公转轴应力场星球说——地球、火星南南西应力场四组三维构造系

介绍了对地球构造格局,运动方式及其动力源问题研究取得的新成果。它不同于流行已久的以地球自转轴旋转和以软流圈带动岩石圈漂移以及随机的地幔柱（流）为构造动力源的观点,而是与黄赤交角相关的沿公转轴方向的统一应力场,认为中国西部ＮＷＷ向压性,ＮＥＥ与ＮＮＷ是与黄赤交角相关的沿公转轴方向的统一应力场。认为中国西部ＮＷＷ向压性,ＮＥＥ与ＮＮＷ向两组共轭扭性及ＮＮＥ向张性带交接,为来自全球ＳＳＷ主压应力场形成的     

隧道开挖对下伏水平薄煤层采空区地层的扰动及衬砌受荷特征

为探明下伏薄煤层采空区地层中隧道施工对地层的扰动以及衬砌结构受荷特性,采用离散元颗粒流软件,从细观角度对隧道开挖引起的地层应力变化特性进行了模拟分析,同时在室内开展模型试验量测了下伏煤层采空区地层隧道衬砌背后土压力以及二次衬砌结构内力（轴力、弯矩）,分析了特定围压下间距对土压力和二次衬砌受力的影响。结果表明,下伏煤层采空区地层因隧道开挖引起的围岩松动区呈“O”形分布,隧道下伏围岩颗粒接触力反而小于隧道上覆围岩;洞周允许位移越大,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大;间距越小,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大,当间距大于2.0D（D为隧道跨度）时,下伏采空区对隧道围岩颗粒接触力影响逐渐消失,降低了地基反力,间距越小,降低程度越高;二次衬砌内力分布有一定的离散性,二次衬砌裂缝最先出现在拱底,是隧道主体结构的薄弱环节。     

砂土地层中考虑基坑施工效应的柔性挡墙主动土压力研究

以基坑施工过程中柔性挡墙墙后主动土压力为研究对象,假定柔性围护结构最大变形位于开挖面处,墙后滑面为通过墙趾的平面,推导出考虑基坑开挖及支护的墙后滑面倾角一般表达式。采用水平层析法,研究墙体内凸型变形时的主动土压力分布、主动土压力合力及其作用点。研究表明,理论结果与实测结果规律一致,大小相近;随着基坑开挖深度的增加,滑面倾角减小,基坑开挖对周边环境的影响范围增大,土压力合力增大,对合力作用点位置的影响较小;当基坑开挖深度减小时土体内摩擦角和墙土间摩擦角增大时主动土压力非线性分布更加明显,主动土压力合力减小,合力作用点距墙趾的距离增大。     

Earth pressure distribution behind rigid non-yielding walls under the effect of repeated loading on backfill

One of the most important factors in optimized design of non-yielding retaining walls like basement walls and bridge abutments is to determine the exact variation of earth pressure acting on such walls. In this paper, the distribution of at rest earth pressure behind a laboratory model of a fixed and rigid retaining wall with a cohesionless dry backfill is measured under the effect of static and repeated loads. The same conditions of the experimental model are then simulated numerically with a two-dimensional finite-difference analysis computer code. For the purpose of model verification, the results of numerical model are compared to the results of the experimental model, which is similar in geometrical and geomechanical properties. Cyclic surcharges with different amplitudes and frequencies are applied in different distances from the wall, and the earth pressure distribution, the resultant force, and its point of application are investigated. The effect of soil and loading parameters on the at rest earth pressure is also evaluated, and a parametric study has been carried out. The results of model show a significant increase in the earth pressure due to cyclic loading compared to static loading, especially in the initial cycles of loading. It indicates that the effect of cycling nature of loading should be essentially taken into account in the design of retaining walls.     

青藏铁路L型挡土墙土压力的试验与分析

Considering the only retaining structure L-type retaining wall used in Golmud-Lhasa section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the earth pressure and frost-heaving force was tested in a frost-thaw circle for one year, and several different analysis models were studied. Compared with site test and theory analysis, it was found that the actual earth pressure is much larger than the designed earth pressure. Hence,a revised analysis model of earth pressure is put forward, which could include another possible force except slide triangle or frost heaving force. The model in this paper is only consider the thrust force other than failure sliding wedge. This model could be used as reference for the design and construction of similar projects.     

