基于GRACE的格陵兰冰盖质量变化分析

基于GRACE RL05数据反演2003-01~2012-12格陵兰岛的冰盖质量变化,构建去相关滤波和高斯滤波的组合滤波方式,采用线性及二次多项式拟合分析格陵兰岛冰盖质量变化速度及加速度。结果表明,格陵兰岛冰盖呈现加速融化趋势,冰盖融化主要在南部及西北地区。扣除泄漏误差及冰川均衡调整改正,冰盖质量融化速度及加速度分别为-157.8±11.3 Gt/a,-17.7±4.5 Gt/a2,其融化速度在2010年后明显加快,由2003~2009年的-132.2 Gt/a增加到2010~2012年的-252.5 Gt/a。东北部冰盖趋于稳定。中东部地区冰盖质量变化加速度呈现正增长,显示该地区冰盖融化逐年减缓,但2010年后加速融化。     

Crystals and fabrics analysis of an Arctic thermal growth multi-year ice sample

One of sea ice core samples was taken from Arctic by the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition Team in 1999. 20 vertical and 2 horizontal ice sections were cut out of the ice core sample 2.22 m in length, which covered the ice sheet from surface to bottom except losses for during sampling and section cutting. From the observation and analysis of the fabrics and crystals along the depth of the ice core sample, followings were found. Whole ice sheet consists of columnar, refrozen clastic pieces, granular, columnar, refrozen clastic pieces, granular, columnar and refrozen clastic pieces. This indicates that the ice core sample was 3-year old, and the ice sheet surface thawed and the melt water flowed into ice sheet during summer. Hence, the annual energy balance in Arctic can be determined by the ice sheet surface thawing in summer, and bottom growth in winter. The thickness of the ice sheet is kept constantly at a certain position based on the corresponding climate and ocean conditions; A new     

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Spatial-temporal characters of Antarctic sea ice variation

1　Introduction Nowadaysglobalclimatechangehasbeenanimportantissueintheworld.Antarctic areaisjustthekeyandsensitiveregion,fromwhichscientistsaretryingtheirbesttofind theomenofglobalclimatechange.Andfortherevolvingglobalatmosphere,PolarRegions arecoldsource.TheoceanicandatmosphericconditionofPolarRegionsisimportantto globalatmosphericcirculationandclimatechange.Antarcticareaisoneofthecoldsources ofglobalearth atmospheresystem,whileequatorialareaisitsmainheatsource(seeZhou andLuetal.1996).…     

基于Bedmap2与冰雷达数据的南极局部冰盖三维建模

利用Bedmap2数据与中国第29次南极科学考察期间获取的冰雷达数据,在中山站至Dome A断面的Gamburtsev山脉地区首次构建11.3 km×11.5 km南极局部冰盖三维模型。着重介绍三维模型建立过程中的数据处理,其中冰雷达数据采集首次采用中国自主研发的冰雷达系统。详细阐述了冰雷达数据的处理流程,包括数据预处理、常规图像修正技术以及冰下地形获取,得到冰下基岩埋深和冰盖内部等时层埋深,插值得到100 m分辨率的冰下基岩DEM（海拔1 729 m~2 718 m）和等时层DEM（海拔2 601 m~2 950 m）,利用南极Bedmap2冰表面栅格影像得到100 m分辨率的冰盖表面DEM（海拔3 679 m~3 745 m）。结合冰盖内外部数据处理结果,构建包含冰盖表面、冰盖内部等时层和冰下基岩地形特征的三维模型,并对模型进行检验,对冰盖内外部地形特征进行初步分析。     

