阿尔泰中蒙边界塔克什肯口岸后造山富碱侵入岩体的形成时代、成因及其地壳生长意义

塔克什肯口岸富碱侵入岩体是阿尔泰造山带典型的后造山岩体。本次锆石U-Pb定年给出~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄286±1Ma(MSWD=0．05),代表其形成年龄。这为阿尔泰后造山岩浆作用提供了一个可靠的年代学证据。该岩体主要岩石类型为正长岩、石英二长岩、石英碱长正长岩、正长花岗岩,富钾、富钠、准铝,富集轻稀土、大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,与区内相邻的碱性花岗岩(A型花岗岩)在岩石学、地球化学方面不同。该岩体Sr初始值变化于0．7038～0．7040,ε_(Nd)(t)值为正值(+6．2～+6．3),Nd模式年龄T_(DM)为542～546Ma,与中亚造山带典型的高(正)ε_(Nd)(t)值花岗岩类似。而且,其ε_(Nd)(t)值远高于区内同造山花岗岩,也高于造山带内部同时期的Ⅰ-A型后造山花岗岩。依据岩体构造特征、年代学、地球化学和区域地质背景综合分析,该岩体应为后造山岩体,在时空上可与蒙古南部碱性岩带对比,其形成可能与富集高场强元素的亏损地幔岩浆底侵,导致下地壳重熔,并发生岩浆混合有关。这说明,在阿尔泰造山带后造山阶段,除了可能的俯冲下埋的年轻洋壳或岛弧物质外,还有新的幔源物质加入到地壳。这为中亚造山带后造山阶段陆壳垂向生长提供了一个新证据。同时,也为东北北部-蒙古南部碱性岩带向西沿入阿尔泰造山带提供了证据。     

多年冻土南界附近青藏铁路路基下的冻土退化

基于2006-2012年青藏铁路多年冻土区唐古拉山南侧安多断面地温监测资料,分析了多年冻土南界附近路基下多年冻土的退化过程及其影响因素.结果表明：该监测断面天然场地多年冻土退化表现为多年冻土天然上限下降与多年冻土地温升高,观测期内多年冻土天然上限下降0.29 m,下降速率为4 cm·a^-1;路基下10 m处多年冻土温度升高0.03℃,升温速率为0.004℃·a^-1.该监测断面路基左路肩下多年冻土退化表现为多年冻土人为上限下降、多年冻土地温升高、多年冻土下限抬升以及多年冻土厚度减少.观测期内多年冻土人为上限下降0.41 m,下降速率为6 cm·a^-1;路基下10 m处多年冻土地温升高0.06℃,升温速率为0.009℃·a^-1;多年冻土下限抬升0.50 m,抬升速率为7 cm·a^-1;多年冻土厚度减少0.90 m,减少速率为13 cm·a^-1.工程作用是导致路基下多年冻土退化的主要原因,气温升温与局地因素中的冻结层上水发育促进了这一退化过程.路基下融化夹层的出现,导致多年冻土垂向上由衔接型变为不衔接型.     

Sulphate efflorescences at the geyser near Pinchollo,southern Peru

Sulphate mineralization precipitated around a geyser located above the village of Pinchollo, Chivay district and below Hualca Hualca volcano (6025 m a.s.l.) in the Western Cordillera of southern Peru is described. The geyser is one of many manifestations of thermal activity in the Arequipa department. Its age is estimated to be Upper Pleistocene–Holocene, as the discharge point lies at the intersection of a fault system with latitudinal dip-slip fault cutting a volcanic-debris avalanche of probably Pleistocene age. Thermal waters present in the Chivay district are mainly chloride-rich with a neutral pH. They are rich in Li, Sr, and B. The water erupting in the geyser boils at about 85 °C, as it lies at some 4353 m a.s.l.The minerals examined, of various habits and various yellow, orange and white colours were precipitated on the soil and on plants close to the geyser (location 1), on the walls of a 1 m diameter pothole filled with boiling water (location 1a) and at a distance of some 100 m to the west of the geyser (location 2). All are sulphates. Their chemical composition is fairly simple, consisting of Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, S, NH₄ and O, and all display chemical zoning. But the phase composition is more complex. In all locations, alunogene, copiapite, coquimbite, tschermigite and gypsum are present. Close to the geyser (location 1) magnesium-containing sulphates, namely, boussingaultite and pickeringite also occur. Iron sulphates such as mohrite and rozenite precipitate on the walls of the pothole (location 1a). Sulphates containing potassium such as jarosite, alunite and voltaite–voltaite (Mg) dominate among the efflorescences in location 2, where hematite was also noted. Any quartz and kaolinite or illite/mica admixture identified in some samples derives from adjacent soil.The present geothermal system does not involve the deposition of precious-metal deposits such as those associated with an earlier deep-going epithermal system that scavenged a large volume of rock. Most likely, as the present-day thermal waters do not involve a juvenile-water component, the geyser waters derive from a shallower source.     

