METOP星载干涉式超高光谱分辨率红外大气探测仪(IASI)及其产品

为了深入了解国际卫星红外大气探测仪器的新特点,以欧洲METOP卫星装载的超高光谱红外大气探测仪(IASI:Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer)为例,介绍卫星红外探测仪研发背景、仪器特征和数据产品处理,并与第1个高光谱大气红外探测仪(AIRS:Atmosphenic Inftared Sounder)作了比较分析.采用干涉分光技术的IASI为地球大气遥感提供了丰富的研究资料,可用于反演大气、海洋、云和大气成分,对我国风云卫星的高光谱红外大气垂直探测仪器的研发具有重要参考价值.     

中国东部大气温湿廓线特征及其对辐射收支计算影响的分析

辐射平衡是气候决定性因素之一, 温湿廓线对辐射计算有重要影响。利用中国东部地区1960—2008年74个探空站资料, 将SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式自带的大气温湿廓线和探空测得的实际大气温湿廓线进行对比, 并代入SBDART模式中, 分别计算晴空条件下不同温湿廓线对辐射通量的影响。结果表明:（1）中国东部地区的大气温湿廓线有明显的区域和季节特点;（2）模式地面向下辐射通量与实际相比有较明显差异, 尤其是在东北地区的冬季、中东部地区的夏季和华南地区的冬季, 差值达20—35 W/m2, 相对误差达2.01%—3.18%;（3）在东北地区的冬季、中东部地区的冬季以及华南地区的夏、冬季, 模式计算的大气顶向上辐射通量与实际相比差值达10—22 W/m2, 相对误差可达3.67%—8.94%;（4）模式与实际辐射加热率的差值在0.03—0.29 K/d。研究表明, 模式自带的大气温湿廓线区域和季节划分并不够细致, 不足以代表中国东部地区各个区域及季节的温湿特点。建立一套中国东部地区的大气标准廓线可以为辐射模拟提供更准确的输入量。      

Sunglint impact on atmospheric soundings from hyperspectral resolution infrared radiances

The mid-wave infrared band(3-5 μm) has been widely used for atmospheric soundings.The sunglint impact on the atmospheric parameter retrieval using this band has been neglected because the reflected radiances in this band are significantly less than those in the visible band.In this study,an investigation of sunglint impact on the atmospheric soundings was conducted with Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder observation data from 1 July to 7 July 2007 over the Atlantic Ocean.The impact of sunglint can lead to a brightness temperature increase of 1.0 K for the surface sensitive sounding channels near 4.58 μm.This contamination can indirectly cause a positive bias of 4 g kg-1 in the water vapor retrieval near the ocean surface,and it can be corrected by simply excluding those contaminated channels.     

一种实用的激光雷达系统

本文介绍了一台三波长米散射激光雷达系统，并用数值模拟计算的方法研究其性能。计算结果表明此系统可进行大气边界层和平流层探测。文中介绍的数值模拟方法，适用于各种米散射激光雷达性能的研究。     

国际卫星红外大气探测器发展新特点

为了深入了解国际卫星红外大气探测仪器的新特点,推动其资料应用,以美国NASA Aqua卫星装载的高光谱红外大气探测仪器AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)为例,介绍卫星红外探测仪研发背景、仪器特征、研制技术、数据产品处理和应用。研究表明,AIRS开辟了卫星大气探测的新时代,它为其他未升空的高光谱仪器提供了不可或缺的研究资料,对将装载于我国风云卫星的高光谱红外大气垂直探测仪器的研制具有重大的参考价值。     

基于往返式平漂探空的FY-3D卫星反演温度检验

往返式平漂探空观测（以下简称平漂探空）可实现对流层至平流层低层大气温度廓线垂直探测以及平流层低层内持续4 h的水平温度分布探测。该文介绍利用平漂探空试验数据对风云3号气象卫星D星（FY-3D）反演温度数据的检验评估算法,基于该算法和2021年3—9月长江中下游平漂探空试验数据完成对卫星反演大气温度数据的检验。结果显示:FY-3D卫星反演的温度数据准确度总体较高,与平漂探空上升段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.34℃,与下降段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.93℃;卫星反演的100 hPa以上和850 hPa以下温度误差分别偏大0.59℃和0.33℃;卫星反演平流层温度准确度低于温度廓线,平均绝对偏差约为3.92℃;与平漂探空数据相比,卫星大气温度廓线分辨率较低、趋势较平滑,无法显示大气温度垂直分布和平流层温度水平分布的细节特征。     

