Normal faulting mechanisms in the Western Desert of Egypt

Egypt is recognized as a moderate seismicity region where earthquakes are distributed within several active regions. Owing to sparse distribution of both seismicity and seismic stations, mostly moderate-size Egyptian earthquakes were recorded by regional stations. One of such cases is the moderate-size earthquakes of moment magnitudes greater than 4.0 which struck the Western Desert of Egypt in 1998 and 1999. These events are the first instrumentally recorded earthquakes occurring in the area. In the present study, the source mechanism for these earthquakes was estimated using the waveform data recorded from one of the very broadband MedNet seismograph stations and polarities from the national short-period seismographs. An iterative technique was applied to find the best-fit double-couple mechanism by a grid search over strike, dip and rake. Regional synthetic seismograms were calculated by using f–k integration in the frequency range of 0.03–0.1 Hz. A crustal structure fitted to surface wave dispersion curves was used to compute Green’s function. Focal depths were determined through the grid search method for a range of source depths. Our results show a normal faulting mechanism with minor strike-slip component. The NNW trend has been chosen as a preferred rupture plane in consistence with surface and subsurface faults and microearthquake seismicity in the epicenteral area as well.     

Teleseismic Source Parameters of the Rigan County Earthquakes and Evidence for a New Earthquake Fault

Two medium-sized earthquakes occurred on 20 December 2010 and 27 January 2011 in Rigan County, Kerman Province, southeastern Iran. According to the dislocation grid search method results, the first event was nearly strike-slip including reverse component (strike 115°, dip 50°, and rake ?5°) whereas the second event had some amount of reverse component (strike 125°, dip 75°, and rake ?5°). Based on synthetic Green’s function deconvolution and aftershock distribution, the down-dip-propagated rupture migrated toward southeast districts with low population distribution, confirming the reason for low casualties. Meanwhile, the aftershock distribution indicates the existence of a new earthquake fault for which we suggest the name “Rigan earthquake fault.” However, the same aftershock distribution indicates that the second mainshock was inevitably triggered by the first one, most probably along the continuation of the Bam earthquake fault.     

综合近震及远震波形反演2006文安地震(Mw5.1)的震源机制解

2006年7月4日,在距离北京100 km左右的文安地区,发生了M_w=5.1级地震,引起了北京地区的强烈震感.为了更好的认识区域构造,我们利用近震及远震波形反演的方法得到了此次文安地震的震源机制.选择了北京数字地震台网的9个地震台,震中距小于600 km,台站的方位角覆盖较好.为了更好地利用信号相对较弱的P波信号,对于一个地震记录,本文分别截取出P波和面波两个部分,分别给予不同的权重进行反演,结合格点搜索的方法,得到了与记录P波及面波三分量对应较好的地震的方位角、倾角和滑移角.同时考虑到北京西北地区地壳较厚,本文在利用F-K方法计算近震理论波形的时候,对不同的方位角,采用了不同的地壳速度模型.随后结合远震信号中的直达P、pP、sP波形得到了分辨率较高的地震震源深度.反演结果表明,此次文安地震是一个较为典型的走滑型地震,方位角为210°,倾角80°,滑移角-150°,地震的深度为14~15 km,地震的震级为(M_w=5.1).反演结果与断层的几何分布、余震分布及北京地区北北东向应力场有很好的一致性.     

2020年云南巧家M5.0地震震源机制解与震源区应力场研究

基于国家测震台网数据中心提供的波形资料,采用gCAP方法反演2020年5月18日云南巧家M5.0地震及研究区域51次地震震源机制解,并收集研究区域震源机制解50个。采用网格搜索法反演区域构造应力场,并对研究区域采用不同划分进行应力场反演。获得以下结论：(1)主震震源机制解节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为175°、 67°和-19°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为273°、 73°和-156°,矩震级为4.97,矩心深度为8.8 km。表明主震属于兼具逆冲分量的走滑型地震;(2)震后区域应力场主压应力轴方位为NWW,倾角接近水平,主张应力轴方位为NNE,倾角接近水平,属于走滑型应力状态,与周边地质构造运动状态相吻合;(3)对研究区域采用不同划分所得应力场结果相差不大,表明该区域应力场比较稳定,受深大断裂带和震源机制解类型影响较小。     

