Erosion study of a part of Majuli River-Island using remote sensing data

Majuli, the world’s largest river island, is situated in mid of river Brahmaputra in Assam. River Brahmaputra flows in highly braided channels most of them are transient in nature, being submerged during high monsoon flows and changing drastically their geometry and location. Majuli island, home of about 1.3 million people is endangered because of the erratic behavior of the river. In this study, an attempt has been made to observe the trends of erosion in a small part of Majuli island, the area near Kaniajan village in south Majuli- a stretch of about 11 km, using satellite data of 1991, 1997 and 1998. Image processing of digital data has been done in ILWIS software. Supervised for delineation of river from land and then change detection analysis has been done to find out changes in river course from 1991 to 1997 and further from 1997 to 1998. Erosion and deposition maps of the area have been prepared and the erosion of island is measured at various sections at 1 km interval. Erosion of 1900 ha has been observed during the period of six years from 1991 to 1997 and 845 ha during the period of one year from 1997 to 1998.     

伶仃洋遥感动态监测

水利部珠江水利委员会以卫星遥感资料为信息源对珠江河口湾──伶仃洋进行动态监测已有13a的历史, 积累的资料有:1973年至1992年25个时相的各种潮情及水情的卫星影像资料。该动态监测研究主要是进行河口湾水体悬浮泥沙含量及其分布特征研究; 岸线和近岸浅滩地形及其动态变化研究; 流场特征研究; 河(海)岸及近岸工程的现状与变化及其对河口的水动力影响等研究。采用的主要技术方法是综合运用计算机和光学图像处理技术对卫星遥感图像进行处理, 并据河口水动力学与地学理论进行分析。分析成果为伶仃洋河口治理开发规划与工程实施、滩涂资源的合理开发、航道开发与治理等提供了新的科学依据。其中一些合理建议已为生产部门所采纳。发挥了很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

从遥感信息看连云港西海堤工程的隐患

位于黄海西海岸中部的连云港是重要的万吨级商港。港池外有连岛作为海上屏障。为了扩大 吞吐能力, 拟建造连按陆地与连云岛西端长达6700m的西海堤, 以期防淤防浪。 多时相遥感图像动态分析显示, 连云港东侧河口外航道不断西移, 河口异重流也向西飘移, 表明该区存在着自东向西的沿岸流。美国陆地卫星MSS图像上沿岸流自废黄河口一带流向连云港 地区的特征也很清晰, 并对侵蚀岸产生的大量泥沙携在连云港一带的特征也有明显显示。 连云港地区原来存在绕连岛右旋的流场。西海堤未建前, 泥沙尚可顺利通过港池。西海堤的 建成, 则破坏了现有流场, 阻断泥沙流, 将导致大量泥沙在港池内消能落淤, 对港口造成危害。     

基于RS和GIS的黄河口海岸线演变及土地利用研究

基于RS和GIS技术,利用黄河口1977—2017年的Landsat MSS/TM/OLI影像数据,采用归一化差值水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)、大津算法(OTSU)以及最大似然分类和目视解译等方法分别提取6个不同时期的海岸线和土地利用类型,分析海岸线演变和不同土地利用类型的动态变化规律。结果表明:40年来黄河口海岸线总体呈递增趋势,从1977年的253.44km增加到2017年的594.16km,且时间和空间的变化显著,不同时间段的不同海岸线地段呈现不同的特征,黄河口海岸线变化主要受黄河流路的改变、海水侵蚀、人类活动等影响,入海口流路改变对海岸线的影响尤为明显;时间上,黄河三角洲的土地利用变化表现为自然类型转向人工类型,水体和滩涂等自然类型持续减少,盐田和养殖池等人工类型逐渐增多,盐田面积从74.97km~2增长到298.1km~2,养殖池从21.2km~2增加到761.7km~2;空间上,黄河口整体呈现向海边推进的趋势。     

江苏省海岸线演变及地质灾害遥感分析

江苏省漫长的海岸曾经历了大淤大蚀的沧桑变化。现代海岸仍经常受到侵蚀崩岸、岸滩淤涨以及沿岸泥沙流的袭扰破坏。沿岸港口建设、交通航运及滩涂围垦等也不时受到危害,成为江苏海岸带特有的地质灾害。     

River centerline extraction using the multiple direction integration algorithm for mixed and pure water pixels

