加卸载响应比理论在山西及邻近地区以磁报震中的应用

加卸载响应比理论具有雄厚的物理基础，取太阳日照（或磁暴）过程作为加卸载，地磁垂直分量Z为响应，选取了山西临汾、太原、内蒙古呼和浩特地磁台1987年1月至1998年12月的相对观测资料，计算出其响应比值P（Z）的变化。发现P（Z）异常与周围700km范围内发生的Ms≥5．5中强地震有较好的对应关系，并对计算结果及其在地震预报中的应用进行了分析探讨。     

琼中台地磁加卸载响应比与地震

尹祥础和尹灿1991年提出了测震学的加卸载响应比理论,宋治平等(1996)将其理论用在地震活动性预测地震中,取得了良好结果。同时,在中国的地形变,地倾斜,地下水位和重力等参量的应用中取得了良好的内验效果。曾小苹等1996年提出将磁扰过程作为地磁场对太阳风的加卸载响应,分析研究了地磁扰动场的扰日变化Ds(Z)的响应比值P(Z)的变化,发现P(Z)的高值与北京台550km范围内MS≥5.5主震有较好的对应。为探讨研究北部湾1994年12月31日MS6.0地震及1995年1月10日的MS6.1地震,分析了琼中台1994年6月至1999年7月期间地磁场垂直分量的资料,发现1994年…     

美国西部地区加卸载响应比的时空扫描及其地震趋势研究

加卸载响应比理论是近年来提出的地震预报新方法, 在中国大陆地区的实际地震预测中取得了较好的效果。 为了研究加卸载响应比理论是否适用于不同地质条件的地震, 是否具有普适性, 选择了典型的美国圣安德烈斯断层带及其周围地区的地震作为研究对象, 计算分析了美国西部地区加卸载响应比的变化情况, 并对该地区未来的地震趋势进行了研究。     

响应比法的地磁异常分析

将加卸载响应比的理论应用于地磁方法中，取太阳日照为加载，地磁垂直分量Ｚ为响应，应用马陵山地震台１９９３年１月～１９９５年１１月对相观测资料计算其响应比值。得出结果：响应比的变化在１９９５年９月２０日苍山５．２级地震前明显异常显示，分析认为，这一异常变化是苍山地震的前兆异常。     

地磁加卸载响应比影响因素研究

<正>1研究背景地震孕育是非线性不可逆的过程。尹祥础等（1991）提出利用震源区介质加载与卸载的响应差别来定量刻画地震的孕育过程,定义新的参数为加卸载响应比。王文等（1995）利用磁静日地磁垂直分量白天最低值与夜间零点值的比值,首次探讨了地磁场的加卸载响应比与地震的关系;曾小苹等（1996）对该方法进行了延伸,提出将太阳风作为地磁场的加载和卸载,并利用1965—1991年北京地震台地磁垂直分量日变幅度来计算加卸载响应比,分析发现,响应比高值区域与台站周边中强震有较好的对应关系;冯志生等（2000）对1983—1997年江苏地区加卸载响应比异常与地震之间的关系进行了研究,     

云南地区地磁加卸载响应比短临异常特征

以太阳风为加卸载,将磁暴过程作为地磁场对太阳风的加卸载响应,取地磁垂直分量日变幅(ΔZ)数据,计算、分析和研究磁暴场暴时扰日变化的响应比值.本文分析研究了云南6个地磁台在1995年1月～2001 年12月间垂直分量日变幅响应比值P(Z)的变化,发现在云南及邻区M≥5级地震前,响应比值出现P≥P(Z)高值异常,对预报未来1～3个月内地震的发生有短临显示意义.     