2019年北京海淀M2.9和怀柔M3.0地震震源参数测定

本文介绍了2019年4月7日北京海淀M2.9及4月14日北京怀柔M3.0地震的基本参数速报情况,并利用区域台网波形数据,采用全波形反演方法ISOLA获得了这两次地震的最佳双力偶解。反演结果显示:M2.9地震的节面Ⅰ走向29°,倾角70°,滑动角?149°,节面Ⅱ走向288°,倾角61°,滑动角?22°;矩心深度14 km,矩震级M_W=3.4。M3.0地震的节面Ⅰ走向93°,倾角84°,滑动角?30°,节面Ⅱ走向186°,倾角60°,滑动角173°;矩心深度16 km,矩震级M_W=3.4。震源机制反演结果表明,两次地震均为走滑型为主的地震,其与震源区域附近历史地震震源机制解具有相同性质。      

Quick moment tensor solution for 6 April 2009, L'Aquila,Italy, earthquake

A M_W6.4 earthquake occurred in L'Aquila, central Italy at 1:32:42 (UTC), April 6, 2009. We quickly obtained the moment tensor solution of the earthquake by inverting the P waveforms of broadband recordings from the global seismographic network (GSN) stations using the quick technique of moment tensor inversion, and further inferred that the nodal plane of strike 132°, dip 53° and rake ?103° is the seismogenic fault.     

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震震源机制解

2022年1月8日,青海门源地区发生M_S6.9地震,本文利用CAP方法反演了主震震源机制解和震源深度。结果显示,断层节面Ⅰ:走向191°/倾角62°/滑动角173°,节面Ⅱ:走向284°/倾角82°/滑动角21°。此次地震为走滑型地震,最佳矩心震源深度约3 km,矩震级为M_W6.7。结合震源机制解和定位结果分析认为,节面Ⅱ可能为实际破裂面,本次地震发生在冷龙岭断裂和托莱山断裂的交汇部位,本次地震与2016年和1986年2次M6.4地震震源机制解不同,显示出该区域复杂的构造背景。      

2020年6月9日中卫ML3.4地震的震源机制及其中心解的测定

2020年6月9日宁夏中卫市沙坡头区发生M_L3.4地震,该地震发生在1709年中卫南7?级地震的极震区内,且震中位于以往弱震相对偏少的地区。本文利用宁夏区域地震台网的波形记录,采用gCAP方法反演了2020年6月9日中卫M_L3.4地震的震源机制解及震源矩心深度,并用Hash方法计算其震源机制解,且得出了两种方法的震源机制中心解。结果表明,gCAP方法的震源机制解为:节面I走向255°,倾角79°,滑动角?20°;节面II走向348°,倾角70°,滑动角?168°,震源矩心深度为12 km。而Hash方法的震源机制解为:节面I走向344°,倾角89°,滑动角176°;节面II走向74°,倾角86°,滑动角1°。两种方法的震源机制中心解为:节面I走向255°,倾角87°,滑动角?11°;节面II走向346°,倾角80°,滑动角?176°,主压应力轴走向主要为NE向,其中gCAP方法结果与震源机制中心解的最小空间旋转角相对最小,为12.09°。结合过去地质构造资料,推测2020年6月9日中卫M_L3.4地震的主要错动方式为左旋走滑,且断层面为NEE向节面的可能性较大。      