The river centerline is a basic hydrological characteristic. Most prior studies have used remote sensing data to extract the river centerline from the open water region in a pure water pixel region. Extracting this type of river is relatively easy. However, extracting the centerline of a micro-river, which is mainly composed of mixed water pixels, is challenging. This paper presents a novel method, called the Multiple Direction Integration Algorithm (MDIA), to extract the river centerline using an image-enhancing method combined with river morphology. MDIA can be applied to regions mainly composed of pure water pixels, as well as to regions consisting of mixed water pixels in the index image. The method first calculates the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhances the river linear structure using a Hessian matrix. Second, a small window is constructed as a circular structural element. In the window region, the local threshold is automatically obtained using water-oriented clustering segmentation and prior river knowledge to judge the pixel type. After completing the river centerline extraction in the current window, the next detecting window is generated to continue judgment. The structural element automatically executes river centerline judgment until the entire river centerline is extracted. The Landsat 8 images of six regions with different geomorphologies were chosen to analyze the method’s performance. The test sites include high mountain region, low mountain region, plains region with farmland and a residential region. The experimental results show that the optimal threshold of the processing results ranged from 0.2 to 0.3. In this range, the user’s accuracy is 0.813 to 0.997, and the producer’s accuracy is 0.981 to 1. The MDIA effectively and correctly extracts the river network in mixed-pixel regions. The presented method provides an effective algorithm for river centerline extraction that can be used to expand and update river datasets and provide reliable river centerline data for relevant hydrology studies.     

MODIS数据北京城区热岛监测分析

随着城市化进程的深入,热岛效应问题越来越严重,从而影响城市及周边地区的生态环境与气候,因此备受人们的重视。本文从2000年—2007年724幅1km分辨率的MODIS地表温度产品中选取64幅质量较好,可以代表春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的昼夜影像,制作地表温度图和选取感兴趣区域分析北京城区热岛效应。结果表明,北京市城区温度明显高于周围地区,夏季夜间最高达到3.7℃,秋季白天相对热岛强度较大,夏季、冬季夜间热岛强度要大于白天,尤其冬季较为明显。     

遥感自动提取海岸线方法

利用遥感技术确定海岸线位置的问题受到关注由来已久,就其在国内外的研究现状做了介绍,利用小波边缘检测算子提取出黄河三角洲河口区2004年Landsat TM图像的海岸线位置;在分析小波算子与传统边缘提取方法相比的优点的同时,并就其存在的不足提出了今后的研究重点。     

Estimation of discharges at river mouth with MODIS image

The transport of the sediment, carried in suspension by water, is central to hydrology and the ecological functioning of river floodplains and deltas. River discharge estimation is useful for demonstrating this information. In this study, we extracted MODIS reflectance values from a pixel near the river mouth after carrying out the simple atmospheric correction method, then applied single regression analysis to reflectance values and the in situ discharge of Naka River in Tokushima prefecture and Monobe River in Kochi prefecture, Japan. MODIS images and in situ data were taken from January through December, 2004. As a result, both in Naka River and Monobe River, robustly positive relationships between the discharges observed in situ and remotely sensed MODIS reflectance data in the region of river mouth were found throughout the year. In addition, we estimated monthly and annual average discharge from the MODIS reflectance with the regression formula. As a result, in situ average discharge was well estimated.     

The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in amritsar and gurdaspur districts of punjab

Satellite remote sensing technique can be effectively utilised in mapping and monitoring the river course changes and associated geomorphological features. Ravi river, flowing along the Indo-Pakistan border, has been in the limelight for its repeated flood havoc during monsoon and abrupt encroachment at some places in the Indian territory, where it was not flowing earlier. This river, meandering in zig-zag fashion along the International boundary in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of Punjab, poses perennial threats to the nations’s economy due to extensive destruction happening every year. An attempt has been made to map the shift of this river and the associated geomorphological features along its course using the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data (IRS-IA and IB LISS-IIFCC) of the period 1991–1993 and the Survey of India topographic sheets of the period 1972–1973. The study shows that there has been drastic changes in the course of Ravi during a span of 20 years due to human activities along its course. The river has shifted its course considerably towards India since its topography is against it. River training structures/bundhs, built by the neighbouring country, across and very near to the earlier river course has been the main reason for this drastic shifting. It is estimated that such massive structures could turn the river course towards India by atleast 1 to 5 km in the border districts of Punjab. This shifting of Ravi along international border poses a serious threat to the Nation’s defence system.     