大断面深埋高水压地铁盾构隧道周边土压力作用模式评价

以南京某大直径地铁盾构隧道为背景,对盾构管片衬砌所受荷载及结构内力进行现场测试,分析了深埋高水压粉细砂地层中盾构隧道管片土压力大小及分布特征。采用3种不同竖向荷载组合（即有效上覆土压力+水压力,太沙基松动土压力+水压力,只有水压力）计算管片内力并与实测内力进行比较,评价了作用在盾构隧道管片上的土压力模式。结果表明：（1）作用在盾构隧道衬砌上的水压力大小基本等于静止水压力;（2）盾构隧道隧顶实测土压力约为太沙基松动土压力的80%,实测隧顶土压力更接近于太沙基松动土压力,隧道上方存在土拱;（3）现场实测管片弯矩较3种荷载作用下计算弯矩小,而实测管片轴力约为理论计算轴力的2倍。此外,分析了水平地基抗力系数对隧道管片内力的影响。研究成果可为大直径深埋盾构隧道设计提供参考。     

Passive earth pressure on embedded vertical plate anchors in sand

Passive earth pressure on embedded anchor plates constitutes a viable resisting force for the design of underground structures. In the current practice, these forces are empirically calculated, ignoring the effects of the depth of embedment and the level of consolidation of the surrounding soil, which takes place during plate installation on the in situ stress levels. Accordingly, wide discrepancies between predicted and measured pullout capacities of these plates were reported in the literature. Numerical model was developed using finite-element technique and the constitutive law of Mohr?CCoulomb to simulate the case of a retaining wall partially supported by an embedded anchor plate in sand. The results produced in this investigation showed that the passive earth pressure acting on anchor plates increases due to the increase of angle of shearing resistance and the overconsolidation ratio of sand, and it decreases due to an increase of the embedment depth of anchor. Design theories were developed for the case of embedded anchor plate in overconsolidated sand. The theories developed will satisfy the design needed in terms of allowable pullout load and/or displacement.     

格形地连墙与软土相互作用的离心试验研究

格形地下连续墙（GCRW）是一种常用于软土地区的基坑开挖的新型支护结构,该结构与软土的相互作用是必须深入研究的关键问题。结合背景工程,首先进行了格形地连墙模型的设计和试验方案的制定,通过离心模型试验模拟了分步开挖基坑时格形地连墙和软土的相互作用,并把测定结果与朗肯土压力进行了比较。试验结果表明,土压力基本上呈现线性变化特征,格形地连墙因基坑开挖引起的前墙内侧土压力而产生变形和位移;格形地连墙和格子内的土体作为一个整体在土压力的作用下保持平衡,受力特征与重力式支护结构相似。支护结构处于最不利状态时,主动区土压力介于朗肯静止土压力和主动土压力之间,而被动区土压力大于朗肯被动土压力,前墙没有倾覆是因为受到了隔墙拉力     

坑中坑条件下基坑有限土体的被动土压力计算

坑中坑在基坑工程实践中普遍存在,使得基坑底部土体成为有限土体,因此,常规的建立在半无限空间土体假定上的朗肯土压力理论对于坑中坑条件下的基坑不再适用。基于极限平衡理论和平面滑裂面假定,考虑土体黏聚力和滑动土体不同的形状,推导了4种情况下被动土压力的计算公式,并给出了滑裂面剪切破坏角的数学表达式。通过算例,计算了不同内坑位置条件下被动土压力的大小和变化趋势。结果表明,滑裂面剪切破坏角是与土体内摩擦角、黏聚力、计算深度、内坑大小及位置有关的变量,内坑的存在将降低围护结构上的被动土压力,且存在一个内坑影响最不利位置,此时的被动土压力值最小。成果为基坑围护设计中被动土压力的计算提供了理论基础。     

