套管及环形水泥对自然伽马测井曲线的影响

自然伽马测井是通过测量地层的自然伽马值,从而划分岩性,进行地层对比.自然伽马测井的优点是可以在裸眼井、套管井和高矿化度钻井液以及干孔中进行测量.在已下入套管的井内进行自然伽马测井时,影响地层自然伽马测井曲线的主要因素有套管、环形水泥等.通过套管段及套管加环形水泥段分别与裸眼段自然伽马测井曲线进行对比分析,发现套管对地层...     

基于方位伽马的煤岩界面探测数值模拟研究

为满足随钻方位伽马地质导向钻进需求,通过数值模拟研究围岩厚度和吸收系数不同情况下伽马射线强度响应值。模拟分析伽马探测器在含放射性地层条件下,伽马测量值API反映空间物理特征的差异性。在此基础上,建立八扇区随钻方位伽马钻进煤、泥、灰岩3层地质模型,模拟钻进煤层顶底板识别过程。模拟结果表明:当岩层吸收系数由0.08变为0.10时伽马射线强度减小一半,伽马幅度变化能够反映钻进地层岩性,而上下伽马变化顺序能够指示穿越煤层顶板或底板及分界面所在位置;当小角度穿层时,探测器到钻头的距离分别为1、3、7 m时,能够监测前方钻进8、6、2 m地层物性的变化。顺层钻进模拟可为地质导向工程提供技术指导,提高钻进效率减少无效进尺。      

自然伽马测井曲线的分形特征分析

许多研究认为,自然伽马曲线具有分形特征。根据实际资料,利用分形理论,对自然伽马曲线进行了分析,结果发现,自然伽马曲线的分形特征与地层中放射性富集程度有关,曲线的分形特征在一定的范围内存在,但当地层中放射性物质含量富集到一定程度时,就不具有分形特征。分形在自然伽马测井曲线中的适用性需要认真分析。     

自然伽马异常在宣东矿区岩煤层对比中的应用

自然伽马曲线是反映钻孔岩石放射强度的重要资料。在伴有岩浆活动影响的地层中,常常形成放射性物质的富集或降低,因而在自然伽马测井曲线上呈现出异常反映。通过分析宣东矿区钻孔自然伽马测井曲线异常形成的原因,总结出广泛分布于全区的箱形、剑形和台阶型曲线异常等典型特征与钻孔剖面的对应关系,并据此对该区进行了岩性划分及地层对比。     

测井曲线在含煤岩系的划分及对比中的应用——以贵州省盘县北部某井田为例

依据视电阻率、伽马—伽马、自然伽马和自然电位等测井曲线在不同岩性地层的响应特征,结合钻探成果和煤样化验资料,对贵州省盘县北部某井田含煤岩系进行综合对比。通过对多个钻孔测井资料分析,归纳出该区识别不同煤岩层的测井曲线特征及组合类型,确定了该区煤岩层对比的标志层位,据此对该区T1f/P3l地质界线进行了圈定,以及煤岩层对比与断层解释。     

贵州刘家田井田测井曲线特征及在煤岩层对比中的应用

刘家田井田含煤地层龙潭组为海陆交互相沉积,含煤23~33层,可采煤层11层。含煤地层分上、中、下三段,上、中段视电阻率、自然伽马及伽马伽马曲线除了在煤层上呈异常反映外,其余地层测井曲线特征不明显;12、17号煤层视电阻率和伽马伽马曲线呈高幅值箱状反映,自然伽马曲线呈低幅值反映;视电阻率曲线在17号至24号煤层之间存在厚层高异常反映。下段自然伽马曲线有4~7处高幅值异常反映特征。在上、中、下段测井曲线特征对比基础上,利用标志层、煤组特征等对比法进行了煤层对比,大大提高了对比的可靠性。     

大庆长垣南端含铀岩系地层测井响应特征及应用

通过测井工作对大庆长垣南端泰康组、明水组、四方台组、嫩江组五段地层岩石密度、电阻率、自然伽马、声波时差参数进行了归类统计.电阻率和自然伽马曲线随岩石粒度变化规律明显,地层随深度增大视电阻率降低、密度增大,不同岩性各项参数差异变小.根据地质编录结果和地层响应特征,建立调查区内岩性识别交汇图.利用测井曲线形态,结合地层岩性...     

新疆柯坪寒武系露头剖面自然伽马曲线的建立及其应用

塔里木盆地台地相区隐伏寒武系白云岩是油气勘探的主要目标之一,其地层划分对比一直是难题。自然伽马测井是井下地层划分对比的主要手段之一。利用好的地表露头剖面建立伽马标准曲线来指导井下地层的划分对比是国内寒武系地层研究的首次尝试。新疆柯坪肖尔布拉克的寒武系剖面位于塔里木盆地寒武纪台地相区的西北缘,包含整个寒武系,地层连续,总厚810m以上,出露良好。在野外工作中利用HD2000手持伽马仪按照0.25m间距实测该剖面整个寒武系的自然伽马值3800个,建立伽马曲线,分析了寒武系6个组的伽马曲线特征及与岩性的关系。应用于台地相区方1、和4、中深5、中深1共4口井寒武系伽马测井地层划分对比,纠正了以前划分的不准确之处,露头剖面伽马标准曲线方法的应用明显提升寒武系井下地层划分对比的精度。     

新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器的优化设计与资料处理技术

通过自然伽马响应函数与其探测器长度间关系的研究,选择长度为0.1 m的NaI晶体作为新型高分辨率自然伽马仪器的探测器。为克服短NaI晶体会导致计数率降低和统计涨落误差增大等问题,利用4个大小完全相同的NaI晶体同时测量伽马射线强度,获得4条高分辨率自然伽马测井曲线;然后,对4条测量曲线进行累加并结合带通滤波技术充分降低统计涨落误差;在此基础上,进一步应用正则化反褶积处理提高仪器的纵向分辨率。理论模型和井场试验结果均证明,该新型高分辨率伽马仪器具有0.15 m的纵向分辨率,比常规自然伽马测井仪器的分辨率提高了4倍以上。     

测井曲线重构和频谱分析技术在塔里木盆地塔河油田卡拉沙依组储层预测中的应用

由于受不同地质情况的影响,常规测井曲线不能很好地解决特殊地质问题。针对塔河油田三区石炭系卡拉沙依组的储层地质特征,利用频谱分析技术对伽马、中子测井曲线进行处理。与常规测井曲线比较,地层的旋回特征在频谱分析曲线上更加明显。根据相同地层具有相似旋回性的原理,利用伽马、中子频谱分析曲线进行地层横向对比,使研究区卡拉沙依组砂泥段的砂组划分、对比达到了协调和统一;以声波曲线为本体,结合反映岩性的测井曲线(伽马、中子、自然电位等曲线),应用曲线重构技术构建储层特征曲线,为测井约束反演提供地质依据,使反演结果更接近于地质实际情况。利用反演资料进行储层预测的结果与测井解释有利储层段进行比较,吻合率和较吻合率分别为71.6%、11.3%。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.