CryoSat DEM与多种南极DEM的对比分析

南极洲被巨厚冰雪覆盖,地质构造以南极横断山脉为界,总体分为东南极地盾和西南极活动带。数字高程模型（DEM）是研究南极冰盖变化的基础数据之一。通过多期次数字高程模型相比较获得高程的变化信息,是分析南极冰盖厚度变化和物质平衡的重要手段。然而不同类型DEM之间存的平面误差和垂直误差影响分析结果的精度。首先利用配准消除DEM间的水平误差,然后计算并按坡度提取CryoSat DEM与其他DEM的平均高程差和标准差,最后分析高程差的时空变化特征。通过分析发现,DEM之间存在不同的平面误差。其中TanDEM_X DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最小,而ICESat DEM与CryoSat DEM的高程平面偏差最大。在垂直方向上,0°~1°的坡度范围内,CryoSat DEM与TanDEM_X DEM的平均高程差在3.5~5.5 m之间,标准差小于18.0 m;CryoSat DEM和Bamber 1km DEM的平均高程差在-2.5~+1.0 m之间,标准差小于24.2 m;CryoSat DEM与ICESat DEM的平均高程差在-25.0~-1.0 m之间,标准差小于47.2 m;CryoSat DEM与RAMPv2 DEM的平均高程差在1.3~3.2 m之间,标准差小于45.6 m。通过研究发现南极冰盖内部高程增加,但西南极冰盖和东南极冰盖高程均在降低,且西南极降低明显,同时南极边缘地区高程降低明显。本研究为全球变化研究和南极物质平衡研究提供了重要参考。      

Relationship between Antarctic sea ice and the climate in summer of China

The variations of sea ice are different in different regions in Antarctica, thus have different impacts on local atmospheric circulation and global climatic system. The relationships between the sea ice in Ross Sea and Weddell Sea regions and the synoptic climate in summer of China are investigated in this paper via diagnostic analysis methods by using global sea ice concentration gridded data covering Jan. 1968 through Dec. 2002 obtained from Hadley Center, combined with Geopotential Height on 500hPa and 100hPa over North Hemisphere and monthly precipitation and air temperatures data covering the corresponding period over 160 meteorological stations in China obtained from CMA （ China Meteorological Administration）. Results disclose that both these two regions are of indicative meanings to the climate in summer of China. The Ross Sea Region is the key sea ice region to the precipitation in Northeast China in summer. More sea ice in this region in September will result in less precipitation in Northeast China in the following June. Weddell Sea Region is the key sea ice region to the air temperature in Northeast China in summer. More sea ice in this region in September will contribute to lower air temperature in Northeast China in the following June.     

GLIMMER Antarctic Ice Sheet Model,an experimental research of moving boundary condition

A 3-D coupled ice sheet model, GLIMMER model is introduced, and an idealized ice sheet experiment under the EISMINT-1 criterion of moving boundary condition is presented. The results of the experiment reveal that for a steady-state ice sheet profile the characteristic curves describe the process of evolution which are accordant with theoretical estimates. By solving the coupled thermodynamics equations of ice sheet, one may find the characteristic curves which derived from the conservation of the mass, energy and momentum to the ice flow profile. At the same time, an agreement, approximate to the GLIMMER case and the confirmed theoretical results, is found. Present study is explorihg work to introduce and discuss the handicaps of EISMINT criterion and GLIMMER, and prospect a few directions of the GLIMMER model.     

基于星载激光测高估计南极冰盖高程变化

利用NSIDC公布的ICESat运行期间的19个任务期的观测数据, 采用重复轨迹分析方法估计近年来南极冰盖高程的时空变化。结果表明,南极大陆冰盖整体上呈现消融趋势,基于不同的GIA模型和ICESat激光测高数据的南极大陆冰盖高程变化的趋势约为 -1.17~-1 cm/a。     

2003~2016年南极地区冰盖质量变化时间序列分析

利用CSR提供的GRACE时变重力场数据反演2003~2016年南极地区冰盖质量变化。结果表明,南极地区冰盖整体呈现消融趋势,消融速率为（-101.27±7.02） Gt/a,且在不断加速。EA以质量积累为主,速率为（69.09±2.64） Gt/a,但近期速率大幅减小;WA冰盖消融速率为（-148.35±6.78） Gt/a,表现为加速消融趋势,为南极冰盖质量消融的主要地区;AP消融速率为（-22.01±1.44） Gt/a,变化相对平稳。     

