海面微波辐射特性测量与分析

在对海面微波辐射特性现场测量和数据处理的基础上,结合对海面微波辐射理论的初步分析,研究了各种环境参数以及辐射计参数与海洋微波波谱特性的相关关系,为海洋微波遥感资料的分析和解译提供了基础数据.测量结果表明了辐射计参数和环境要素对海面微波辐射特性的影响,而这些影响因素在分析、解译遥感资料时是必需考虑的因素.     

各向异性海面全极化微波双站散射的仿真与分析

为了解各向异性随机粗糙海面的微波双站散射机制及其特性,本文利用解析近似的积分方程模型以及一种改进的半经验海浪谱模型实现了对各向异性随机粗糙海面的全极化微波散射仿真模拟,并与卫星观测数据、经验的地球物理模式函数及已有的解析近似散射模型仿真结果进行了对比,验证了仿真结果的可行性和准确性。利用该模型分析了入射波频率、入射角、极化方式、海面风速及风向等参数对各向异性海面双站散射的影响。模拟结果表明,在不同的入射角、散射角及方位角等观测几何条件下,海面不同波段的双站散射表现出不同的空间散射特性,且对风速、风向等海面动力学参数表现出不同的敏感性,以L波段为例,海面向后半球双站散射在各个极化方式下都对风速较为敏感,而在同极化方式下,其对风向的响应在中低风速和高风速条件下相反,整体而言,低风速下海面双站散射对风向更为敏感。这表明对于海面动力参数的反演,双站散射可以提供比传统单站雷达后向散射更丰富的物理信息。本文探讨了各向异性海面微波双站散射特性,为基于主动式及分布式微波传感器的海洋动力参数遥感反演提供了理论分析基础。     

微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度的研究进展

介绍了微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度的原理,回顾了在海水微波辐射亮度温度模型,机载、星载微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度实验,以及星载微波辐射计研究计划方面的进展。指出了为提高海洋盐度测量精度和空间分辨率,在盐度遥感机理、微波辐射计、及盐度反演研究方面的发展趋势。     

海浪微波散射理论模式

在假设海面白帽为球形气泡层的基础上,利用白帽海面的矢量辐射传输方程各随机粗糙面散射模型建立了海面的微波散射模型。辐射传输方程利用迭代法求解,随机粗糙面散射模型采用双尺度散射模型,利用白帽覆盖率的经验公式计算海面的微波散射特性。数值计算结果表明,随着气泡厚度的增加球形气泡散射系数越来越接近球形粒子散射系数;白帽对散射同的贡献随风速增大而增大;侧风情况比逆风和顺风情况影响均大;水平极化比垂直极化影响大     

A layer-stripping fast algorithm for reconstructing an elastic medium from its compressional wave reflection response

A fast algorithm for recovering profiles of density and compressional (P) and shear-vertical (SV) wave speeds as functions of depth for the inverse seismic problem in a continuous layered elastic medium is obtained. This algorithm differs from previous fast algorithms for this problem since it requires only the compressional wave P-P reflection response at the surface of the medium, for three different slownesses or angles of incidence. Previous algorithms have required shear stress data in the form of the P-SV and SV-SV reflection responses, making them unsuitable for an ocean environment. This algorithm is thus much more suitable for reconstructing the ocean floor from pressure data taken in the ocean. The algorithm is exact, and it includes the effects of multiple reflections and mode conversions. A computer run illustrates the performance of the algorithm on synthetic data.     

Sound-pressure level calculations using the RRA algorithm fordepth-dependent speeds of sound valid at turning points and focal points

Sound-pressure level (SPL) calculations are made along individual ray paths for arbitrary, one-dimensional, depth-dependent speeds of sound using an enhanced version of the RRA (recursive ray acoustics) algorithm. The SPL calculations are valid (i.e., finite) at turning points and focal points and do not require the use of Airy functions. The SPL calculations include the effects of frequency-dependent volume attenuation and frequency-dependent attenuation due to surface and bottom reflections. The ocean surface and bottom are treated as boundaries between viscous fluid media. Although the ocean surface is modeled as a planar boundary, the bathymetry is an arbitrary function of horizontal range. Sound speed versus depth and bathymetric data are represented by orthogonal function expansions. Computer simulation results from preliminary test cases are presented     

A study of a new retrieval algorithm for measurement of oceanic windvectors field using satellite microwave scatterometer