Vertical atmospheric structure of the late summer clear days over the east Gansu loess plateau in China

In this paper, by using the sounding data collected in LOPEX05, we have analyzed the vertical atmospheric structure and boundary layer characteristics of temperature and humidity in the late summer over the east Gansu loess plateau. The results show that the bottom of the stratosphere is at about 16 500 m and varies between 14 000 m and 18 000 m above the ground. The center of the westerly jet is located between 8300 m and 14 300 m above the ground and its direction moves between 260° and 305°. There is an ...     

边界层微型火箭气象探空系统研制与应用

首次介绍了国内自主研制的边界层微型火箭气象探空系统,系统包括火箭发射装置、探空仪、降落伞、地基接收设备和数据接收处理软件,其温度、湿度和气压测量采用数字式传感器,风速和风向由北斗/GPS全球定位信息获得。火箭升空至顶点后,将探空仪和降落伞从仪器舱弹出,在下降过程中测量大气的温度、湿度、气压和风速、风向等参数,通过无线发射机传送至地面接收机,由处理软件实现数据存储和参数分析。不同地区、不同气象条件下多次外场比较试验和实际应用结果表明,该系统性能稳定,探测技术指标和功能满足使用单位的设备研制要求,可应用于气象保障、大气探测、环境监测及海洋气象要素廓线的观测。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF BOUNDARY LAYER AND ITS EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS IN DONGGUAN, GUANGDONG

The structure of atmospheric boundary layer determines the ability of atmospheric dispersion and has an essential impact on airborne aerosols. In this paper, the data of a radio sounding experiment held in Dongguan National Meteorological Observation Station, which is in a coastal city in Pearl River Delta, as well as the data of atmospheric aerosols, were utilized in order to analyze the characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer and its effects on surface aerosol concentrations. The results are showed at follows: the local circulations, associated with dominant winds, made complex structures of atmospheric layers, as the cold air and systematic winds weakened in the end of a cold air event. Weakened wind shears and inversion layers, especially a strong near-surface inversion layer, remarkably diminished the atmospheric diffusion abilities and facilitated an especially high concentration of surface aerosols. The convergence line or weak shear line of sea breeze in the ground level helps weaken the atmospheric diffusion abilities and results in atmospheric aerosols accumulation.     

新一代高空探测系统使用技巧和故障处理方法

L波段二次测风雷达-电子探空仪高空气象探测系统是新一代高空气象探测系统,其性能、操作方法、业务流程等与59-701探测系统有所不同。文章介绍了杭州高空站2002~2004年3年中使用新一代高空气象探测系统的一些使用技巧和故障处理方法。内容包括雷达检查、探空仪基测、电池浸泡、仪器装配、瞬间观测及数据输入、气球施放、旁瓣抓球判断、探测中途丢球、放球软件出现非正常现象等。     

A miniature robotic plane meteorological sounding system

This article presents a miniature robotic plane meteorological sounding system (RPMSS), which consists of three major subsystems: a miniature robotic plane, an air-borne meteorological sounding and flight control system, and a ground-based system. Take-off and landing of the miniature aircraft are guided by radio control, and the flight of the robotic plane along a pre-designed trajectory is automatically piloted by an onboard navigation system. The observed meteorological data as well as all flight information are sent back in real time to the ground, then displayed and recorded by the ground-based computer. The ground-based subsystem can also transmit instructions to the air-borne control subsystem. Good system performance has been demonstrated by more than 300 hours of flight for atmospheric sounding.     