北极海冰的基本特征

本文应用1953～1984年的北极海冰资料,分析各区海冰的季节变化、年际变化、自相关特性及互相关特性。认为Ⅰ区海冰占有最大权重,又具有较大的方差,在全区海冰中起着重耍作用。冬季,各区海冰相互关联,其余季节,基本上相互独立。各区海冰均提供了气候“贮存”机制,一个季节的冰能影响下一个季节冰的特性;冬季的贮存能力大于夏季,春秋次之;Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区冰的持续性优于Ⅰ区 。     

Fabric and crystal characteristics of Bohai and Arctic sea ice

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松辽冰盖与松辽分水岭翘板迁移间的动力关系探讨

广布于松辽平原科尔沁沙地的巨型弧形沙垄的成因一直未能得到很好解释,该项研究采用罗根冰碛变形机理对该区的巨型弧形沙垄、密布的湖泡等特征地貌进行分析,发现其与斯堪的纳维亚冰盖、劳伦泰德冰盖的冰下软基变形地貌特征具有同一性,从而确认巨型弧形沙垄为冰盖冰流形成的巨型流线、罗根冰碛与锅穴构造的遗留,从而佐证了“松辽冰盖”的存在。研究发现松辽平原的巨型弧形流线显示出具有从盆地周围向沉降中心延伸、汇聚的特征,这表明流线的走向受制于地势的控制,而非所谓的风力所为。此外根据巨型冰川流线的展布形态与松辽分水岭之间存在的反常关系,发现在冰盖消融后松辽分水岭发生了北移现象,这一现象的产生可能与冰盖消融后导致的松辽盆地的失压反弹隆升有关。根据松辽分水岭的迁移时间、风沙层序年龄、荷载构造扰动地层年龄的综合约束,初步判断松辽冰盖的最近一次的发生时间在晚更新世早期(MIS4阶段)的东山冰期。     

Solar radiation penetrating through sea ice under very low solar altitude

Based on the optical data for transmitted radiation through sea ice in the Arctic during the late autumn and early winter of 2007,the authors studied the arriving solar radiation,reflected radiation and transmitted radiation under very low solar altitude.Through the atmosphere,the light of the arriving solar radiation at short wavelength was weakened,with the spectral distribution of double peaks centered at 490 nm and 683 nm.The magnitude of the peak at 683 nm even exceeded that at 490 nm under the very low solar radiation condition.The reflection was lower than that in summertime because of the thin thicknesses of ice and snow,allowing higher ratio of heat to enter the sea ice and snow.When higher ratio of solar radiation entered sea ice in late autumn,the new ice freezing would be affected.The spectral reflectivity from snow surface was almost a constant,but the reflection without snow decreased at longer wavelengths.In the transmission spectrum,the light of 490nm was dominant.It indicates that the radiation at longer wavelength was weakened by sea ice.Therefore,under the condition of low solar altitude,the radiation at shorter wavelength was weakened by the atmosphere while the radiation at longer wavelength was weakened by the sea ice.The combined effect of atmosphere and sea ice made the solar radiation under sea ice much weaker.The absorption of sea ice for the longer-wavelength radiation allowed the sea ice to gain more heat to slow down the freezing process.     

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Summer sea ice characteristics of the Chukchi Sea

During August 1999, we investigated sea ice characteristics; its distribution, surface feature, thickness, ice floe movement, and the temperature field around inter-borders of air/ice/seawater in the Chukchi Sea. Thirteen ice cores were drilled at 11 floe stations in the area of 72°24′ 77°18′N, 153°34′ 163°28′W and the ice core structure was observed. From field observation, three melting processes of ice were observed; surface layer melting, surface and bottom layers melting, and all of ice melting. The observation of temperature fields around sea ice floes showed that the bottom melting under the ice floes were important process. As ice floes and open water areas were alternately distributed in summer Arctic Ocean; the water under ice was colder than the open water by 0.4 2.8℃. The sun radiation heated seawater in open sea areas so that the warmer water went to the bottom when the ice floes move to those areas. This causes ice melting to start at the bottom of the ice floes. This process can balance effectively the temperature fluctuating in the sea in summer. From the crystalline structure of sea ice observed from the cores, it was concluded that the ice was composed of ice crystals and brine-ice films. During the sea ice melting, the brine-ice films between ice crystals melted firstly; then the ice crystals were encircled by brine films; the sea ice became the mixture of ice and liquid brine. At the end of melting, the ice crystals would be separated each other, the bond between ice crystals weakens and this leads to the collapse of the ice sheet.     