Seasonal cycle of hydrography in the Bab el Mandab region,southern Red Sea

The seasonal cycle of temperature—salinity variations in the Bab el Mandab region (southern Red Sea) is described using CTD data collected during four cruises spread over the period May 1995—August 1997. A two layer system exists during early summer, winter and spring while a three layer system exists during summer. During summer, a large amount of the Gulf of Aden water intrudes into the Bab el Mandab region; up to the northern limit (14.5‡N). The quantity of Red Sea water that flows into the Gulf of Aden is maximum during the winter and minimum during the summer     

Atmospheric mercury near Salmon Falls Creek Reservoir in southern Idaho

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were measured over 2-week seasonal field campaigns near Salmon Falls Creek Reservoir in south-central Idaho from the summer of 2005 through the fall of 2006 and over the entire summer of 2006 using automated Tekran Hg analyzers. GEM, RGM, and particulate Hg (HgP) were also measured at a secondary site 90 km to the west in southwestern Idaho during the summer of 2006. The study was performed to characterize Hg air concentrations in the southern Idaho area for the first time, estimate Hg dry deposition rates, and investigate the source of observed elevated concentrations. High seasonal variability was observed with the highest GEM (1.91 ± 0.9 ng m⁻³) and RGM (8.1 ± 5.6 pg m⁻³) concentrations occurring in the summer and lower values in the winter (1.32 ± 0.3 ng m⁻³, 3.2 ± 2.9 pg m⁻³ for GEM, RGM, respectively). The summer-average HgP concentrations were generally below detection limit (0.6 ± 1 pg m⁻³). Seasonally averaged deposition velocities calculated using a resistance model were 0.034 ± 0.032, 0.043 ± 0.040, 0.00084 ± 0.0017 and 0.00036 ± 0.0011 cm s⁻¹ for GEM (spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively) and 0.50 ± 0.39, 0.40 ± 0.31, 0.51 ± 0.43 and 0.76 ± 0.57 cm s⁻¹ for RGM. The total annual RGM + GEM dry deposition estimate was calculated to be 11.9 ± 3.3 μg m⁻², or about 2/3 of the total (wet + dry) deposition estimate for the area. Periodic elevated short-term GEM (2.2–12 ng m⁻³) and RGM (50–150 pg m⁻³) events were observed primarily during the warm seasons. Back-trajectory modeling and PSCF analysis indicate predominant source directions to the SE (western Utah, northeastern Nevada) and SW (north-central Nevada) with fewer inputs from the NW (southeastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho).     

Mesozoic granitic magmatism in extensional tectonics near the Mongolian border in China and its implications for crustal growth

The Yagan area of the southernmost Sino–Mongolian border is characterized by an extensional structure where a large metamorphic core complex (Yagan–Onch Hayrhan) and voluminous granitoids are exposed. New isotopic age data indicate that the granitoids, which were previously regarded as Paleozoic in age, were emplaced in early and late Mesozoic times. The early Mesozoic granitoids have 228±7 Ma U–Pb zircon age, and consist of linear mylonitic quartz monzonites and biotite monzogranites. Their chemical compositions are similar to those of potassic granites and shoshonitic series, and show an intraplate and post-collisional environment in tectonic discrimination diagrams. Their fabrics reveal that they experienced syn-emplacement extensional deformation. All these characteristics suggest that the adjustment, thinning and extensional deformation at middle to lower crustal levels might have occurred in the early Mesozoic. The late Mesozoic granitoids have a U–Pb zircon age of 135±2 Ma, and are made up of large elliptical granitic plutons. They are high-K calc-alkaline, and were forcefully emplaced in the dome extensional setting. Both the early and late Mesozoic granitoids have Nd (t) values of −2.3 to +5, in strong contrast with the negative Nd (t) values (−11) of the Precambrian host rocks. This suggests that juvenile mantle-derived components were involved in the formation of the granitoids. The similar situation is omnipresent in Central Asia. This study demonstrates that tectonic extension, magmatism and crustal growth are closely related, and that post-collisional and intraplate magmatism was probably a significant process for continental growth in the Phanerozoic.     

