浅析构造混杂带的类型及组成特征—以滇西兔峨幅、弥沙井幅1：5万区调为例

在滇西1：5万区域地质调查中，首次在该地区对构造混杂带进行了较为详细的调查和研究，基本查明了图区内构造混杂带的空间分布、内部组成及变形特征，使图幅质量大大提高，同时也使该地区的基础地质工作取得了突破性进展。     

滇西弥沙河断裂带构造特征及演化

弥沙河断裂带为金沙江断裂带的南段,其构造变形复杂。该断裂带由构造混杂带和推覆构造带两个构造单元组成。构造混杂带宽约２ｋｍ,由劈理化基质和构造岩片组成。推覆构造带由五套推覆体构成。这些推覆体在空间上层层叠置,并形成构造倒序结构。弥沙河断裂带的早期活动是在晚海西期,大规模的逆冲－推覆作用是在喜马拉雅期。     

四川炉霍-道孚构造带建造类型和构造混杂特征

四川炉霍县-道孚县一带发育一套基性火山岩与碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,对其地质构造性质有裂谷、裂陷槽、蛇绿混杂岩、火山喷发混杂岩等不同认识。通过1∶50 000区域地质调查和区域对比研究,现将其划分为裂陷槽建造和滨浅海建造两类,构造上归属于裂陷槽环境岩崩滑混和后期推覆构造混杂。鲜水河断裂则为炉霍-道孚构造带新构造期的复活和分化。     

甘肃大型变形构造及蛇绿构造混杂岩带特征

大型变形构造带是地球表层重要的构造现象,它们记载了地壳的构造变形（走滑错移、逆冲叠覆和伸展滑移）过程及其动力学机制。本文根据大型变形构造定义及其分类原则,将甘肃省大型变形构造划分为3大类10种类型,初步厘定出大型变形构造带23个,简要叙述了主要大型变形构造规模、产状、构造层次、物质组成、变形期次等基本特征,探讨了大型变形构造与蛇绿构造混杂岩带的关系,从全省北山造山带、祁连造山带、西秦岭造山带和鄂尔多斯盆地“三带一盆”的构造格局出发,探讨大型变形构造形成、演化历史。     

新疆南阿尔金木纳布拉克构造混杂岩带物质组成及变形特征

木纳布拉克构造混杂岩带位于南阿尔金与东昆仑衔接部位,是古阿尔金洋岩石圈板块由南向北阶段性俯冲的产物,为南阿尔金蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分。通过1∶10 000大比例尺填图和剖面测量,结合显微尺度的构造解析,对该构造混杂岩带的物质组成和变形特征进行研究,将与构造混杂岩带有关的物质组成划分为弱变形的“岩块”与强变形的“基质”两类,并从中识别出9种不同岩石组合的岩块及2种不同类型的基质。在对“岩块”和“基质”构造几何学和运动学特征研究的基础上,重点分析了地质体的构造变形截切关系及组合特征,在构造混杂岩带中识别出6期变形作用,建立了相对构造变形序列,为木纳布拉克构造混杂岩带演化提供了新的构造证据。     

山东仰口地区超高压变质岩混杂带的组成及其构造变形

从构造岩石角度将山东青岛仰口地区发育的超高压变质岩混杂带划分为构造整合单元和构造混杂单元两个组成部分,对不同单元的岩性组成及其超高压变质特征进行了描述。着重对不同构造单元中的构造变形期次进行了划分。总结了不同期次构造变形的宏观及微观特征。结合苏鲁超高压变质带在区域上构造变形期次的研究情况,初步提出形成仰口地区超高压变质岩中各种构造形迹的构造模式,并对它们所反映的仰口超高压带形成和折返的构造意义进行了探讨。     

大兴安岭乌奴耳地区构造混杂岩的组成及地质意义

乌奴耳构造混杂岩由不同性质的岩块和基质组成,属泥沙质构造混杂岩.岩块可分为内部岩块和外部岩块两种类型.岩块大小不一,成分和形态各异,在混杂岩中分布无序.基质为片理化泥质岩或千枚状板岩,剪切变形强烈,面理产状紊乱,绕岩块分布.综合研究表明,乌奴耳构造混杂岩明显区别于沉积成因的滑塌堆积,是典型的泥沙质构造混杂岩,是新林-喜桂图缝合带的重要组成部分.     