Experimental research on the impact of Corbicula fluminea on DIN exchange at a tidal flat sediment-water interface

Based on a simulative experiment and a comparison analysis, the effect of bivalve Corbiculafluminea activity on sediment-water exchange of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） is studied. The areas included three intertidal flat sites of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary in China. The interface exchange flux of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite in the short experiment （6 h） was -46.4-40, -74.8-929.1 and 2.5-14.6 μmol/（m^2·h）, respectively. It was found that the burrowing activities of C. fluminea increased NH4 and NOi release from sediments to overlying water in the short-term experiment. During long-term incubation, NH4 and NOi released in turn from the sediments. At the beginning of incubation, bioturbation by C. fluminea could accelerate NH2 release from sediments 2-17 times in different sites, resulting in stronger nitrification and increased NOi concentrations in the overlying water. Sediment profile analysis post-incubation shows that organic matter mineralization and sediment-water NH4 exchange had been stimulated by C. fluminea bioturbation and bioirrigation during the experiment. Therefore, C. fluminea activities such as excretion, burrowing, irrigation and turbation can effectively alter nitrogen dynamics and accelerate and stimulate nitrogen exchange and cycling at the sediment-water interface.     

The study on the depositional styles of major ions and the climatic effect of nssSO2-4 in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica

Snow samples collected from a 50 m firn core and two snow pits along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. Analyzing the relationship between the concentration and flux of major ions and accumulation rate can draw the following conclusions. 1 ) The concentrations of major ions in the atmosphere in the study region is big enough so that the concentrations of the ions do not vary with snow accumulation rate, that is to say, the concentrations of major chemical species are independent of snow accumulation rate. 2) The results of analyzing the depositional styles of major chemical species suggest that wet deposition dominates the major ions flux. In addition, there is no apparent correlation between nssSO2-4 fluctuations and isotope profile. This would indicate the short-term climatic effect of volcanism is not evident in the region.     

GRACE估计南极冰川质量变化的泄露影响及其改正

利用2003-01～2013-12期间GRACE数据反演得到地球表面质量变化,使用全球正向建模恢复法改正泄露影响,获得南极冰盖质量变化。比较GRACE直接估计和泄露影响改正后的结果发现,南极冰盖在2003～2013年质量变化信号衰减20.3%,西南极有26.4%的质量消融信号泄露到了周边,东南极的泄露影响更高达70%。改正后的结果表明,南极冰盖绝大部分质量消融发生在西南极和南极半岛,质量积累发生在东南极的Ronne冰架和Amery冰架;西南极冰盖质量变化速度达到-152.47±2.00 Gt/a,基本上等同于南极全岛的质量消融速度,而南极半岛的冰盖融化速度为-27.44±0.75 Gt/a,基本与东南极的冰盖质量积累速度27.27±5.12Gt/a抵消;南极全岛冰川整体质量以-152.64±7.00 Gt/a速度消失,并以-18.85±4.87 Gt/a2的加速度加速融化,导致海平面以0.41 mm/a的速度上升。     

南极GPS数据质量分析

以多路径误差和电离层延迟为评价指标,利用TEQC软件和QCVIEW软件对南极埃默里冰架、内陆冰盖、纳拉峡海湾、拉斯曼丘陵的实测GPS数据以及部分IGS站点的数据进行了数据质量分析,得到结论： 1)在同一站点上,L2上的多路径误差总比L1上的多路径误差要大;2)在南极不同环境下的多路径误差不同;3)纬度和太阳活动剧烈程度是影响南极地区GPS数据电离层延迟大小的两个重要因素。