可业务化运行的L波段探空系统高空风改进算法

为进一步挖掘L波段高空气象探测业务系统原始资料潜力、优化改进现行测风业务算法,本文基于新疆博湖东岸L波段系统机动站累积的两年探空原始资料,提出了可业务化运行的高空风改进算法。该算法首先对雷达原始秒点坐标进行严格的质量控制,采用低通滤波、加权最小二乘法、线性补缺等方法去除探空仪摆动、雷达测量误差等对秒点坐标造成的扰动;然后采用逐秒点坐标滑动计算矢量平均风,通过与同球施放的GPS探空做比对分析得出,在全程使用50-60s计算时间窗口或前50分钟使用30-40s时间窗口、50分钟以后使用50-60s时间窗口条件下,雷达矢量平均风廓线与GPS矢量平均风廓线吻合较好;规定高度层风和固定垂直分辨率高度层风采用查找表方法确定,其结果不仅能在风场结构上与现行业务算法一致,同时能呈现出明显的风层脉动信息。     

大气探测高技术及应用研究进展

大气探测技术是支撑大气科学,特别是大气物理和大气环境学科发展的重要基础,其主要任务是发展新的探测和试验手段、原理和方法,为认识大气运动以及大气中各种物理、化学、生物过程的基本规律及其与周围环境的相互作用提供技术手段和方法。除了充分利用国内外已有的成熟技术和产品对大气科学发展提供支持外,大气探测还存在一系列科学与技术问题需要研究和开发,这也是大气探测科学与高技术的前沿。本文从强对流和降水探测技术、雷电探测技术、云特性探测技术、臭氧和气溶胶等大气成分探测技术、地基GPS观测反演大气和海洋参数、大气与环境综合探测平台六个方面综述近五年来中国科学院大气物理研究所在地面大气探测高技术研发、实验观测及相关研究领域所取得的一些主要进展,并对未来发展进行展望。     

0-10 KM TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY PROFILES RETRIEVAL FROM GROUND-BASED MICROWAVE RADIOMETER

Deviation exists between measured and simulated microwave radiometer sounding data. The bias results in low-accuracy atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles simulated by Back Propagation artificial neural network models. This paper evaluated a retrieving atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles method by adopting an input data adjustment-based Back Propagation artificial neural networks model. First, the sounding data acquired at a Nanjing meteorological site in June 2014 are inputted into the MonoRTM Radiative transfer model to simulate atmospheric downwelling radiance at the 22 spectral channels from 22.234GHz to 58.8GHz, and we performed a comparison and analysis of the real observed data; an adjustment model for the measured microwave radiometer sounding data was built. Second, we simulated the sounding data of the 22 channels using the sounding data acquired at the site from 2011 to 2013. Based on the simulated rightness temperature data and the sounding data, BP neural network-based models were trained for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature, water vapor density and relative humidity profiles. Finally, we applied the adjustment model to the microwave radiometer sounding data collected in July 2014, generating the corrected data. After that, we inputted the corrected data into the BP neural network regression model to predict the atmospheric temperature, vapor density and relative humidity profile at 58 high levels from 0 to 10 km. We evaluated our model’s effect by comparing its output with the real measured data and the microwave radiometer’s own second-level product. The experiments showed that the inversion model improves atmospheric temperature and humidity profile retrieval accuracy; the atmospheric temperature RMS error is between 1K and 2.0K; the water vapor density’s RMS error is between 0.2 g/m3 and 1.93g/m3; and the relative humidity’s RMS error is between 2.5% and 18.6%.     

Low level wind maxima and temperature inversions over the northern great plains

Discriminant analysis is employed with kite sounding data from Drexel, Nebraska in an attempt to clarify the interaction between the wind shear and temperature inversions in the planetary boundary layer. The mean height of the inversion layer and a measure of the vertical wind shear either above or below the wind maximum combine in a statistically significant function to discriminate between cases when the level of the wind maximum is coincident either with the top or with the base of the inversion near sunrise.     