北阿尔金红柳沟-拉配泉构造混杂岩带东段的结构、构造

红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带是阿尔金北部早古生代重要的板块构造边界,带内物质组成复杂,构造形迹发育,区内岩浆活动频繁,是开展板块俯冲边界特征、构造演化过程及区域构造格架再造等方面研究的重要场所.北阿尔金安南坝一带1∶5万地质调查工作对红柳沟-拉配泉构造混杂岩带进行了构造-岩性填图,全面揭示了红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带空间展布、物质组成、结构-构造特征.结合典型构造剖面及构造变形研究,对阿尔金早古生代构造过程及区域构造演化进行了探讨,为全面认识构造混杂岩带的结构、构造提供了可借鉴的工作经验.     

东天山卡瓦布拉克前寒武纪地块填图方法思考——以大黑山幅1∶25万区调为例

东天山卡瓦布拉克地区前寒武纪地块为古克拉通构造区,物质构成非常复杂.以大陆层圈构造为理论基础,运用形变地层学和变质构造解析方法为主的岩石地层调查方法,在东天山大黑山地区的1∶25万区调中重新选择技术路线和工作方法,提高了区内中深变质岩系研究程度及构造-岩石地层单位划分和填图精度.     

大陆造山带构造混杂岩的地质特征及研究方法

构造混杂岩是探索大陆造山带地壳演化的重要窗口。本文从物质组成、沉积相、生物组合、变形变质四个方面系统总结了构造混杂岩的基本地质特征，并从区调工作的角度提出了一个系统的工作方法。     

Metamorphism of an ophiolitic tectonic mélange, northern California Klamath Mountains, USA

ABSTRACT Mineral assemblages in pelitic, mafic, calcareous and ultramafic rocks within a metamorphosed tectonic mélange indicate that the Marble Mountain terrane and adjacent Western Hayfork subterrane (northern California) underwent regional low- to medium-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism. Metamorphic conditions estimated by comparison of observed assemblages with experimentally-determined reaction boundaries and by geothermometry constrain metamorphic temperatures between about 500° and 570°C. The occurrence of andalusite in regionally metamorphosed pelites indicates pressures below about 370 MPa. Metabasite amphibole compositions also suggest low to intermediate metamorphic pressures. Metaserpentinites containing the upper amphibolite facies assemblage (olivine + enstatite + anthophyllite) are found locally within the study area and have been reported previously by other workers elsewhere in the Marble Mountain terrane. These assemblages may reflect higher temperatures of recrystallization than assemblages in surrounding rocks and may represent vestiges of an earlier high-temperature metamorphic event undergone by the ultramafic rocks prior to incorporation in the mélange. Although the age of the low- to intermediate-pressure metamorphism is poorly constrained, cross-cutting plutons indicate that metamorphism must be older than about 162 Ma. Therefore this regional metamorphic event, which probably marks the accretion of these terranes to the North American continental margin, is older than the currently accepted 151–147 Ma age of the Nevadan event in the Klamath Mountains. The inferred low to intermediate pressures of metamorphism and the lithologies of the protoliths suggest a near-arc tectonic setting and refute a subduction zone model for this event.     

The influence of deformation partitioning on dissolution and solution transfer in low-grade tectonic mélange

Abstract Dissolution of quartz and the recryst-allization and re-equilibration of phyllosilicates produce the dark anastomosing seams that dominate microstructures of tectonic melange which occur in a low-grade, imbricated and multiply deformed, mid-Palaeozoic, intracra-tonic fiysch sequence in northeastern Australia. Seams are composed of very closely spaced or coalesced cleavage lamellae, which are very thin layers of extremely fine-grained phyllosilicates. Cleavage seams enclose lenses of silt-stone or greywacke, which formerly occurred in continuous sedimentary layers, indicating extremely heterogeneous and disruptive deformation. Microphacoids enclosed by cleavage seams have subtle shape asymmetries analogous to those of porphyroclasts. Phyllosilicate-preferred orientations within microphacoids commonly lie at a low angle to enclosing seams, and asymmetric relationships occur within seams. The shape and fabric asymmetries appear to be constant, and are regarded as analgous to S and C planes. The number and extent of seams, the amount of dissolution they indicate, and the efficiency of deformation partitioning imply some enhancement of chemical activity and substantial silica loss from the system. This, in turn, suggests the passage of large amount of silica-undersaturated fluid, and melanges may be zones of high fluid flow. However, the microstructures and the disruptive nature of the fabrics may also reflect the influence of high bulk shear strains and suggest some relationship between the shearing component of deformation and the development of cleavages and foliations.     