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Features of ocean microwave emission changed by wind at 6 GHz

Ocean microwave emissions changed by the ocean wind at 6 GHz were investigated by combining data of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) and SeaWinds, both aboard the Advanced Earth Observation Satellite-II (ADEOS-II). This study was undertaken to improve the accuracy of the sea surface temperature (SST) retrieved from the AMSR 6 GHz data. Two quantities, 6V*(H*), were defined by the brightness temperature of the AMSR at 6 GHz with two polarizations (V-pol and H-pol), adjusted for atmospheric effects and with a calm ocean surface emission removed. These quantities represent a microwave emission change due to the ocean wind at 6 GHz. 6V* does not change in a region where 6H* is less than around 4 K (referred to as z0). Both 6V* and 6H* increase above z0. The 6V* to 6H* ratio, sp, varies with the relative wind directions. Furthermore, the sp values vary with the SST, between the northern and southern hemisphere, and seasonally. By specifying appropriate values for z0 and sp, the SST error between AMSR and buoy measurement became flat against 6H*, which is related to the ocean wind. Two extreme cases were observed: the Arabian Sea in summer and the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean in winter. The air-sea temperature difference in the former case was largely positive, while it was largely negative in the latter. The 6V* and 6H* relations differed from global conditions in both cases, which resulted in incorrect SSTs in both areas when global coefficients were applied.     

大气对微波散射计回波信号衰减的修正方法研究

为了使微波散射计测得的海面后向散射具有足够的精度，必须考虑大气对微波衰减的影响。大气对微波的衰减可以用微波射计来测定。本文将估算晴空、云和降雨天气下的衰减系，讨论计算海面发射率及用微波辐射计剩余亮温估算散射计工作频率下大气衰减的方法。     

An analysis of the radar backscatter from oil-covered sea surfaces using moment method and Monte-Carlo simulation: preliminary results

An analysis of the radar backscattering from the ocean surface covered by oil spill is presented using a microwave scattering model and Monte-Carlo simulation. In the analysis, a one-dimensional rough sea surface is numerically generated with an ocean waveheight spectrum for a given wind velocity. A two-layered medium is then generated by adding a thin oil layer on the simulated rough sea surface. The electric fields backscattered from the sea surface with two-layered medium are computed with the method of moments (MoM), and the backscattering coefficients are statistically obtained with N independent samples for each oil-spilled surface using the Monte-Carlo technique for various conditions of surface roughness, oil-layer thickness, frequency, polarization and incidence angle. The numerical simulation results are compared with theoretical models for clean sea surfaces and SAR images of an oil-spilled sea surface caused by the Hebei (Hebei province, China) Spirit oil tanker in 2007. Further, conditions for better oil spill extraction are sought by the numerical simulation on the effects of wind speed and oil-layer thickness at different incidence angles on the backscattering coefficients.     

大气-海洋-海浪耦合同化模式在台风过程模拟中的应用

基于MCT耦合器,利用中尺度大气模型WRF、海洋模型FVCOM和第三代海浪模型SWAN,实现大气、海洋和海浪的三者实时耦合计算,同时采用卫星微波辐射资料AMSU-A,通过WRF大气模式的资料同化模块WRFDA,实现对风场模拟的连续同化,从而建立起大气-海洋-海浪耦合与卫星数据同化的W-F-S-A耦合同化模式。将该模型应用于2014年台风“威马逊”的数值模拟,并与其他模型进行比较。结果表明,W-F-S-A耦合同化模式对于台风路径和风速的模拟结果优于单独耦合和单独同化结果,并且可以较好地模拟上层海洋对台风的响应特征。     

Contemporary methods for retrieving the integrated atmospheric water-vapor content and the total cloud liquid-water content

A review of contemporary methods for determining integrated parameters of the water content in the atmosphere―atmospheric water-vapor content and cloud liquid-water content―is presented. Fields of these parameters can only be mapped spatially on the basis of using data of satellite measurements. The least errors of the retrieval of atmospheric water-vapor content and cloud liquid-water content is provided by methods based on using measurements of the satellite-borne scanning multichannel microwave radiometers over the ice-free ocean areas in the absence of precipitation. Most methods for retrieving the atmospheric water-vapor content and cloud liquid-water content from the data of microwave radiometers are based on results of numerical simulation of brightness temperatures of the upwelling microwave radiation of the ocean–atmosphere system. The evolution of satellite-borne microwave radiometers and methods for the retrieval of integrated parameters of water content is presented.     

