石嘴山市煤炭型工业城市发展中的环境问题及对策

石嘴山市是我国重要的煤炭城市,40多年来,因煤炭资源开采、利用和外输,形成了该市畸重的工业结构,在煤炭资源日趋枯竭的同时,生态环境也遭到严重的污染和破坏。本文概述了石嘴山市煤炭资源储量及开发利用状况,分析了生态环境存在的主要问题及原因,提出了优化产业结构,减少污染企业比例,实施煤炭开采沉陷区生态修复工程,推进工业废弃物的综合利用,限制高耗水、高污染项目的发展和建立补偿机制等对策及建议。     

Concentrations,Possible Sources and Influence Factors of Dissolved Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Water of Yangzhuang Coal Mining Subsidence Area,China

Water Resources - To understand the content, composition and other pollution states of dissolved PCBs in the waters of coal mining subsidence area, the research object is determined as the water of...     

An application of 4D seismic monitoring technique to modern coal mining

To study the impact of modern coal mining on the overlying formation, a full‐life‐cycle four‐dimensional seismic monitoring study has been carried out. Four seismic data campaigns have been performed using flexi‐bin geometry with square bins, with total duration of 171 days. The four seismic datasets have been processed with the same processing workflow and parameters; major problems such as statics correction, signal‐to‐noise ratio, resolution, and consistency processing are addressed taking into account the geological features of the research area. This guarantees that remaining four‐dimensional differences between the time‐lapse datasets show mostly geological factors due to the coal mining and effects such as surface subsidence. Our four‐dimensional seismic monitoring of modern coal mining shows that mined and unmined areas have significant zoning characteristics; coal mining has a direct impact on the overlying formation. The mining leads to obvious event subsidence, which reflects that overlying formations undergo subsidence during the mining process. The overlying formation appears as two zones called caving zone and fractured zone. We determine the fault dip of the overlying formation at one end of the working face to be 56°or so by calculation and conversion. We also see that, during the coal mining process, over time, the overlying formation has a self‐recovery capability, which gradually strengthens from the roof siltstone upward to the Aeolian sandstone near the surface. The stability of 20‐m coal pillars between working faces displays a strengthening trend and remains safe during the mining process due to both coal seam supporting and formation compaction effects.     

密集台网微震定位技术在矿山开采动态监测中的应用研究

利用河南新密超化镇某矿区布设的密集临时地震台网观测资料,通过微震震源精确定位手段,实现强干扰背景下该地区某煤矿地下开采面的定位追踪试验研究。微震定位后,爆破点位置的水平精度为±70m,垂直精度为±500m。试验研究结果表明,利用高密度数字地震台网资料,可较为准确地监测矿山地下开采面的动态变化,从而实现对矿产资源越界开采和小矿非法开采的有效制约和监督。同时,本次试验结果显示地震台网的监测控制范围受爆炸源能量、地下开采面的深度、监测区背景噪声、监测仪器的灵敏度和抗干扰能力等因素影响,试验结果可对今后矿区地震监测台网的合理布设提供有效指导。     

High resolution seismic investigations for the determination of water flow directions during sulphur deposits exploitation

This paper shows the results of seismic research on some problems of sulphur in-situ mining. The difficulties during exploitation were mainly connected with the lack of detailed information on the structure and tectonics of deposit and overburden strata. This kind of information could be obtained using the High Resolution Seismic method. The use of seismic method allows to determine the range of subsidence provoked by well mining of sulphur. It is very important to undertake the measurements before exploitation, because the comparison of seismic sections before and during exploitation creates a possibility of determining the process of changes in the structure of the deposit and overburden strata.     

Impacts of Coal Mining on the Aboveground Vegetation and Soil Quality: A Case Study of Qinxin Coal Mine in Shanxi Province,China

The exploitation and utilization of coal resources have been lasting for thousands of years, resulting in a series of ecological environmental problems in China. So far, the mining area has changed into severe and typical damaged ecosystem locally and globally. The coal exploitation history is long in Shanxi province, but goafs are distributed widely. In this study, we addressed this point and took a coal mine, located in Shanxi province where the coal mining has a long exploitation history with goaf densely distributed, as an example. The growth patterns of above ground plant communities, succession characteristics of vegetation community and soil quality characters in the goafs, which could provide theoretical basis for the sustainable development of coal resources and ecological reconstruction in this region, have been studied.     