Seasonal variation in kangaroo tooth enamel oxygen and carbon isotopes in southern Australia

Serial sampling of tooth enamel growth increments for carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of Macropus (kangaroo) teeth was performed to assess the potential for reconstructing paleoseasonality. The carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel apatite carbonate reflects the proportional intake of C₃ and C₄ vegetation. The oxygen isotopic composition of enamel reflects that of ingested and metabolic water. Tooth enamel forms sequentially from the tip of the crown to the base, so dietary and environmental changes during the tooth's formation can be detected. δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values were determined for a series of enamel samples drilled from the 3rd and 4th molars of kangaroos that were collected along a 900 km north–south transect in southern Australia. The serial sampling method did not yield pronounced seasonal isotopic variation patterns in Macropus enamel. The full extent of dietary isotopic variation may be obscured by attenuation of the isotopic signal during enamel mineralisation. Brachydont (low-crowned) Macropus teeth may be less sensitive to seasonal variation in isotopic composition due to time-averaging during mineralisation. However, geographic variations observed suggest that there may be potential for tracking latitudinal shifts in vegetation zones and seasonal environmental patterns in response to climate change.     

Basalts and silcretes on the coast near Ulladulla,southern New South Wales

Silcretes on the N.S.W. coast near Ulladulla have long been attributed to. a sub‐basaltic origin, but field evidence is at odds with all variations of the sub‐basaltic hypothesis, and one site shows good evidence that the basalt post‐dates the silcrete. K‐Ar ages averaging 29.7 ± 0.5 Ma from the basalts provide a minimum age for silcrete development in this area. Furthermore, the K‐Ar dates, together with evidence for an erosional rather than tectonic origin of the coastal lowland, demonstrate that the adjacent tablelands reached their present elevation prior to the mid‐Oligocene.     

江西九岭南缘九仙汤侵入体的锆石U-Pb定年

九仙汤侵入体位于江西九岭复式岩基内,前人认为属燕山期花岗岩.笔者在该区进行1: 25万上高县幅区域地质调查时,利用TIMS锆石U-Pb定年方法对九仙汤英云闪长岩进行了同位素年龄测定,结果表明九仙汤侵入体形成时代为(763±1 )Ma,属新元古代花岗岩.     

Seasonal effects of rainfall on the shallow pyroclastic deposits of the Campania region (southern Italy)

The shallow deposits of unsaturated pyroclastic soils covering the slopes in the Campania region (southern Italy) are systematically affected by various rainfall-induced slope instabilities. The type and triggering of these instabilities depend on several factors, among which in situ soil suction—as an initial condition—and rainfall—as a boundary condition—play a fundamental role. Based on the available database—which includes a comprehensive catalogue of historical data, in situ soil suction measurements and soil laboratory tests along with the results of geomechanical analyses—this paper discusses the relationships among in situ soil suction and rainfall conditions and induced slope instability types. The goal is to reach a better understanding of past events and gain further insight into the analysis and forecasting of future events. In particular, the paper outlines how the season strongly affects the spatial distribution and the type of slope instability likely to develop. For example, erosion phenomena essentially occur at the end of the dry season and originate hyperconcentrated flows while first-time shallow slides prevail in the rainy season and later propagate as debris flows or as debris avalanches.     

基于供水风险分析的汛限水位控制范围研究

以大连市碧流河水库为例,根据大连市供用水系统的风险及其变化过程,分析超蓄洪水资源的利用情况及其效益,并在对抬高水库汛限水位造成的淹没损失分析的基础上,利用边际成本分析方法确定控制的范围。计算结果表明,随着大连市用水量的增加,碧流河水库汛限水位可适当抬高。     

Lower temperature stability limit of Mg cordierite in the range 1–7 kb water pressure: A redetermination

Hydrothermal experiments utilizing the seeding technique show conclusively that the lower temperature stability limit of Mg cordierite so far accepted (Schreyer and Yoder, 1964) represents metastable equilibria throughout the pressure range 1–7 kb. The stable equilibrium curve generally lies at somewhat higher temperatures and is not subdivided by an invariant point involving the phase pyrophyllite within this pressure range. Instead of pyrophyllite+andalusite+chlorite, hitherto assumed to be the breakdown assemblage of cordierite below 5 kb water pressure, the paragenesis Al silicate+chlorite+quartz was found to be stable over the entire pressure range investigated. The andalusite/kyanite transition, as determined by Richardson et al. (1969), is confirmed by a minor change of slope of the cordierite breakdown curve. Direct breakdown of cordierite into pyrophyllite-bearing assemblages must be limited to conditions below about 1 kb and 450° C. This gives indirect support to Kerrick's (1968) stability data on pyrophyllite, as opposed to those of Althaus (1969) and others. These new results offer an explanation for the common assemblage chlorite+andalusite (or kyanite)+quartz occuring in spotted slates, greenschists, and also as retrograde alteration products of natural cordierites.We thank Dr. K. Langer, Bochum, for partial analyses of some of the natural starting materials. Financial support of this work by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Godesberg, is gratefully acknowledged.     