Satellite-derived SST validation based on in-situ data during summer in the East China Sea and western North Pacific

Satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) is validated based on in-situ data from the East China Sea (ECS) and western North Pacific where most typhoons, which make landfall on the Korean peninsula, are formed and pass. While forecasting typhoons in terms of intensity and track, coupled ocean-typhoon models are significantly influenced by initial ocean condition. Potentially, satellite-derived SST is a very useful dataset to obtain initial ocean field because of its wide spatial coverage and high temporal resolution. In this study, satellite-derived SST from various sources such as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) datasets from merged SSTs were compared with in-situ observation data using an indirect method which is using near surface temperature for validation of satellite derived SST. In-situ observation data included shipboard measurements such as Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT), and Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), and Argo buoy data. This study shows that in-situ data can be used for microwave derived SST validation because homogeneous features of seawater prevail at water depths of 2 m to 10 m under favorable wind conditions during the summer season in the East China Sea. As a result of validation, root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) are shown to be 0.55 °C between microwave SST and XBT/CTD data mostly under weak wind conditions, and 0.7 °C between XBT/CTD measurement and NGSST-O data. Microwave SST RMSE of 0.55 °C is a potentially valuable data source for general application. Change of SST before and after typhoon passing may imply strength of ocean mixing due to upwelling and turbulent mixing driven by the typhoon. Based on SST change, ocean mixing, driven by Typhoon Nari, was examined. Satellite-derived SST reveals a significant SST drop around the track immediately following the passing of Typhoon Nari in October, 2007.     

蒸发波导环境下风浪对电磁波传播影响的数值模拟研究

蒸发波导是一种特殊的大气波导,在其中传播的电磁波信号会被陷获在近海大气层中,实现超视距传播。受海表面温度、湿度、风速、微波频率等因素的影响,海洋蒸发波导环境中的微波传播特性起伏变化很大,规律十分复杂。以往的工作主要通过计算这些气象因素对蒸发波导条件下大气折射率剖面的影响来分析它们对路径损失的作用,其结果与实验数据仍有较大差异。本文在一定的蒸发波导条件下,利用一维分形海面模型产生海面"地形",将其作为抛物方程电磁波传播模型的边界条件进行计算,得到相应的路径损失,并与传统计算方法进行对比,分析了不同蒸发波导高度、不同频率及不同接收天线高度时的数值模拟情况,可为舰艇通信系统或者雷达系统的设计提供相应的依据。     

A wind speed retrieval algorithm by combining 6 and 10 GHz data from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer: Wind speed inside hurricanes

A wind speed retrieval algorithm was developed using 6 and 10 GHz h-pol (6H and 10H) data of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) aboard the Advanced Earth Observation Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) and AMSR-E aboard AQUA, for the purpose of retrieving wind speed inside rainstorms, primarily hurricanes and typhoons. The h-pol was used rather than the v-pol, because the brightness temperature sensitivity to the ocean wind at h-pol is larger than v-pol. The microwave emission change of 6H and 10H corresponding to ocean wind was evaluated in no-rain areas by combining AMSR and SeaWinds data aboard the ADEOS-II (SeaWinds was NASA’s scatterometer), and it was found that the ratio of the two 6H to 10H increments due to ocean wind is 0.9. Assuming that this result also holds with higher wind speeds and under rainy conditions, the brightness temperatures at 6H and 10H were simulated using a microwave radiative transfer model. A parameter W6 (unit; Kelvin) was then defined, representing an increment at 6H due to ocean wind. W6 is applicable to rainy areas, and to all ranges of sea surface temperature. W6 was compared with wind speed reported by the National Hurricanes Center for several hurricanes in the Western Atlantic Ocean during three years (2002 to 2004). W6 averaged around centers of hurricanes was found to exhibit a sensitivity to wind speed, such as increasing from 22 K to 65 K as the wind speed rose from 65 to 140 knots (33 to 72 m/s), and an empirical relationship relating the averaged W6 to wind speed in hurricanes was derived.     