加卸载响应比理论在以磁报震中的应用探索

加卸载响应比理论具有雄厚的物理基础，把它引用到以磁报震中，即有利于以磁报震工作的发展，也是对加卸载响应比理论应用的延拓。我们取太阳日照为加载，地磁垂直分量Ｚ为响应，研究了利用北京台１９７０－１９８６年资料所计算出的响应比与１９７６年唐山大地震的关系。结果发现１９７６年地震前约半年时间内的响应比明显高出其他各年。通过地震前后共１７年的资料分析，确认这正是地震前兆。     

关于加卸载响应比理论运用于地震预测的几点思考

加卸载响应比理论已在地震预测中得到广泛应用，但也面临挑战。本对加卸载响应比理论及方法进行了分析，并提出该理论几个可能的研究方面：(1)根据固体潮应力变化值给定每个小地震Benio盯应变在加卸载响应比计算中的权重；(2)考虑地震之前应力空间分布，确定加卸载响应比可能升高的区域形状，进而确定加卸载响应比计算中小震资料的选取范围；(3)将实测的小震震源机制与假定小震震源机制都相同时的加卸载响应比计算结果进行比较，研究测定的小震震源机制对加卸载响应比方法的改善情况；(4)研究加卸载响应比方法对不同震源机制类型地震的适用情况。     

地磁加卸载响应比方法最佳阈值研究

地磁加卸载响应比方法(LURR)是从测震学中移植过来的、用于地震中期分析预测的一种地磁学方法。笔者应用红山地震台地磁数字化观测数据进行了地磁加卸载响应比的计算分析,经过统计得出在阈值选择为3.0时对地震进行预测的效果比较好,其与地震的对应概率为42%。同时,笔者还认为可能受限于方法本身及外界因素,地磁加卸载响应比方法在进行地震预测时,其虚报率及漏报率较高。     

泾阳5.2级地震前的加卸载响应比异常

正加卸载响应比是尹详础等人提出的一种中短期地震预报方法,这种方法通过测量地震加卸载过程中本尼奥夫应变的比率进行,可能反映了作用于断层的地球潮汐力引起的库仑破裂应力变化。当孕震系统处于稳定或线性状态时,加卸载响应比接近1,当孕震系统处于非稳态时,加卸载响应比大于1,通常在强震发生前,加卸载响应比会在震前出现几个月到几年的高值异常,这种前兆现象已被众多研究者多次观测到并以之作为地震预测的依据。     

福建沿海、台湾海峡GPS观测分析及地球动力学特征研究

利用 3期GPS联测结果所获得的福建沿海地壳水平运动信息 ,采用ITRF94全球框架为基础的GPS测站地壳运动模型及其处理软件 ,对所获得的观测数据进行处理和精度分析。得到福建省高精度的GPS测站大地坐标、边长及其位移矢量 ,其精度达到 1 7×10 - 8。计算了福建地壳运动速率、主应变率 ,东西与南北向线应变率、面应变率、剪应变率、大地转动率和最大剪应变率等值线并给出了它们的分布图象。根据多年形变和现今GPS观测资料 ,分析福建地壳垂直运动与水平运动 ,显示区域应力场优势分布特征。最后 ,对福建沿海及台湾海峡地壳动力学特征作了初步的探讨     

Relationship of the Magnetic-Field Strength and the Brightness of the Sunspot Umbra and the Center of a Facular Knot

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Two main features define a sunspot as an object: a strong magnetic field and a low umbra temperature. The same can be said about a facular knot, in the center of which...     

Some space gravity formulas and the dimensions and the mass of the Earth

Summary Adopting thePizzetti-Somigliana method and using elliptic integrals we have obtained closed formulas for the space gravity field in which one of the equipotential surfaces is a triaxial ellipsoid. The same formulas are also obtained in first approximation of the equatorial flattening avoiding the use of the elliptic integrals. Using data from satellites and Earth gravity data the gravitational and geometric bulge of the Earth's equator are computed. On the basis of these results and on the basis of recent gravity data taken around the equator between the longitudes 50° to 100° E, 155° to 180° E, and 145° to 180° W, we question the advantage of using a triaxial gravity formula and a triaxial ellipsoid in geodesy. Closed formulas for the space field in which a biaxial ellipsoid is an equipotential surface are also derived in polar coordinates and its parameters are specialized to give the international gravity formula values on the international ellipsoid. The possibility to compute the Earth's dimensions from the present Earth gravity data is the discussed and the value ofMG=(3.98603×10²⁰ cm³ sec^–2) (M mass of the Earth,G gravitational constant) is computed. The agreement of this value with others computed from the mean distance Earth-Moon is discussed. The Legendre polinomials series expansion of the gravitational potential is also added. In this series the coefficients of the polinomials are closed formulas in terms of the flattening andMG.Publication Number 327, and Istituto di Geodesia e Geofisica of Università di Trieste.     