风廓线仪系统探测试验与应用

在简述大气风廓线仪和电声探测系统结构及探测原理的基础上, 对廓线仪探测资料与同步探空仪资料进行了对比, 验证了风廓线仪资料的可信度, 并应用风廓线资料分析了梅雨锋期间中尺度降水的对流特征和相关问题。结果表明:大气风廓线仪对水平风的垂直结构有较强的探测能力, 能实时监测中尺度降水期间风的垂直切变和对流特征, 有助于提高临近天气预报的精度, 准确预报降水。     

L波段探空高分辨率廓线中近地层信息分析及相关模型

L波段高空气象探测系统的更新换代,提高了大气探测精度,L波段＂秒级＂数据为垂直高分辨率廓线探测信息的获取提供了气象要素再分析的基础平台。为了探讨L波段探空垂直高分辨数据应用的可行性,考虑到用于对比分析的其他观测系统获取＂秒级＂＂高时间密度＂同步观测数据的设备条件,本文重点选用了JICA（中日气象灾害合作研究中心项目）PBL（行星边界层）通量铁塔梯度观测系统来进行对比分析,并构造L波段探空再分析与通量铁塔近地层气象信息相关模型。研究结果表明,L波段探空垂直高分辨率廓线近地层数据能够较好地描述大气边界层内近地层温、湿、压;所建立的温、湿、压模型具有推算PBL铁塔近地层的温、湿、压的可行性。研究结论可为L波段高分辨率垂直廓线再分析平台及其对大气结构描述可行性提供具有应用价值的技术基础。基于L波段高分辨率垂直廓线再分析信息平台的构造,将有助于开发全国L波段探空在数值模式应用方面的潜力,推进探空垂直高分辨信息在数值模式同化系统中新技术的发展。     

21世纪的大气科学──纪念中国气象学会成立70周年

根据２１世纪社会经济及科学技术的发展，分析展望了大气科学在探测、预报、服务以及人工影响的体系与观念上可能产生的飞跃。指出大气科学应该成为全球系统科学中有机的组成部分，并积极发挥主导作用。     

安徽闪电分布特征和不稳定条件分析

利用安徽2008—2011年LD-Ⅱ型闪电定位系统资料,以统计方法分析安徽闪电分布特征,发现安徽闪电的发生较为集中在7—8月,闪电极性以负闪为主(约占总闪的93%以上),同时存在南北差异。南部的闪电数和平均电流强度比北部大,但北部正闪比例略高于南部。进一步结合2008—2011年阜阳、安庆两站探空资料,选取了抬升指数、对流有效位能、700~400 hPa平均相对湿度、700 hPa假相当位温、850~500 hPa温差、沙氏指数与K指数7个大气不稳定参数,以两站为中心的0.5个纬距范围内,分析了探空放球时间后6 h内,大气不稳定参数与闪电活动的关系,确定了闪电活动的不稳定参数阀值,为闪电活动预报奠定基础。     

Spring-summer temperatures since AD 1780 reconstructed from stable oxygen isotope ratios in white spruce tree-rings from the Mackenzie Delta,northwestern Canada

High-latitude δ¹⁸O archives deriving from meteoric water (e.g., tree-rings and ice-cores) can provide valuable information on past temperature variability, but stationarity of temperature signals in these archives depends on the stability of moisture source/trajectory and precipitation seasonality, both of which can be affected by atmospheric circulation changes. A tree-ring δ¹⁸O record (AD 1780–2003) from the Mackenzie Delta is evaluated as a temperature proxy based on linear regression diagnostics. The primary source of moisture for this region is the North Pacific and, thus, North Pacific atmospheric circulation variability could potentially affect the tree-ring δ¹⁸O-temperature signal. Over the instrumental period (AD 1892–2003), tree-ring δ¹⁸O explained 29 % of interannual variability in April–July minimum temperatures, and the explained variability increases substantially at lower-frequencies. A split-period calibration/verification analysis found the δ¹⁸O-temperature relation was time-stable, which supported a temperature reconstruction back to AD 1780. The stability of the δ¹⁸O-temperature signal indirectly implies the study region is insensitive to North Pacific circulation effects, since North Pacific circulation was not constant over the calibration period. Simulations from the NASA-GISS ModelE isotope-enabled general circulation model confirm that meteoric δ¹⁸O and precipitation seasonality in the study region are likely insensitive to North Pacific circulation effects, highlighting the paleoclimatic value of tree-ring and possibly other δ¹⁸O records from this region. Our δ¹⁸O-based temperature reconstruction is the first of its kind in northwestern North America, and one of few worldwide, and provides a long-term context for evaluating recent climate warming in the Mackenzie Delta region.