north or olivine in the south, points to reworking of ash‐fall tephra erupted from andesitic (St Lucia) and basaltic (St Vincent) volcanic centres in the Lesser Antilles arc. Modern sediments on Barbados island and those shed by larger accretionary prisms such as the Indo‐Burman Ranges and Andaman‐Nicobar Ridge define the distinctive mineralogical signature of Subduction Complex Provenance, which is invariably composite. Detritus recycled from accreted turbidites and oceanic mudrocks is mixed in various proportions with detritus from the adjacent volcanic arc or carbonate reefs widely developed at tropical latitudes. Ophiolitic detritus, locally prominent on the Andaman Islands, is absent on Barbados, where the prism formed above a westward subduction zone with a shallow décollement plane. The four‐dimensional complexities inherent with multicyclic sediment dispersal along and across convergent plate boundaries require quantitative provenance analysis as a basic tool in paleogeographic reconstructions. Such analysis provides the link between faraway factories of detritus and depositional sinks, as well as clues on subduction geometry and the nature of associated growing orogenic belts, and even information on climate, atmospheric circulation and weathering intensity in source regions.     

察尔汗盐湖线形沙丘沙物质来源及输移路径

采用地球化学元素方法,探讨了察尔汗盐湖北岸线形沙丘的沙物质来源,并对区域物质输移路径进行了讨论。结果表明：戈壁、雅丹廊道流沙和线形沙丘的常量元素均以SiO₂、Al₂O₃和CaO为主,微量元素均以Cl、Ba、Sr和Co含量较高;线形沙丘与戈壁表层沉积物的常量与微量元素的UCC标准化值分布模式均较一致,且与距盐湖较近的雅丹廊道流沙也存在一定程度的相似性;沉积物的化学风化程度较弱,均处于早期的脱Na、Ca阶段,且在A-CN-K三角图中均位于大陆风化趋势线的反向延长线上,可能代表河流溶质的风化趋势。因此,戈壁表层沉积物和雅丹廊道流沙在线形沙丘形成过程中均可提供沙物质来源,且前者提供的沙物质应该更多。柴达木盆地可能为其下风向黄土的物质源区之一,但是提供的粉尘颗粒有限。     

Cretaceous evolution of the Andean margin between 36°S and 40°S latitude through a multi‐proxy provenance analysis of Neuquén Basin strata (Argentina)

During the Cretaceous, the Neuquén Basin transitioned from an extensional back‐arc to a retroarc foreland basin. We present a multi‐proxy provenance study of Aptian to Santonian (125–84 Ma) continental sedimentary rocks preserved in the Neuquén Basin used to resolve changes of sediment drainage pattern in response to the change in tectonic regime. Sandstone petrology and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology constrain the source units delivering detritus to the basin; apatite U–Pb and fission track dating further resolve provenance and determine the age and patterns of exhumation of the source rocks. Sandstone provenance records a sharp change from a mixed orogenic source during Aptian time (ca. 125 Ma), to a magmatic arc provenance in the Cenomanian (ca. 100 Ma). We interpret this provenance change as the result of the drainage pattern reorganisation from divergent to convergent caused by tectonic basin inversion. During this inversion and early stages of contraction, a transient phase of uplift and basin erosion, possibly due to continental buckling, caused the pre‐Cenomanian unconformity dividing the Lower from Upper Cretaceous strata in the Neuquén Basin. This phase was followed by the development of a retroarc foreland basin characterised by a volcanic arc sediment provenance progressively shifting to a mixed continental basement provenance during Turonian‐Santonian (90–84). According to multi‐proxy provenance data and lag times derived from apatite fission track analysis, this trend is the result of a rapidly exhuming source within the Cordillera to the west, in response to active compressional tectonics along the western margin of South America, coupled with the increasing contribution of material from the stable craton to the east; this contribution is thought to be the result of the weak uplift and exhumation of the foreland due to eastward migration of the forebulge.     