RESEARCH OF FOCAL MECHANISM AND DEPTH OF TWOMS4.5 EARTHQUAKES IN YONGNING

TwoM_S4.5 earthquakes happened in Yongning, a county of Yinchuan in Ningxia on June 22, 2010 and November 20, 2012, which were both strongly felt in Yinchuan and its vicinities. In order to understand the seismogenic structure better, we collected the regional earthquake waveform data of Ningxia and nearby seismic networks. Locating main shocks and aftershocks distribution by Hyp2000 and inversing the focal mechanism and depth by TDMT, we got results as follows: for the June 22 earthquake, nodal plane Ⅰ: strike 208, dip 89, and rake -164; nodal plane Ⅱ: strike 117, dip 74, and rake -2. For the November 20 earthquake: nodal plane Ⅰ: strike 284, dip 79, and rake 12, nodal plane II strike 192, dip 79, and rake 169. By means of reference to Snoke method, it is known that the main fractures of the two earthquakes are both strike slip faults with NNE-trending and NNW-dipping, while the former has a small amount of tension component and the latter has a small amount of thrust component. And the moment magnitudes of them areM_W4.5 andM_W4.3. According to Hyp2000 location, TDMT moment tensor fitting error and sPn depth phases, we consider that the focal depths of the two earthquakes are 22km and 8km, both are shallow-focus ones. Though the epicenters of the two earthquakes are 13km apart from each other, the former one is deeper, the reason is that the November 20 earthquake was controlled by the major fault of Yinchuan Fault, while the June 22 earthquake was controlled by south branch of Yinchuan Fault.     

2013-2014年山东乳山地震序列发震构造初探

采用结合波形互相关技术的双差定位方法,对2013—2014年山东乳山地震序列重新定位,通过CAP及P波初动方法确定乳山序列较大地震的震源机制,在此基础上初步探讨乳山地震序列发震构造.结果显示,乳山序列呈现NW向展布,地震密集分布在8km×3km范围,震源深度分布在4~10km,4~7km区间相对集中.较大地震震源机制的节面Ⅰ方向与序列地震优势分布方向基本一致.综合考虑精确定位结果及较大地震震源机制,并结合震区附近地震资料,初步推测乳山地震序列发震断层为NW方向、近直立的走滑型隐伏断裂.     

FOCAL MECHANISM OF THE AUGUST 8, M7.0 SICHUAN JIUZHAIGOU AND AUGUST 9, M6.6 XINJIANG JINGHE EARTHQUAKES OF 2017

The W-phase is a long period phase arriving between the P and S wave phases of a seismic source, theoretically representing the total near-and far-field long-period wave-field. Recent study suggests that the reliable source properties of earthquake with magnitude greater than ~M_W4.5 can be rapidly inverted by using the W-phase waveform data. With the advantage of W-phase, most of major earthquake research institutes in the world have adopted the W-phase based inversion method to routinely assess focal mechanism of earthquake, such as the USGS and GFZ. In this study, the focal mechanism of the August 8, 2017 M7.0 Sichuan Jiuzhaigou and August 9, 2017 M6.6 Xinjiang Jinghe earthquakes were investigated by W-phase moment tensor inversion technique using global seismic event waveform recordings provided by Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Data Management Center. To get reliable focal mechanism, we strictly select raw waveform data and carry out inversion in stages. At first, we discard waveform without correct instrument information. Then we carry out an initial inversion using selected waveform data to get primary results. Using the preliminary results as input, we carry out grid-search based inversion to find the final optimal source parameters. The inverted results indicate that the August 8, M7.0 Sichuan Jiuzhaigou shock resulted from rupturing on a NW-trending normal fault with majority of strike-slip movement. The parameters of two nodal planes are strike 152.7°, dip 61.4°, rake -4.8° and strike 245.0°, dip 85.8°, rake -151.3° respectively, and focal depth is 14.0km. The August 9, Xinjiang Jinghe M6.6 shock resulted from rupturing on a south-dipping thrust fault with left-lateral strike-slip. The parameters of two nodal planes are strike 100.6°, dip 27.5°, rake 114.1° and strike 259.3°, dip 65.1°, rake 78.0°, and the focal depth is 16.0km. The direction of two nodal planes is consistent with regional seismotectonic background.     