既有−新增排桩双层支挡结构开挖模型试验研究

在既有地下室以下增设地下空间,常面临既有支护桩与新增支护桩构成双层支挡结构的开挖工况,这是传统开挖设计方法未涉及的新问题。通过大比尺模型试验,以内外双层支护桩排间距为主要参数,研究其对支护结构性能演变、排间土压力的影响。试验结果表明,随排间距减小,新增支护桩位移与弯矩逐渐增大,由嵌固作用转变为主要受力结构。开挖至既有支护桩失效退出工作后,新增支护桩位移与弯矩突增,最大弯矩点下移。既有支护桩背单位土压力随开挖逐渐减小,达到主动极限状态后主动土压力随排间距增大而增大,并接近朗肯主动土压力分布线。通过各试验桩背主动土压力数据分析拟合,建立了以排间距、土体内摩擦角、桩土摩擦角为参数并考虑土拱效应的既有支护桩背主动土压力预测方法。     

地震条件下挡土墙主动土压力及其分布的新分析法

采用旋转挡土墙计算模型的变换法,将在地震和拟静力法条件下主动土压力的求解问题转化为在静力条件下主动土压力的求解问题。根据在静力条件下水平层分析法的主动土压力推导结果,直接获得在地震条件下主动土压力强度分布、土压力合力及其作用点位置的表达式,并运用图解法得到了临界破裂角的解析解。公式可考虑水平和垂直地震加速度、不同墙背倾角、墙背和坡面倾角与填料存在黏结力和外摩擦角、存在均布超载等诸多因素的影响,公式可以适用于在常用边界和地震条件下黏性土的主动土压力计算。旋转地震角法是将在地震和拟静力法条件下挡土墙计算模型旋转为在静力条件下挡土墙计算模型,但旋转挡土墙计算模型并不改变挡土墙和墙后填土的应力状态,按在静力条件下挡土墙主动土压力求解方法求解在地震和拟静力法条件下主动土压力,该方法大大简化了在地震和拟静力法条件下的主动土压力计算公式推导过程,统一了在拟静力法条件下的地震土压力求解,理论更加完善。     

阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析的上限解法

从极限分析机动学方法出发,利用土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的临界稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式.对于典型问题,通过与现有极限平衡解和有限元数值解的对比分析,验证了这种上限解法的合理性.进而对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,利用极限分析上限定理建立了阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定了极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧土压力,以此为土坡加固中阻滑桩设计提供依据.通过数值计算与分析探讨了阻滑桩加固位置的优化布置等问题.     

黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法

不论挡土墙填料采用砂性土,还是黏性土,其墙背主动土压力与墙体倾角和位移关系存在较大的联系,因而研究黏性土填料下的非极限主动土压力计算理论具有重要意义。通过应力状态分析给出了非极限状态下考虑土拱效应的侧向主动土压力系数,然后采用水平微分层析法给出了倾斜墙下非极限主动土压力解析解。通过与室内模拟试验及已有理论进行对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后研究了相关参数包括位移比?,墙土摩擦角与内摩擦角之比? /?,墙体倾角?,黏聚力c等对主动土压力分布及其作用点高度的影响。结果表明：土体由静止状态向极限主动土压力状态发展时,土拱效应的影响会越来越大。随着? /?的不断增大,土压力分布曲线非线性强度会不断增强,土压力合力作用点高度呈上升趋势,并且? /?对土压力的影响会随着位移比? 的增大而增大。随着挡土墙墙背倾斜角度? 的不断增大,土拱效应对非极限主动土压力的影响减小。随着土体填料黏聚力的不断增大,上部张拉裂缝高度也会随之增加,且土压力合力作用点越低。给出的考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法对于丰富挡土墙土压力计算理论具有重要意义。     

Study of the interaction between dry granular flows and rigid barriers with an SPH model

This study uses an incompressible smoothed‐particle hydrodynamics model to investigate the interaction between dry granular material flows and rigid barriers. The primary aim is to summarise some practical guidelines for the design of debris‐resisting barriers. The granular materials are modelled as a rigid‐perfectly plastic material where the plastic flow corresponds to the critical state. The coupled continuity equation and momentum equation are solved by a semi‐implicit algorithm. Compared with flows in controlled flume experiments, the model adequately reproduces both the kinetic of the flows and the impact force under various conditions. Then the numerical simulations are used to study the detailed interaction process. It is illustrated quantitatively that the interaction force consists of two parts, ie, the earth pressure force caused by the weight of the soil and a dynamic force caused by the internal deformation (flowing mass on top of a dead zone). For the estimation of impact load, this study suggests that an increased earth pressure coefficient depending on the Froude number should be incorporated into the hydrostatic model.     