云南江城勐野井组细碎屑岩主量元素特征及其物源属性探讨

一定的泥岩地球化学特征对应于特定的源区和构造环境,利用主量元素图解可以进行盆地物源分析。通过对思茅盆地江城勐野井矿区含盐系勐野井组(K2me)及其下伏扒沙河组(K1p)泥、砂岩的主量元素地球化学特征分析,并结合岩石薄片观察结果,表明物源区母岩类型主要为长英质岩石;通过SiO2-K2O/Na2O及K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3判别图分析,认为源区的构造背景具有类似于被动大陆边缘的特征;成分变异指数ICV、化学蚀变指数CIA表明研究区砂、泥岩物源区经受了较强的化学风化作用。     

Cation and sediment concentrations in basal ice from Øksfjordjøkelen, north Norway

Abstract Basal ice samples were collected from ice exposures in a natural subglacial cavity beneath an outlet glacier of Øksfjordjøkelen, North Norway. Sediment and cation (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) concentrations were then determined, and indicate stacking of basal ice units producing a repeat pattern of ‘clean firnification ice’ overlying sediment‐rich ice. All measured cations show correlation with sediment concentration indicating weathering reactions to be the dominant contributor of cations. Regressions of specific sediment surface area per unit volume with cation concentration are performed and used to predict cation concentrations. These predicted values provide an indication of cation relocation within the basal ice sequence. The results suggest limited melting and refreezing resulting in the relocation of predominantly monovalent cations downward through the profile. Exchange of cations into solution during the melting of sediment‐rich ice samples has previously been suggested as a source of error in such investigations. Analyses of sediment‐free regelation ice spicules formed at the bed show cation concentrations above firnification ice levels and comparable, in many instances, to the basal ice samples.     

辽南地区晚第三纪红色风化壳及更新世高海面问题探讨

以辽南地区石槽剖面与城山头剖面的红色风化壳为研究对象,利用X射线荧光光谱仪,对风化壳剖面样品进行分析。结果表明：剖面中各采样点样品的主要化学元素含量自剖面底部到顶部无规律性变化,显示了主要化学元素在风化过程中的地球化学行为较为一致,符合风化壳沉积类型特征;剖面的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃,结合各采样点样品的主要化学元素含量及SiO₂/Al₂O₃及SiO₂/R₂O₃系数,可以认为这套红色风化壳应是在高温高湿的环境条件下风化作用的产物。通过与山东庙岛群岛风化壳的对比及风化壳厚度的计算,可以认为该套风化壳的形成时代应在上新世或更早。依据风化壳在滨海地区的残存高度可以推断,自第三纪晚期以来辽南地区最高海平面高度未超过今天的海平面高度。     

基于沉积物理化性质的雅鲁藏布江中游粉尘物源研究

物源是风沙研究的主要内容.雅鲁藏布江中游风沙区是西藏自治区的主要沙丘分布区和受风沙灾害影响的主要区域.但目前对该地区沙尘物源的研究甚少,从而限制了我们对该地区风沙地貌形成演化过程、防沙治沙工程合理布局和沙尘暴预报预警工作的开展.沉积物理化性质是沉积物物源判别的主要证据.为此,收集了雅鲁藏布江中游河岸、河漫滩、河漫滩沙丘...     

Secondary ferrimagnetic minerals in Welsh soils: a comparison of mineral magnetic detection methods and implications for mineral formation

A study of mineral magnetic parameters was carried out on a Late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary sequence (of nearly 18 m) from Lake Bledowo (central Poland). Sediments of Lake Bledowo have already been analysed for bulk sediment mineralogy and biogenic materials. The mineral magnetic stratigraphy confirms the major changes in palaeo-environmental conditions that have been deduced from other methods. The most important mineral magnetic change results from the authigenetic formation of ferrimagnetic greigite, Fe₃S₄, during the beginning of lacustrine conditions (± 12 000 yr BP). Our data also indicate a detrital origin of overlying ferrimagnetic iron oxides. It is suggested that they originate from brown soils developed on the boulder clay constituting the west side of the lake shore. Variations of ferrimagnetic iron oxide size are related to the early diagenetic processes in the sediment. Larger particles are present in periods with early diagenesis of organic matter in anoxic conditions. This indicates the dissolution of fine magnetic particles by iron-oxide-reducing bacteria and results in homogeneous magnetic grain sizes, despite their origin from soils, characterized by a multimodal grain-size distribution.