哀牢山-红河剪切带渐新世的构造体制转换与剥露历史:来自哀牢山南段磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

哀牢山-红河剪切带是东南亚重要的构造边界,其记录了青藏高原东南缘新生代以来的陆内变形和地貌演化。本次研究对该剪切带哀牢山南段开展了基于LA-ICPMS法测试的磷灰石裂变径迹低温年代学分析。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和热史反演模拟揭示哀牢山段存在晚始新世-早中新世（40~20Ma）的快速剥露事件,而早中新世（大约20Ma）之后处于稳定的慢速剥露过程。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄-海拔分布曲线特征暗示：快速剥露机制存在差异,早期阶段（40~26Ma）的剥露过程受控于伸展为主的左旋走滑体制影响;晚阶段（26~20Ma）的快速剥露归因于简单剪切为主的左旋走滑剪切体制,上述结果暗示哀牢山-红河构造带在晚渐新世发生了一次重要的构造体制转换,即从走滑伸展变形转换为简单剪切变形。哀牢山杂岩带北段、中段、南段冷却路径对比,表明北-中段可能存在两阶段快速冷却作用,而南段只发生单一快速冷却作用;结合青藏高原东南缘低温热年代学数据,暗示自中-晚中新世,青藏高原中、下地壳物质可能向东南缘扩展,并已到达哀牢山中段,同时诱发哀牢山杂岩带以北广大地区的抬升和快速冷却。

     

Seasonal variations of helium,radon, and uranium in lake waters near the Key Lake uranium deposit,Saskatchewan

To test the usefulness of the He method for the detection of buried U ore, a lake-water survey of the Key Lake area was carried out during March 1977 and repeated in June 1977. A set of 87 lake-water samples from 37 sites in eight different lakes were collected from the same sites in each survey. These samples were analyzed for He, Rn, O₂, Eh, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and U.In the lakes the highest He concentrations, of nearly four times atmospheric equilibrium concentrations, were obtained during the winter survey. This was under the ice in two bottom lake samples where the sandy overburden extends for some 50 m directly to the ore zone. Radon and U values at these sites were also anomalous, but the highest values of Rn and U were obtained in a shallow lake about 2 km south of the ore zone where concentrations of radioactive boulders occur.The average net He and Rn contents dropped from 21 standard nanolitres/litre (nl/l) and 25 picocuries/litre (pCi/l) in the winter under the ice to 3 nl/l and 8 pCi/l in the summer, respectively. Average U and conductivity dropped from 2.3 ppb and 15 μmho/cm to 1.5 ppb and 11 μmho/cm, respectively, in the same suites of samples. The drop in the ionic species probably reflects the effect of snow and ice meltwater dilution and the much larger drop in the dissolved He and Rn reflects the combined effects of meltwater dilution, wind turbulence over ice-free lakes, and change in thermal gradients.The He results must be viewed with guarded optimism until a detailed investigation is completed to ascertain what fraction of the detected He is from the ore, what fraction from basement He that may have found its way into the lakes via the fracture zone in which the ore is located, and what effect drilling has had on the He flow into the lakes from the ore zone.     