Theory of the evolution of the earth and the earth's crust

Summary The paleomagnetic field (declination and inclination) in different geological epochs is represented through the field of the so-called magnetic dipole. The optimal dipole coordinates so obtained show that during older geological times the optimal dipole lay outside the earth's centre and moved towards and around the earth centre. It is supposed that the optimal dipole trajectory in the earth coincides with earth core trajectory. This core motion brought about a motion of the masses of the mantle in a direction opposite to the motion of the core. This in turn brought about the break-down of Pangea and the separation of the continents. The drift of the continents, the relative changing of the earth's rotational axis and many other geological and geophysical phenomena may be explained through such a motion, that is through the motion of an eccentrical core towards the earth centre.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

地震社会心理初探与政府的疏导防治对策

针对我国当前较具典型的几种地震社会心理，指出职能部门疏导、防治的工作重点，并从顺应国情、民情及国家经济体制改革的方向出发，提出相应的对策建议。     

Correlation of the Radial and Meridional Components of IMF and the Solar Wind Velocity: Dependence on the Time and the Fluctuation Frequency

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The behavior of the correlation between the radial BR and normal BN components of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the dependence on the time, the flow type of...     

太行山与燕山交汇部位的地壳厚度与泊松比分布特征

本文搜集了2001—2013年间在太行山与燕山构造带交汇部位先后布设的4个宽频带流动地震台阵和首都圈固定地震台网共192个台站记录到的全球5.5级以上远震事件波形资料,综合采用接收函数H-κ和CCP叠加分析获得了134个基岩台站下方的地壳厚度和泊松比结果.综合分析与前人研究相吻合但更加精细的地壳约束分布信息,发现研究区域的地壳厚度和泊松比在整体上呈现出从西北到东南方向渐变的特征,在南北重力梯度带两侧及其附近呈现出明显的小尺度地壳结构和物质组分的差异,且可明显区分出太行山地区和燕山构造带及盆山交界处的地壳厚度与泊松比的相对差异,这可能反映了这些地区在华北克拉通的构造演化过程中所经历的不同地壳改造过程.     

Models for the origin and composition of the earth,and the hypothesis of potassium in the Earth's core

Progress in understanding the condensation of planetary constituents from a solar nebula necessitates a re-examination of models for the origin and composition of the Earth. All models which appear to be viable require the Earth to have an Fe–FeS core and the full, or nearly full, solar (i.e. chondritic) K/Si ratio. The crust and upper mantle do not contain the requisite potassium for the entire Earth to have the solar K/Si ratio. Therefore, these models require that much of the Earth's potassium, about 80–90%, must be in the deep interior—in the lower mantle or in the core.The hypothesis that a substantial fraction of the Earth's potassium is in the Fe–FeS core is based on the chalcophilic behavior of potassium. Data including the stability of K₂S, the occurrence of potassium in sulfide phases in meteorites and in metallurgical systems, and most importantly, experiments on potassium partitioning between solid silicates and Fe–FeS melts support this hypothesis. The present data appear to require at least several percent of the Earth's total potassium to be in the core. Incorporation of much larger amounts of potassium into the core, possibly most of the 80–90% of the Earth's potassium which is postulated to be in the deep interior, is not contradicted by the present data. Additional experimental data, at high pressures, are required before quantitative estimates of the core's potassium content can be made.It is likely that⁴⁰K is a significant heat source in the core. Decay of⁴⁰K is a plausible energy source to drive core convection to maintain the geomagnetic field, and to drive mantle convection and seafloor spreading.     

美国地质、地球物理和海洋学家的现状调研

1　工作特点美国的地质学、地球物理学和海洋学家们利用他们所掌握的科学知识 (地球物理、地质和历史等方面的知识 )来确定水资源、矿产资源和能源等的状况 ,围绕如何保护环境 ,预测未来地质灾害 ,利用土地资源等问题开展工作。他们利用先进的仪器对地球和水资源进行分析研究。地质学家 ,同时也包括地球物理学家们研究地球的过去、现在和未来。例如他们研究地球运动 ,试图预报地震与火山会在何时何地发生 ,以及它们对周围地区的影响。虽然地质学、地球物理学、海洋学领域密切相关 ,但也有很大的不同。地质学家研究地球的构成、过程和历史。…