Effects of frictional forces acting on sidewalls of buried box culverts

The effects of frictional forces acting on the sidewalls of buried box culverts are presented as determined with finite element method (FEM) and detailed soil modelling. The possibility of reducing earth pressure on deeply buried concrete box culverts by the imperfect trench installation (ITI) method has been contemplated during the last several decades. There have been limited research results published primarily regarding the qualitative aspect of load reduction in ITIs. It was found during the course of this study that significant frictional forces develop along the sidewalls of box culverts and adjacent sidefills in ITIs. Current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials provisions do not consider these frictional forces, but they cannot be neglected in ITIs, as their effect is dominant. An optimum geometry for the soft zone in ITIs is presented to maximize earth load reductions. The soil–structure interaction at the box culvert–soil interface was found to have a significant effect on total earth pressure acting on the bottom slab. Predictor equations for earth load reduction rates were formulated for ITIs incorporating the optimum soft zone geometry based on the FEM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震条件下挡土墙主动土压力及其分布的统一解

在非地震主动土压力公式的基础上,用微分薄层法给出了地震条件下主动土压力公式,其中填土面倾斜、墙背倾斜、填土为黏性土、墙背与填土间同时存在凝聚力c和内摩擦角? 作用、墙后破裂体存在水平向和竖向的地震加速度,目前所见的地震情况下和非地震情况下的主动土压力均是此公式的特例。对上述同一条件下的挡墙用过墙踵的整块破裂体作静力平衡分析（如库仑分析）,得到的总土压力与文中微分薄层法得到的总土压力大小相等,但微分薄层法作用点位置明显增加,研究表明：设计抗震和非抗震各类挡墙时要引起足够的重视。     

考虑非均质各向异性效应的阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析

基于极限分析上限定理与土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,考虑土的强度分布的非均质性与各向异性, 建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式。对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,考虑土的强度非均质性与各向异性的条件,利用极限分析上限定理建立阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧有效土压力。通过大量的变动参数对比计算,探讨了土的强度的非均质性与各向异性等因素对阻滑桩桩侧极限抗力及最优加固位置的影响。     

减载条件下高填方涵洞受力机制及基底压力

针对现有的理论方法主要关注涵顶土压力而未能考虑涵洞侧墙摩擦阻力对高填方涵洞结构受力状态的影响,提出了完整的减载条件下涵?土作用机制模型,推得涵洞侧墙摩擦力及基底压力的计算式。并将该理论方法的计算结果与数值模拟结果进行了比对,验证了该理论方法的正确性。研究结果表明,侧墙摩擦力沿墙身深度近似呈线性增加,并随填土高度的增加而增大;相同填土高度时,减载条件下的侧墙摩擦力大于非减载条件下侧墙摩擦力;采用减载措施虽然降低了涵顶垂直土压力,但是增大了涵测水平土压力,基底压力并未减小,现有的减载理论方法中不考虑侧墙摩擦力的影响是不合理的。     

深基坑支护结构分析的共同变形法

在分析基坑工程通用弹性地基梁法优缺点的基础上,建立了考虑结构变形与土体相互作用的共同变形法计算模型及分析程序。通过分析及计算比较认为,运用共同变形法计算时,可采用与通用弹性地基梁法相同的地基反力系数,文中讨论了土体水平地基反力系数的取值方法对计算结果的影响。研究表明,共同变形法在实践中是可行的并较通用弹性地基梁法更合理。     

钢板桩挡墙主动土压力分布的形状效应

采用有限元数值试验,研究帽型钢板桩的截面形状对墙后主动土压力分布规律的影响。首先,对室内缩尺模型试验进行数值模拟,对比实测数据验证数值模型的有效性;然后,建立钢板桩挡墙数值模型,模拟该挡墙在不同位移模式下土压力变化和分布的规律,与平板挡墙计算结果进行对比,分析钢板桩截面形状对土压力分布的影响,进一步探讨形状效应的可能影响因素及机制。分析结果表明,钢板桩的截面形状影响墙后主动土压力的分布形式,影响程度与位移模式有关;墙体平动和绕墙底转动情况下,钢板桩挡墙凸出部分的主动土压力值大于凹处,但墙体绕墙顶转动情况下差异不明显;主动土压力的形状效应由土拱效应引起,截面高宽比对其影响显著,墙土摩擦角影响有限。