一种海面微波散射模式的迭代解

采用随机粗糙面上部分覆盖球形气泡的海面微波散射模式,将非均质大气中的光散射的辐射传输理论推广到此模式中去,得到了辐射强度满足的积分方程关系式。     

The Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR): Instrument description and performance

The scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) is an imaging 5-frequency radiometer flown on the Seasat and Nimbus-7 earth satellites launched in 1978. It measures dual-polarized microwave radiances from the earth's atmosphere and surface, primarily for the purpose of deriving global and nearly all-weather measurements of sea surface temperature, wind speed, and atmospheric liquid water and water vapor. This paper describes the SMMR instrument and its calibration, antenna pattern measurements, and data processing procedures. Analysis of early data from the Seasat SMMR shows that the expected engineering performance in flight was achieved, and the measurement of sea surface temperature and wind speed with accuracies of 1.5 K and 2 m/s, respectively, may be achievable once the geophysical data processing algorithms and analysis have been completed.     

高分三号卫星对海浪的首次定量遥感

高分三号(GF-3)是我国首颗C频段多极化高分辨率微波遥感卫星,于2016年8月10日在太原卫星发射中心成功发射。GF-3 SAR卫星入射角范围约为20°—50°,具备单极化、双极化和全极化等多极化工作能力,还是世界上成像模式最多的SAR卫星,具有12种成像模式。不仅涵盖了传统的条带、扫描成像模式,而且可在聚束、条带、扫描、波浪、全球观测、高低入射角等多种成像模式下实现自由切换,既可以探地,又可以观海,达到"一星多用"的效果。近日,国家海洋局第二海洋研究所卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室利用首批GF-3合成孔径雷达(SAR)遥感数据(图1)对夏威夷西北部附近太平洋海域的海浪进行了首次定量分析和反演研究(图2)。图1为GF-3 SAR的灰度图像,成像时间为2016年9月2日8:30(GMT),卫星此时飞行速度约为7.6km,极化方式为VV极化,飞行方向为降轨,空间分辨率为8m×8m,中心入射角为28.32°。由图1可以看出,SAR图像上存在明显的黑白相间的海浪条纹,说明海浪在图像上能够顺利成像。通过提取灰度图像上的调制信息,并作傅里叶变换分析,可得到包含海浪信息的图像谱。进一步,基于经典的Hasselmann SAR海浪成像模型的准线性形式,同时估计倾斜调制、水动力调制和聚束调制等三种海浪调制函数(MTF),可以利用图像谱反演得到海浪谱,此时的海浪谱主要为较长波长的涌浪信息,至于较短波长的海浪信息提取,由于受到方位向截断效应的影响,则需要引入初猜谱加以补偿实现。图2为图1反演的海面涌浪参数。从图2可以看出,该海域海浪由西北向东南传播(即由外海向近岸传播),平均波长约200m,有效波高从2.5m到4.0m不等,能够反映浪场的分布差异。由于没有同步的现场观测资料和其他卫星遥感资料,本文将这些结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)提供的ERA-Interim再分析数据进行了比对。初步反演与比对结果表明,两者有较好的一致性,但本文的反演结果反映了更多的细节,显示GF-3 SAR有能力对海面涌浪信息进行高分辨率的观测;同时,再次表明ERA-Interim再分析数据低估了有效波高,因此GF-3卫星的发射将有利于提高全球海浪的遥感观测水平。     

On the synthetic aperture radar imaging of ocean surface waves

A process of synthetic aperture radar imaging of ocean surface waves is considered on the basis of the two-scale model of microwave scattering by a disturbed sea surface. Analytical expressions are obtained to relate characteristics of a large-scale wave image, averaged over an ensemble of realizations of the small-scale ripple, with the wave, radar, and viewing scheme as parameters. It is shown that the wave image would be defocused as an image of a target moving in the along-track direction with a speed equal to a half of the wave phase speed projection on the line of flight. The defocusing magnitude was measured experimentally for the ocean swells images, obtained with an airborneS-band radar, and the results are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the model prediction.     

A case study: imaging OBS multiples of South China Sea

The subseafloor structure offshore South China Sea was imaged using first-order water-layer multiples from ocean-bottom seismometer data and the results were compared to conventional imaging using primary reflections. The mirror-imaging method employs a primaries-only reverse time pre-stack depth migration algorithm to image the receiver ghosts. The additional travel path of the multiples through the water layer is accounted for by a simple manipulation of the velocity model and processing datum: the receivers lie not on the sea floor but on a sea surface twice as high as the true water column. Migration results show that the multiple-migrated image provides a much broader illumination of the subsurface than the conventional image using the primaries, especially for the very shallow reflections. The resulting image from mirror imaging has illumination comparable to the vertical incidence surface streamer (single-channel) reflection data.