京西某村小窑采空区的稳定性分析

京西是北京地区的主要产煤区,地下有许多煤层采空区,是影响地表建筑物稳定的重大安全隐患。本文运用概率积分法,对京西某村小窑采空区的地表沉陷量及剩余变形量进了计算,并对小窑采空区的稳定性进行了分析和评价。     

南四湖地区煤炭开发地面塌陷影响分析

南四湖流域具有丰富的煤炭资源,是山东省主要的后备煤炭资源基地之一。近年来已相继开发矿井40余对。由于采煤活动的进行,对南四湖环境影响日益加大。主要表现为：地面塌陷、矸石堆放、交通运输、地表水污染和矿井废水。本文主要讨论因煤炭资源的开发引起的地面塌陷对南四湖的环境影响,在分析研究的基础上总结其影响规律。为湖区煤炭规划、开发和建设提供技术依据。     

Experimental study on the influence of seismic subsidence of loess under bidirectional loading modes

Water content, dry density, void ratio, depth of soil layer, and seismic loading may all exert influence on the seismic subsidence of loess. Many scholars have carried out seismic subsidence tests of loess to simulate the stress on soil using unidirectional (axial) vibration instead of bidirectional vibration. We conduct seismic subsidence tests of loess using two different dynamic stress loading methods, unidirectional and bidirectional dynamic stress. In addition, the effects of different dynamic stress loading modes on the development of seismic subsidence of loess are compared for a case-study in northwestern China. The results show that (1) the increasing ratio of radial stress to axial stress has exerted significant influence on the seismic subsidence coefficient of loess under the loading mode of bidirectional dynamic stress (2) there is a critical ratio of radial stress to axial stress for seismic subsidence of loess, ranging from 0.6 to 0.8; when the ratio of radial load to axial load is greater than the critical value, the effect of bidirectional load on the development of seismic subsidence is more remarkable (3) when the ratio of radial load to axial load is smaller, the seismic subsidence of loess calculated by the existing unidirectional stress loading method is safe for engineering projects. However, if the value exceeds the safety ratio range it is dangerous to conduct safety evaluations using the seismic loess subsidence. The prediction value of seismic subsidence at engineering sites directly affects the later foundation treatment and the safety of the overlying structures. The seismic subsidence calculation and evaluation method in this study may provide a scientific basis for safety evaluations of loess sites in northwestern China.     

黄土地区城市的震陷灾害

本文根据黄土场地具有震陷性的研究结果提出了目前还未被人们引起注意的特殊灾害,即在地震作用下黄土场地上的城市将产生严重的地基失效事件。由于震陷的突然发生和它普遍带有不均匀性,将导致一般工业与民用建筑在振动和地基残余变形的共同影响下加重震害。常见的震害现象是建筑物开裂、倾斜和倒塌。本文以兰州为例,说明了黄土引起的震害将是一种不可低估的严重灾害,应引起工程界和城市建设部门的重视,研究黄土震陷对建筑物的影响,采取相应的防御措施,以减轻或避免震陷灾害带来的损失。     

不同版本规范设计的底框砌体结构地震易损性对比

历次地震震害表明,底框砌体结构在遭遇大地震时破坏严重.本文比较了《GBJ11-89建筑抗震设计规范》和《GB50011-2001建筑抗震设计规范》中关于该类结构的抗震设计要求.参考某地一个实际底框砌体结构建筑设计资料,分别按上述两版本规范设计了2个具有代表性的底框砌体结构.采用层间剪切模型基于IDA方法对结构进行了地震...     

老虎台矿矿山地震活动规律研究

通过分析抚顺老虎台矿地质构造、开采、气象、矿震记录等资料,总结出了老虎台矿矿山地震活动的一些基本规律。研究结果表明,开采深度、强度、采煤方法等是影响矿震时序分布的主要因素,矿震在一年中的分布与同期降雨量成负相关,在现行开采条件下,矿震规模有增大的趋势,矿震空间分布主要受控于区内大的构造。     

考虑震害因子耦合作用的砌体建筑群破坏概率模型研究

砌体建筑群在地震中往往破坏严重损失巨大,合理评估地震作用对不同种类砌体结构造成破坏的风险变得至关重要。传统基于后验概率的地震危险性分析方法忽略了砌体建筑个体差异性的影响,未深入考虑多种震害因子的耦合作用。本文以华南地区砌体建筑群为例,开发了一种集成概率方法来对城市砌体结构的破坏风险进行建模,考虑建筑年代、层数、使用用途和墙厚四类震害因子的耦合影响,采用(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)K-S检验,在设定地震动参数下选取Gaussian分布、Log-Normal分布、Gumbel分布和Beta分布四种概率分布对该地区砌体建筑物的破坏状态概率分布参数进行拟合。通过均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error)RMSE进行拟合优度评价,最终建立基于Gaussian分布和Log-Normal分布的砌体建筑物破坏联合概率模型。最后,以华南地区三个城市典型砌体建筑物为例进行实例对比验证,将基于本文建立的建筑破坏概率模型推算出的砌体建筑群震害矩阵与基于单体结构分析得到的震害矩阵进行对比,与理论值最大偏差为0.033 3。研究表明：本文构建的集成概率方法能够获得更加合理的城市砌体建筑...     

地表沉陷空间预报及其有理分式解法的应用

通过阐述地面沉陷机理,分析地下岩体内应力状态和地下开挖空间的形成过程.引入数学积分模型建立地面沉陷理论模型,重点说明单元下沉盆地和特征点下沉,推导出地面沉陷预报公式.并利用有理分式解法求解地面沉陷预报数值.此法的计算精度高,适用面广,有效地解决了常规解法工作量大、计算精度低的缺点.为一种有效、实用的计算地面沉陷预报值的方法.     