Earthquakes Along the Passive Margin of Greenland: Evidence for Postglacial Rebound Control

—?An intriguing observation in Greenland is a clear spatial correlation between seismicity and deglaciated areas along passive continental margins, a piece of evidence for earthquake triggering due to postglacial rebound. Another piece of evidence for induced seismicity due to deglaciation derives from earthquake source mechanisms. Sparse, low magnitude seismicity has made it difficult to determine focal mechanisms from Greenland earthquakes. On the basis of two normal faulting events along deglaciated margins and from the spatial distribution of epicenters, earlier investigators suggested that the earthquakes of Greenland are due to postglacial rebound. This interpretation is tested here by using more recent data. Broadband waveforms of teleseismic P waves from the August 10, 1993 (m _b = 5.4) and October 14, 1998 (m _b = 5.1) earthquakes have been inverted for moment tensors and source parameters. Both mechanisms indicate normal faulting with small strike-slip components: the 1993 event, strike = 348.9°, dip = 41.0°, rake =?56.3°, focal depth = 11?km, seismic moment = 1.03?×?10²⁴ dyne-cm, and M _w = 5.3; the 1998 event, strike = 61.6°, dip = 58.0°, rake =?95.5°, focal depth = 5?km, seismic moment = 5.72?×?10²³ dyne-cm, and M _w = 5.1. These and the two prior events support the theory that the shallow part of the lithosphere beneath the deglaciated margins is under horizontal extension. The observed stress field can be explained as flexural stresses due to removal of ice loads and surface loads by glacial erosion. These local extensional stresses are further enhanced by the spreading stress of continental crust and reactivate preexisting faults. Earthquake characteristics observed from Greenland suggest that the dominant seismogenic stresses are from postglacial rebound and spreading of the continental lithosphere.     

利用矩张量反演法研究江苏高邮—宝应M_S4.9级地震震源机制解和震源深度

基于江苏、安徽、山东和浙江等省区域台网共19个宽频带数字台站的地震波形,采用HypoDD双差定位方法确定了2012年7月20日江苏高邮—宝应MS4.9级地震震中位置,再利用时间域矩张量反演法TDMT_INV获得了其震源机制解和震源深度.反演结果显示:最佳双力偶解为节面Ⅰ走向290°,倾角88°,滑动角-21°;节面Ⅱ走向21°,倾角69°,滑动角-177°,地震矩震级为MW4.95,震源深度约为7~9km.利用滑动时窗相关法提取sPn震相测定震源深度为8.95km,两者一致性较好.随后不同地壳模型和不同震中定位误差对反演结果的影响试验揭示了反演结果具有稳定性.通过以下几种分析:1与利用CAP(Cut and Paste)矩张量反演法得到的结果进行对比;2P波初动投影;3正反演试验探求反演结果不稳定的影响因素等方法,验证了反演结果的可靠性.综合本文研究成果、震后科学考察结果(包括重力测量和地震烈度分布图)及现有的地质构造资料,推测此次地震的发震构造为杨汊仓—桑树头断裂,节面Ⅱ为断层面,是一个右旋走滑兼有少量正断层性质的错动.     

2021年吴忠—灵武ML3.6震群重新定位及震源机制研究

2021年7月18日—8月7日,宁夏吴忠—灵武地区发生M_L3.6显著震群活动。本文利用多阶段定位方法对该震群进行了重新定位,并根据gCAP方法反演了2021年7月20日灵武M_L3.6地震的震源机制及震源矩心深度,采用Snoke方法计算了震群中3次ML3.0以上地震的震源机制,测定了同一地震多个震源机制的中心解。结果表明,该震群中最大的地震即7月20日02时40分M_L3.6地震的震源机制为节面Ⅰ走向289°,倾角72°,滑动角-22°,节面Ⅱ走向26°,倾角69°,滑动角-161°,震源矩心深度为12 km,初始破裂深度为12.5 km;7月20日03时15分ML3.2地震的震源机制为节面Ⅰ走向290°,倾角82°,滑动角-2°,节面Ⅱ走向20°,倾角88°,滑动角-172°,初始破裂深度为11.9 km;7月21日04时55分ML3.1地震的震源机制为节面Ⅰ走向285°,倾角53°,滑动角2°,节面Ⅱ走向194°,倾角88°,滑动角143°,初始破裂深度为11.6 km,这些地震震源机制的主压应力轴主要为NE向。该震群序...     