华北克拉通南部太古宙大陆地壳的生长和演化

太古宙约占地球已有演化历史的三分之一强,这一时期涉及到大陆地壳起源、陆壳的巨量生长和稳定以及板块构造作用的启动、建立等诸多最根本的全球性重大地质事件。太古宙岩石在华北克拉通南部的涑水、登封、太华、霍邱和五河等杂岩中广泛出露,这为解析上述重大科学问题提供难得的素材。近十年来,在华北克拉通南部古生代-中生代火山岩或早前寒武纪变沉积岩中陆续发现冥古宙-古太古代的捕获/碎屑锆石,暗示南部地块依然尚存地球形成最初期的陆壳物质。根据华北克拉通南部太古宙岩石年龄统计结果显示有2850~2700Ma和2580~2480Ma两个突出年龄区间,对应的峰值年龄分别为~2.76Ga和~2.52Ga。其中~2.76Ga的岩石主要出露于南部的鲁山、霍邱、五河和中条山地区。此外,在华北克拉通诸多地区,诸如怀安、阜平、五台、中条等地区的花岗质片麻岩和变质沉积岩中也均发现年龄为~2.76Ga的碎屑锆石或者继承锆石,暗示华北克拉通2.85~2.70Ga岩石的分布似乎比现今出露范围更为广泛。与整个华北克拉通类似,2.58~2.48Ga岩石亦在克拉通南部广泛分布,尤其是嵩箕地区的登封杂岩几乎全部是由新太古代晚期的岩石组成。~2.52Ga是华北克拉通南部,乃至整个克拉通太古宙地壳演化最突出、最重要的岩浆-构造事件,明显有别于全球其它诸多典型克拉通。已有的同位素资料研究表明华北克拉通南部,乃至整个克拉通在太古宙经历了两期明显的地壳生长事件：一期发生在2.85~2.70Ga左右,以形成于此时期的涑水杂岩中花岗质岩石和鲁山太华片麻岩系中深成侵入岩和斜长角闪岩为代表;另一期发生在2.58~2.48Ga,以登封杂岩、涑水杂岩以及小秦岭地区太华杂岩中~2.52Ga各类花岗质岩石和变基性岩为代表。华北克拉通正是经过这两期陆壳巨量生长事件之后完成初始的克拉通化。我们在登封杂岩中识别出形成于俯冲汇聚环境的TTG质片麻岩、类似于赞岐岩的变闪长岩和具有N-MORB地球化学特征的变基性火山岩,提出其构成"新太古代构造混杂岩",标志着新太古代末期具有现代体制的板块构造在华北克拉通南部已经开始启动。最近,在登封杂岩中识别出的新太古代双变质带也支持上述观点。     

Mercury and its associated mineralizations in southern Siberian Platform

Sixteen geologically definable areas within the Irkutsk amphitheater (maps), with the total of about 100 dispersion halos and indications of mercury in waters, alluvium, and rocks of various origin and age, may contain blind ores of cinnabar, particularly in the zones of fractures on the margins of the Siberian Platform and within the platform itself. --IGR Staff.     

青藏高原南部岩脉分布及其研究意义

青藏高原是面积大、海拔高、时代最新的经典碰撞造山带,其演化过程被记录在各类地质作用中,包括各类岩浆作用。岩脉是与其他类型岩浆作用具有相似矿物成分的小规模侵入体,德国人Harry Rosenbusch早在1877年对其开展了系统研究。区域上大规模产出的基性岩墙群经常发育在伸展构造环境,并被认为代表地质历史时期发生的大陆裂解作用,其深部则与地幔柱或者热点存在相关。在青藏高原的羌塘地体、拉萨地体和喜马拉雅造山带发育了不同类型的岩脉或岩墙群。在羌塘地体中部出露面积约为40000km²的早二叠世（约283Ma）基性岩墙群属于大火成岩省（LIP）岩浆作用,与二叠纪中特提斯洋的初始打开有关。在西藏南部的特提斯喜马拉雅带产出的时代约为132Ma的白垩纪措美-班伯里大火成岩省岩浆作用,覆盖面积超过50000km²,其最早的岩浆作用可能代表了特提斯喜马拉雅之下大陆裂解之前孕育克格伦地幔柱头部的相关岩石圈伸展作用,并继续裂解导致了印度与澳洲大陆的裂解分离。本文着重讨论了高原南部的白垩纪以来的岩脉,它们主要发育在拉萨地体南部,蕴含了岩浆作用与构造作用的双重信息。它们具有不同的产状、成分、年龄和成因,对于揭示冈底斯弧演化、印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞过程,以及碰撞导致的高原应力状态变化等都具有重要的意义。高原南部岩脉主要分为三期：（1）时代约为90Ma的岩脉,具有玄武质到中酸性的成分,主要侵位在日喀则白垩纪弧后盆地,例如在南木林县南部出现的基性-酸性双峰式岩浆作用,可能代表了冈底斯岩浆弧之上发育的伸展作用。（2）时代约为50Ma的同碰撞期岩脉,主要侵入到林子宗火山岩、冈底斯岩基或者白垩世设兴组/昂仁组沉积地层等单元中,它们发育时间为60~41Ma,其峰期作用时间与冈底斯岩浆大爆发的时间一致,可能受控于深部俯冲的特提斯洋洋壳的断裂作用。（3）碰撞后中新世岩脉,多具有埃达克质岩石的地球化学性质,与区域上钾质-超钾质火山岩和埃达克质侵入岩的时代一致,它们是高原南部加厚下地壳部分熔融作用的产物,可能受控于下地壳拆沉作用或者与南北向裂谷带密切相关的板片撕裂有关。这些岩脉的延伸方向既有南北向,也有东西向,在构造上可能代表了高原隆升到最大高度后深部拆沉作用导致的山体垮塌伴生的伸展构造有关。