东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带哥日卓托洋岛玄武岩地球化学特征及构造意义

东昆仑南缘布青山地区哥日卓托一带出露一套洋岛玄武岩,主要由枕状玄武岩与杏仁状玄武岩组成,空间上与厚层-块状碳酸盐岩及薄层状硅泥岩相伴产出。详细的地质、地球化学特征研究表明,哥日卓托玄武岩SiO2质量分数为44.51%~48.43%,MgO为4.67%~6.99%,Na2O为1.74%~3.72%,TiO2为1.29%~1.85%,与拉斑玄武岩平均值相似。主量元素特征表明其主体属于亚碱性系列拉斑玄武岩,与冰岛拉斑玄武岩或夏威夷群岛喷发早期的拉斑玄武岩特征相类似。哥日卓托玄武岩∑REE为(68.71~133.50)×10-6,LREE/HREE为3.55~5.17,(La/Yb)N为3.07~5.32,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线图呈现轻稀土元素富集右倾型。原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图表现出向上大隆起的富集形态。玄武岩微量元素判别表明其形成于洋岛构造环境。岩石成因研究表明陆壳物质对其混染的可能性较小,岩石成分主要受熔融源区控制,并估算其为由地幔源区1%~3%的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融的产物。结合前人资料认为该套洋岛玄武岩形成于早石炭世,进一步证明布青山古特提斯洋石炭纪时很可能是一个北缘发育复杂被动大陆边缘而布青山地区发育深水洋盆、洋岛/海山遍布的有限洋盆系统。     

新疆吐尔库班套蛇绿混杂岩的发现及其地质意义

蛇绿岩作为残留洋壳的良好记录,对于研究古板块构造及其演化具有重要意义。新发现的吐尔库班套蛇绿混杂岩位于新疆阿尔泰布尔津南部,主要由超镁铁岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩、复理石建造等构成。其中辉长岩和片麻状花岗岩的锆石U Pb年龄在363～355 Ma,指示蛇绿岩的形成、洋壳俯冲时代在晚泥盆世晚期。岩石地球化学特征表明,该蛇绿岩套的镁铁超镁铁岩和玄武岩属低碱、低钛、富镁的拉斑玄武岩系列,具有较典型的幔源岩石特征,玄武岩形成于类似洋中脊的构造环境。混杂岩带中的片麻状花岗岩属于钠质的低钾岩石系列,形成于火山弧或同碰撞构造环境,亦为洋壳俯冲的结果。吐尔库班套蛇绿岩与科克森套、乔夏哈拉、布尔根蛇绿岩一起构成了沿额尔齐斯分布的蛇绿混杂岩带,构成了分割西伯利亚板块和哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块的斋桑-科克森套-南蒙古缝合带。     

Mélange formation by subduction erosion: the case of the Osa mélange in southern Costa Rica

The convergent plate margin off the Osa peninsula in southern Costa Rica is characterized by the indentation of the Cocos ridge at 4–5 Ma. The indentation causes the uplift of the Osa mélange which we interpret to represent an exhumed major channel for the transport of tectonically eroded material down into the subduction zone. We present evidence that, similar to the Nicoya segment of the Costa Rica convergent margin, subduction erosion rather than accretion has been the dominant process along the plate boundary. The composition of the Osa mélange is dominated by tectonized material of the upper-plate Nicoya ophiolite complex (basalt, radiolarite, limestone). Strong deformation is concentrated in numerous discrete shear zones and produced the layered fabric of large rock volumes, which partly experienced temperatures > 200°C. We thus interpret the Osa mélange to be a product of subduction erosion at the base of the outer arc wedge structure.     