高层钢结构基于均匀损伤设计的整体抗震能力提高方法

本文主要研究如何通过合理设计来提高高层钢结构的整体抗震能力。首先,给出了高层钢结构的非线性计算模型;其次,建立了高层钢结构在强地震动作用下的倒塌失效模式的极限状态判别准则;然后,通过模态pushover分析,研究了高层钢结构在水平地震作用下的损伤规律;最后,重点研究了高层钢结构的整体抗震能力的提高方法,提出了均匀损伤的设计方法,该方法通过消除结构的薄弱层,来达到提高高层钢结构的整体抗震能力的目的。通过对两栋20层的高层钢框架结构进行极限时程分析和极限pushover分析,验证了文中提出的均匀损伤的设计方法的可行性。本文的工作可为高层钢结构的抗地震倒塌设计提供参考依据。     

南四湖地区水环境问题探析

末次盛冰期（ＬＧＭ）是太阳辐射异常处于极低值,北半球第四纪冰流规模处于峰值,两万年来距人类环境最近但与现代气候有着巨大反差的特殊时期,７０年代以来由于新资料不断积累,气候模拟技术发展,海洋大陆冰流各圈层的相关和偶合,传统的气候指标和新的气候指标的认识和应用,以及区域性和全球性的国际合作,在ＬＧＭ古气候环境领域已经取得了巨大进展,本文根据数个国际ＬＧＭ合作计划研究成果,综述９０年代以来全球对ＬＧＭ研     

上海及周边潜在震源区对上海长周期基岩地震动参数影响分析

针对上海及邻近区域划分的46 个潜在震源区,采用概率地震危险性分析方法计算上海中心地区基岩地震动参数,分析对反应谱不同周期起主要影响的潜在震源区,并研究主要潜在震源区对不同周期反应谱的概率贡献。研究结果表明:对于长周期反应谱,远距离高震级潜在震源区概率贡献随着周期的增加而增大,甚至超过场地所在潜在震源区的概率贡献;在上海地区进行长周期项目地震安全性评价中,应充分考虑150 km以外的高震级潜在震源区的影响;对于上海地区的超高层建筑等长周期建筑物而言,长江口、南黄海等地区的地震影响风险较大,郯城地区的地震影响也不容忽视,应引起重视。      

巢湖、太湖蓝藻湖靛及其提取物的动物毒性初步研究

对国内淡水湖泊巢湖、太湖中的蓝藻湖靛及其提取物（藻胆蛋白）,进行了动物毒性实验。实验动物为昆明种小白鼠,采用灌胃法给药。给药后小白鼠均无中毒症状,一周内无死亡。说明巢湖、太湖中蓝藻湖靛及其提取物,对以小白鼠为代表的哺乳类动物消化系统,基本不产生毒性。这对于开发两湖中的蓝藻作为鱼、家禽等饲料和提取其中的植物蛋白（藻胆蛋白）作为营养食品添加剂等有一定意义。     

Prediction and assessment of the disturbances of the coal mining in Kailuan to karst groundwater system

Coal resources and water resources play an essential and strategic role in the development of China's social and economic development, being the priority for China's medium and long technological development. As the mining of the coal extraction is increasingly deep, the mine water inrush of high-pressure confined karst water becomes much more a problem. This paper carried out research on the hundred-year old Kailuan coal mine's karst groundwater system. With the help of advanced Visual Modflow software and numerical simulation method, the paper assessed the flow field of karst water area under large-scale exploitation. It also predicted the evolution ofgroundwaterflow field under different mining schemes of Kailuan Corp. The result shows that two cones of depression are formed in the karst flow field of Zhaogezhuang mining area and Tangshan mining area, and the water levels in two cone centers are −270 m and −31 m respectively, and the groundwater generally flows from the northeast to the southwest. Given some potential closed mines in the future, the mine discharge will decrease and the water level of Ordovician limestone will increase slightly. Conversely, given increase of coal yield, the mine drainage will increase, falling depression cone of Ordovician limestone flow field will enlarge. And in Tangshan's urban district, central water level of the depression cone will move slightly towards north due to pumping of a few mines in the north.     

Computation of response spectra from mining tremors using neural networks

Underground coal and copper ore exploitation in two Polish mining regions causes mining tremors and a series of other negative phenomena in the environment. Although these tremors are strictly connected with human activity, they differ considerably from other paraseismic vibrations. The moment of their occurrence is not to be foreseen likewise for earthquakes. The main problem discussed in the paper was formulated as the neural network evaluation of a relation between mining tremor energies, epicentral distances and acceleration response spectra. Back-propagation neural networks with Resilient back-propagation learning method were used. Each input vector included information about the mining tremor energy and the epicentral distance. Values of acceleration response spectrum were expected as the outputs of neural networks. Neurally evaluated spectra were compared with spectra computed on the basis of experimental data. After the network is trained and tested, it can be used for mapping of new data of mining tremor energies and epicentral distances into the spectra. Then, what is the substantial advantage of neural approach, the prediction of acceleration response spectra can be performed without recording of surface vibrations. In the light of the results, it is visible that the presented way of computation of acceleration response spectra can be peculiarly applied to prognosis of mining tremors influences on structures.