Impact of Climate Change on Runoff of the Major River Basins of India Using Global Circulation Model (HadCM3) Projected Data

The effects of climate change on hydrological regimes have become a priority area for water and catchment management strategies. The terrestrial hydrology driven by monsoon rainfall plays a crucial role in shaping the agriculture, surface and ground water scenario in India. Thus, it is imperative to assess the impact of the changing climatic scenario projected under various climate change scenario towards the hydrological aspects for India. Runoff is one of the key parameters used as an indicator of hydrological process. A study was taken up to analyse the climate change impact on the runoff of river basins of India. The global circulation model output of Hadley centre (HADCM3) projected climate change data was used. Scenario for 2080 (A2 scenario indicating more industrial growth) was selected. The runoff was modeled using the curve number method in spatial domain using satellite derived current landuse/cover map. The derived runoff was compared with the runoff using normal climatic data (1951–1980). The results showed that there is a decline in the future climatic runoff in most of the river basins of India compared to normal climatic runoff. However, significant reduction was observed for the river basins in the eastern region viz: lower part of Ganga, Bahamani-Baitrani, Subarnrekha and upper parts of the Mahanadi. The mean projected runoff reduction during monsoon season (June–September) were 18 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM), 3.2 BCM, 3.5 BCM and 5.9 BCM for Brahmaputra-Barak Subarnrekha, Subarnarekha and Brahmini-Baitrani basin, respectively in comparison to normal climatic runoff. Overall reduction in seasonal runoff was high for Subarnrekha basin (54.1%). Rainfall to runoff conversion was high for Brahmaputra-Barak basin (72%), whereas coefficient of variation for runoff was more for Mahanadi basin (1.88) considering the monsoon season. Study indicates that eastern India agriculture may be affected due to shortage of surface water availability.     

基于LiDAR的海岛岸线自动提取研究

为了探讨栅格化方法与图像分割法对海岛岸线提取的效果,本文主要研究了基于Li DAR数据利用这两种方法对某岛进行瞬时海岸线的提取。利用栅格化方法通过对Li DAR点云数据进行粗差剔除、滤波去噪、构建Terrain数据集、创建栅格表面、生成TIN模型及自动生成等高线,从而实现了瞬时海岸线的提取;利用图像分割法是通过对Li DAR点云数据进行粗差剔除、滤波处理、构建TIN模型、生成二值栅格图像、图像处理与图像边缘提取的过程实现瞬时海岸线的提取。对两种方法提取的海岸线进行叠加显示分析,试验结果表明:两种方法提取的海岸线形态结构基本吻合,海岸线提取效率较传统方法均有提高,但栅格化方法提取的海岸线比图像分割方法提取的海岸线更平滑、更细化,边缘信息较为丰富,与实际海岸线更贴切,效果更加理想。     

GPS近景交会定位技术在海岛礁测绘上的运用

海岛礁测绘工程是国家测绘局"十一五"期间的5个重要项目之一,GPS近景交会定位模块是卫星快速定位信息采集系统的一部分.该技术可完成对海岛礁特殊地形的测绘任务,对困难海岸线的测绘提出新方法.     

深圳河河口红树林变化的多时相遥感分析

通过对深圳河河口地区6个时相卫星遥感图像的分析,得到了该地区10多年来红树林湿地面积的变化.通过对多时相红树林分布信息进行二进制编码,分析了不同时期红树林在空间上的消长,通过计算和对比各个时相红树林覆盖区域的植被指数,间接反映了红树林的生长状况的空间分布特征,并结合成像时刻的潮位数据进行了分析.结果表明:从1989年到1996年,深圳河河口红树林湿地面积总体上呈增长趋势,在1996年以后面积变化不明显而在空间分布上有变化.植被指数大的区域主要分布在多年被红树林占据的部位,深圳福田一侧的红树林空间消长化不显著,而主要的变化部分集中于香港米埔红树林保护区靠近深圳河河口的南侧.     

Variability of Total Suspended Matter in the Northern Coastal Bay of Bengal as Observed from Satellite Data

The coastal regions of northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) are one of the most turbid areas owing to the large freshwater discharge from the three major river systems. This study is conducted to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of total suspended matter (TSM) in the northern BoB. TSM concentration derived from medium resolution imaging spectrometer for the period 2002–2011 is used for this study. TSM concentration is observed to be the highest during summer monsoon season along the north-eastern region, off the Ganges–Brahmaputra river mouth. The variability of the TSM concentration depicts the role of river runoff associated with the summer monsoon in influencing the same. It is observed that the sediment concentration tapers away towards the offshore regions with the maximum extent observed up to 21.5°N latitude. Interannual variability is also observed with highest TSM concentrations occurring in the years 2003, 2008 and 2011 and least during 2004. Time series analysis performed at three major river discharge regions illustrated the distinct and highly variable nature of TSM dynamics prevailing in the northern BoB.     