Forearc serpentinite mélange from the Hongseong suture, South Korea

The signature of a prolonged subduction–accretion history from Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic is preserved within the dismembered serpentinite mélanges within the Hongseong suture. Here we present major and trace element data from the mafic fragments/blocks within the Baekdong serpentinite mélange revealing their arc-like tholeiite affinity within a suprasubduction zone tectonic setting. Chromian spinel compositions from the Baekdong hydrated mantle peridotite (serpentinite) are characterized by high Cr# (0.53–0.67) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio, medium Mg# (0.42–0.55), and Al₂O₃ contents (17–25 wt.%) indicating a forearc tectonic environment for the hydrated mantle peridotite. The estimated melting degree (> 17.6%) and FeO/MgO of the parental melt (0.9–1.3) are consistent with that of forearc magmas. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages from a high-grade mafic rock and an anorthosite from the study area give protolith ages of ~ 310 Ma and ~ 228 Ma, respectively. Zircons from an associated orthogneiss block within the mélange yield a Neoproterozoic crystallization age of ~ 748 Ma. These results, together with the recent SHRIMP zircon ages from other dismembered serpentinite mélanges within the Wolhyeonri complex, suggest that Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic subduction and subsequent collision events led to the exhumation of the hydrated forearc mantle peridotites from a metasomatized mantle wedge. The Hongseong region preserves important clues to a long-lived subduction system related to global events associated with the final amalgamation of the Pangaea supercontinent.     

内蒙古中部构造混杂带晚古生代-早中生代变质基性岩的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

内蒙古中部构造混杂带中的变质基性岩可分为南、北两带:南带位于乌兰沟-图林凯地区,被划分至温都尔庙群下部的桑达来因组,主要为一套变质玄武岩和辉长岩、辉绿岩,局部含有超基性岩和碳酸岩透镜体,其中变质基性火山岩以绿片岩相变质为主,局部保留枕状构造或发育蓝片岩,已有的锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明南带变质基性火山岩形成于晚古生代到早中生代;北带位于芒和特-二道井-红格尔一线,主要呈岩块状保存在由绢云绿泥石英片岩、硅质岩、含铁石英岩和少量的大理岩组成的基质中,岩石类型包括蓝片岩、冻蓝闪石片岩、阳起片岩、绿帘角闪片岩等。地球化学研究显示南、北两带的变质基性岩相对低Al(Al2O3=10.66%~14.97%)、低Ti(TiO2=1.27%~1.96%)、高Na(Na2O=1.02%~4.20%)、贫K(K2O=0.02%~0.71%),具有拉斑玄武岩到碱性玄武岩系列的过渡特征,高的Na2O/K2O比值(6.89~454)暗示这些基性岩在变质作用前发生了细碧角斑岩化。不活动元素Zr与其他高场强元素(HSFE;Th、Nb、Hf、Ti)和稀土元素(REE)显示良好的线性关系,表明在变质过程中,高场强元素和稀土元素基本保持稳定,可以反映原岩的性质。根据稀土、微量元素配分型式和相关比值可以将内蒙中部构造混杂带中的变质基性岩分为两类:一类稀土含量相对较低(∑REE=46.00×10-6~78.08×10-6)、轻重稀土分异不明显((La/Yb)N=0.50~1.04),无明显Eu负异常,Hf/Ta=6.82~15.18,具有正常的大洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB)特征;另一类稀土含量相对较高(∑REE=58.66×10-6~151.3×10-6)、轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)N=2.28~4.68),无明显Eu负异常,Hf/Ta=2.06~4.70,与富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)相似。部分变质基性岩样品轻微富集大离子亲石元素Rb和Ba,可能暗示原岩在就位过程中遭受了微弱的陆壳混染。以上地球化学特征表明这些变质基性岩的原岩可能形成于一个扩张规模有限的陆内洋盆环境。已有的古生物地理学研究表明古亚洲洋闭合后,到晚古生代早期,内蒙古中部地区成为佳-蒙地块的一部分。石炭纪期间整个内蒙古中部发育稳定的浅海相沉积,局部为造山后隆起环境,发育加里东I型花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。从晚石炭世-早二叠世起,内蒙中部开始处于伸展环境:二连浩特到东乌珠穆沁旗一带发育大量的碱性岩;华北克拉通北缘发育很多高钾钙碱性-碱性的花岗岩;内蒙中部地区广泛发育二叠纪大石寨组双峰式火山岩。到中二叠世开始裂解形成若干近东西向分布的海盆,发育哲斯组、林西组浅海相、泻湖相沉积。持续的伸展形成了有限洋盆,发育以温都尔庙群为代表的含铁硅质岩以及晚古生代-早中生代基性岩。由于早中三叠世华北板块与扬子板块全面碰撞和陆内造山过程的影响,有限洋盆最终在早中生代之后发生被动闭合,形成南、北构造混杂带,并导致该基性岩乃至整个内蒙中部的晚古生代沉积发生广泛绿片岩相变质作用,而局部蓝片岩的形成可能与有限洋盆的俯冲作用有关。     