2017年11月18日西藏米林6.9级地震震源机制

利用西藏地震台网记录的波形数据,采用CAP方法,反演2017年11月18日西藏米林M 6.9地震震源机制解,并绘制余震空间分布。反演得到,节面Ⅰ：走向285°,倾角47°,滑动角70°;节面Ⅱ：走向133°,倾角46.6°,滑动角110.1°,矩心深度约19.0 km。结果显示,此次地震是逆冲为主兼少量走滑型地震,节面Ⅰ走向与NW向嘉黎—察隅断裂走向一致,余震空间展布也与断裂走向一致。     

2013年山东莱州M4.6地震序列发震构造初探

采用双差定位法对山东莱州地震序列重新定位,通过CAP方法反演M4.6地震震源机制,在此基础上初步探讨莱州地震序列发震构造。结果显示:精确定位震中位置主要位于柞村—仙夼断裂的NW方向,深度剖面显示从SE方向到NW方向断层深度呈由浅逐渐变深的趋势,这均与柞村—仙夼断裂位置、走向、倾向特征较为吻合;M4.6地震震源机制解的节面Ⅰ与柞村—仙夼断裂走向、倾角较为接近。综合精确定位震中位置、剖面深度分布特征、M4.6地震震源机制解及宏观调查烈度分布等结果与柞村-仙夼断裂产状之间的关系,初步推测柞村—仙夼断裂可能为莱州地震序列的发震断层。     

2003年8月16日赤峰地震：一个可能发生在下地壳的地震？

利用宽频带远震数字地震记录,计算赤峰台下方接收函数,得到了MOHO面深度为34~35 km,并结合CRUST2.0模型等前人工作成果得到了赤峰地区的速度结构.我们以此速度结构作为模型,利用中国国家地震台网（CDSN）5个台站的宽频带地震数据,采用CAP方法反演2003年8月16日赤峰地震震源机制解并初步确定震源深度;再利用IRIS 9个台站远震体波数据,通过对比理论计算和观测记录的方法进一步精确确定震源深度并验证反演得到的机制解,得出此次地震矩震级为5.2,震源机制解为：节面I：315°/64°/19°,节面II：216°/74°/152°,震源深度为25±2 km,已深达下地壳.本文初步讨论了这样的发震深度所对应的可能发震机理和岩石物理特征,认为赤峰地区的下地壳处于相对低温的状态.     

Mechanism of the June 4, 2000 Southern Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake

Introduction The June 4, 2000 southern Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake (16h28min26.2s UTC, 4.72, 102.09, 33 km, MS=8.0 [IRIS]) occurred under the Indian Ocean, near the Mentawai fault, along the well-known Sumatran subduction zone and the great Sumatran fault, all of which trend northwest-southeast. 1 800 houses were totally destroyed, 10 196 were heavily damaged, and 18 378 were slightly damaged by the earthquake. At least 97 people were killed, 1 900 were injured, and 122 000 were left…     

2018年5月28日吉林松原MS5.7地震发震构造分析

利用黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古三省数字地震台网的三分量宽频带波形资料对2018年5月28日吉林省松原市宁江区发生的M_S5.7地震进行了全波形矩张量反演,获取了此次地震的震源机制解和矩心位置;并使用震源-矩心方法讨论了该地震的发震断层。研究结果显示:松原M_S5.7地震的矩震级为M_W5.2,矩心位置为（45.225°N,124.685°E）,矩心深度为7 km。震源机制解参数显示:该地震为走滑型;节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为217°,82°和164°;节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为309°,74°和8°;双力偶成分占96.4%,方差减少为93%。震源?矩心图显示震源更接近节面Ⅰ,与北东向的扶余—肇东断裂走向及倾角一致,因此,推测扶余—肇东断裂为发震断层。      

2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L＇Aquila)地震快速矩张量解.

2009年4月6日1点32分42秒协调世界时（UTC）,在意大利中部地区发生了MW6.4地震．作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球台网的宽频带P波波形得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向132deg;、倾角53deg;、滑动角——103deg;的节面是地震发生的断层面．