Remote sensing and GIS analysis for mapping spatio-temporal changes of erosion and deposition of two Mediterranean river deltas: The case of the Axios and Aliakmonas rivers,Greece

Wetlands are among Earth's most dynamic, diverse and varied habitats as the balance between land and water surfaces provide shelter to a unique mixture of plant and animal species. This study explores the changes in two Mediterranean wetland delta environments formed by the Axios and Aliakmonas rivers located in Greece, over a 25-year period (1984–2009). Direct photo-interpretation of four Landsat TM images acquired during the study period was performed. Furthermore, a sophisticated, semi-automatic image classification method based on support vector machines (SVMs) was developed to streamline the mapping process. Deposition and erosion magnitudes at different temporal scales during the study period were quantified using both approaches based on coastline surface area changes. Analysis using both methods was conducted in a geographical information systems (GIS) environment.Direct photo-interpretation, which formed our reference dataset, showed noticeable changes in the coastline deltas of both study areas, with erosion occurring mostly in the earlier periods (1990–2003) in both river deltas followed by deposition in more recent years (2003–2009), but at different magnitudes. Spatial patterns of coastline changes predicted from the SVMs showed similar trends. In absolute terms SVMs predictions of sediment erosion and deposition in the studied area were different in the order of 5–20% in comparison to photo-interpretation, evidencing the potential capability of this method in coastline changes monitoring. One of the main contributions of our work lies to the use of the SVMs classifier in coastal mapping of changes, since to our knowledge use of this technique has been under-explored in this application domain. Furthermore, this study provides important contribution to the understanding of Mediterranean river delta dynamics and their behaviours, and corroborates the usefulness of EO technology and GIS as an effective tool in policy decision making and successful landscape management. The latter is of considerable scientific and practical value to the wider community of interested users, given the continued open access to observations from this satellite radiometer globally.     

Assessing the accuracy of predicted ocean tide loading displacement values

The accuracy of ocean tide loading (OTL) displacement values has long been assumed to be dominated by errors in the ocean tide models used, with errors due to the convolution scheme used considered very small (2–5%). However, this paper shows that much larger convolution errors can arise at sites within approximately 150 km of the coastline, depending on the method used to refine the discrete regularly spaced grid cells of the ocean tide model to better fit the coastline closest to the site of interest. If the local water mass redistribution approach is implemented, as used in the OLFG/OLMPP software recommended in the IERS 2003 conventions, OTL height displacement errors of up to around 20% can arise, depending on the ocean tide model used. Bilinear interpolation only, as used in the SPOTL and CARGA softwares for example, is shown from extensive global and regional comparisons of OTL displacement values derived from the different methods and softwares to be more appropriate. This is verified using GPS observations. The coastal refinement approach used in the OLFG/OLMPP software was therefore changed in August 2007 to use bilinear interpolation only. It is shown that with this change, OTL displacement values computed using OLFG/OLMPP, SPOTL and CARGA invariably agree to the millimetre level for coastal sites, and better than 0.2 mm for sites more than about 150 km inland.     

无居民海岛功能定位初探

根据无居民海岛的自然属性和社会属性,考虑到海岛环境的特殊性、资源承载的有限性、空间开发功能的衍生性,以及与国家主体功能区规划和全国海洋功能区划的衔接性,从海岛开发适宜性和海岛可持续保护的角度,研究无居民海岛功能分类方法,构建海岛功能分类评价指标体系,确定海岛功能分类的适宜性评价因子及评价标准,并引入综合评判理论,量化指标因子,构建综合评判模型,在此模型的基础上,借助GIS技术实现无居民海岛功能定位。     

Flood inundation mapping in a part of Mahanadi river basin

Man has had to live with floods since the very inception of his existence. Fury of flood causes heavy damages to both life and property. Accurate flood inundation data is one of the essential requirements for effective management of flood problem. Remote Sensing methods are well suited for acquiring flood inundation data because of synoptic, repetitive coverage of the satellite data. This paper briefs on an attempt to map flood inundated areas in a part of Mahanadi river basin using remote sensing data.     

长距离跨海高程基准传递方法的研究

研究了利用GPS定位技术所确定的相对大地高差,联合精确的大地水准面差距进行高程传递的方法。在洋山岛地区,利用该方法将黄海高程由陆地传递到距离上海芦潮港300km的洋山岛上。传递后的高程与两种独立的潮位观测结果比较差值分别为1cm和6cm,传递后的两段高程差与洋山岛三等水准测量结果的独立高差比较为0．2cm和0．7cm。