The Kathikas mélange, SW Cyprus: late Cretaceous submarine debris flows

The Maastrichtian Kathikas mélange is shown to be of sedimentary origin, being a succession of undeformed, submarine, matrix-supported debris-flow deposits up to 270 m thick. Internal sedimentological features include beds emphasized by colour or clast size variation, pelagic chalk interbeds, planar clast fabrics and channels. A trend of upwards-thinning beds in the mélange is interpreted as due to debris-flow initiation on gradually increasing slopes. Debris was shed locally from the deformed and fragmented Mamonia Complex, a series of disrupted gravity-slide sheets of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and deformed igneous rocks. All Mamonia lithologies are represented in the mélange, and local facies variations permit identification of individual sources. The mélange probably pre-dates emplacement of serpentinite into the Mamonia Complex. There was also local inter-mixing of material from the adjacent and underlying Troodos sequences. The mélange rests unconformably on both Mamonia and Troodos sequences, and formed after the main deformation episode of the Mamonia Complex. The degree of resedimentation increases gradually away from the disrupted Mamonia source rocks. The thickness and volume of the Kathikas mélange are comparable with those of recent submarine debris flow deposits on unstable or seismically active continental margins.     

Fluid–rock reactions in an evaporitic mélange, Permian Haselgebirge, Austrian Alps

Tectonically isolated blocks of carbonate rocks present within the anhydritic Haselgebirge mélange of the Northern Calcareous Alps record a complex history of deformation and associated deep-burial diagenetic to very low-grade metamorphic reactions. Fluids were hot (up to ≈ 250 °C) and reducing brines charged with carbon dioxide. Individual carbonate outcrops within the mélange record different regimes of brine–rock reactions, ranging from pervasive dolomite recrystallization to dedolomitization. Early diagenetic features in these carbonates were almost entirely obliterated. Matrix dolomite alteration was related to thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) recognized by the replacement of anhydrite by calcite + pyrite ± native sulphur. Pyrite associated with TSR is coarsely crystalline and characterized by a small sulphur isotope fractionation relative to the precursor Permian anhydrite. Carbonates associated with TSR show low Fe/Mn ratios reflecting rapid reaction of ferrous iron during sulphide precipitation. As a result, TSR-related dolomite and calcite typically show bright Mn(II)-activated cathodoluminescence in contrast to the dull cathodoluminescence of many (ferroan) carbonate cements in other deep-burial settings. In addition to carbonates and sulphides, silicates formed closely related to TSR, including quartz, K-feldspar, albite and K-mica. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis of authigenic K-feldspar yielded mostly disturbed step-heating spectra which suggest variable cooling through the argon retention interval for microcline during the Late Jurassic. This timing coincides with the recently recognized subduction and closure of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean to the south of the Northern Calcareous Alps and strongly suggests that the observed deep-burial fluid–rock reactions were related to Jurassic deformation and mélange formation of these Permian evaporites.     

吉尔吉斯南天山Djanydjer蛇绿混杂岩地质特征及辉长岩年代学研究

位于吉尔吉斯斯坦南天山缝合带附近的Djanydjer蛇绿混杂岩由蛇纹石化橄榄岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、硅质岩等组成。通过对辉长岩中锆石U Pb年代学研究获得两组年龄：(422.0±2.0) Ma (MSWD=1.2),(397.3±3.9) Ma (MSWD=0.6)。结合境内外南天山蛇绿混杂岩的年代学特征,认为前者代表辉长岩的形成时代,表明分割吉尔吉斯斯坦中天山和塔里木克拉通的洋盆在晚志留世早期已经存在。由辉长岩中获得的中泥盆世年龄可能与洋壳闭合蛇绿岩构造侵位或后期花岗质岩浆侵入作用相关。与Djanydjer蛇绿混杂岩产出于同一构造带上的变质沉积岩组合,一直以来被认为是前寒武纪的变质地体,文中对其中的白云母石英片岩的研究发现,其碎屑锆石记录了较宽的年龄范围（406~2 856 Ma）。通过与阿特巴什变质硬砂岩中的碎屑锆石和塔里木克拉通岩浆锆石的比较发现,白云母石英片岩与包裹榴辉岩的变质杂岩相似,原岩的沉积时代不早于早泥盆世,其部分物源可能来自吉尔吉斯中天山-北天山。