浅水草型湖泊除草技术的实验

滆湖位于江苏南部,面积为164km~2,是一个典型的草型湖泊,其中80X以上的面积为黄丝草(Pataraogeton maackianus)所覆盖。针对该湖水生植被中草食性鱼类喜食性水草资源逐渐衰竭,非喜食性水草群落逐渐扩张的状况,1988—1990年,进行了湖泊水草群落的定向改良试验和抑制相关水草发生和蔓延的试验。结果表明,采用生物防治,以鱼除草,无论是网拦放牧式除草技术,还是网围养殖式除草技术,对各种沉水植物都可彻底清除,而且直接将水草转化为鱼产品,并且有利于湖泊水域生态环境的改善。     

蒙新高原湖泊高等水生植物和大型底栖无脊椎动物调查

2008年7月和9月调查了我国蒙新高原12个湖泊的高等水生植物和大型底栖无脊椎动物,除阜康天池外皆采集到了水生植物和底栖动物.水生植物共有8科12种,优势种为芦苇和蓖齿眼子菜.底栖动物共鉴定出4门8纲26科64种(属),优势类群为摇蚊和水丝蚓.乌梁素海的水生植物和底栖动物种类最丰富,分别为9种和35种(属).乌梁素海和哈素海全湖都有水生植物分布,但其它湖泊仅分布在个别湖湾.不同湖泊间的底栖动物群落相似性很低.将蒙新地区湖泊湖区分为敞水区、沿岸带水生植物区和强劲湖流区.底栖动物在沿岸带水生植物区的多样性比敞水区高,优势集中性比敞水区低,而强劲湖流区无底栖动物.沿岸带水生植物区不同类型生境中的底栖动物群落相似性分析表明沉水植物密布、风生湖流微弱生境中的底栖动物最丰富,风生湖流强劲生境中无底栖动物.总体上,蒙新高原湖泊水生植物和底栖动物群落相似性较低,要保护湖泊生物多样性,建议对每个湖泊进行适当保护,重点保护风生湖流较弱的沉水植物区.     

A biodiversity evaluation framework for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes driven by hydrological process management

Macrophyte community diversity and composition respond to ecosystem conservation and local environmental factors. In this study, we developed a multidimensional diversity framework for macrophyte communities, including the taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity. We used the framework to explore the relationships among water level regimes and these diversity parameters in a case study of China's Baiyangdian Lake. Analysis of indicators of hydrologic alteration divided the water level from 1959 to 2019 into four regimes (dry, <6.42 m; low, 6.42–7.23 m; medium, 7.23–8.19 m; high, >8.19 m). Alpha and beta diversity were significantly higher in the medium regime than in the low and high regimes. Redundancy analysis indicated that the maximum water depth significantly affected taxonomic alpha diversity, and total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration significantly affected functional alpha diversity, respectively. Mantel tests showed that TN, Secchi depth (SD), and water depth in the high water level regime significantly increased the total beta diversity and turnover components. TN was the main factor that increased total taxonomic beta diversity. Water level regime mainly influenced interspecific relationships by changing the TN and COD concentration. The water level should be maintained between the medium and high water level regimes to promote restoration of the macrophyte community and improve ecosystem stability. The biodiversity evaluation framework would provide a deeper insight into the hydrological process management for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes.     

巢湖流域水生植物多样性

水生植物在浅水湖泊或河流生态系统中具有非常重要的作用.通过2次野外实地调查,对巢湖流域水生植物物种的区系组成和多样性进行初步分析.结果表明:巢湖流域水生植物共有43科85属123种(含种下分类单位,下同),其中蕨类植物有5科6属6种,被子植物38科77属117种,在被子植物中双子叶植物25科39属63种,单子叶植物13科40属54种.水禾(Hygroryza aristata)为安徽省首次记录;以禾本科(Gramineae)、蓼科(Polygonaceae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae)等为优势科;以蓼属(Polygonum)、眼子菜属(Potamogeton)和菱属(Trapa)等为优势属,属的组成比较分散,寡种属和单种属占总属数的96.5%;以喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、菱(Trapa sp.)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)等为优势种;从分布区类型看,在科级水平上有6个类型,科的分布区类型以世界广布最多,达55.81%,热带分布的科(11科)多于温带分布的科(8科);在属级水平上有13个类型,属的分布区类型以世界广布最多(36.47%),其次是泛热带分布(20.0%);从不同流域来看,水生植物物种多样性以白石天河流域最高,店埠河南淝河流域最低,这可能与南淝河水质污染比较严重有一定的关系.     

大型浅水湖泊藻类模型参数敏感性分析

选取太湖作为典型湖泊在之前研究基础上建立藻类模型,对模型中与藻类有关的40个参数进行拉丁超立方抽样,并使用区域敏感性分析方法和普适似然不确定性分析方法进行敏感性分析.结果表明:在所选的40个参数中,有7个参数是敏感的参数,对模拟的结果影响较大.在藻类生长、基础代谢、牧食和沉降4个藻类变化过程中藻类生长的敏感参数最多,影响最大;在藻类生长项中,叶绿素的消光系数是藻类生长光照限制中的最敏感参数,而最低适宜生长温度及其对藻类生长的影响系数则是温度限制中的敏感参数;并且不同湖区的不确定性在不同时间差异明显,对于藻类低浓度湖区和藻类暴发期的模拟需要加以关注.     

长江下游湖泊水生植物现状及与水环境因子的关系

研究水生植物分布与环境因子的关系可为富营养化湖泊的生态修复提供重要科学依据.通过对长江下游10个不同营养水平湖泊的水生植物群落组成和环境状况进行野外调查,研究了长江下游湖泊主要水生植物分布状况及水环境因子对水生植物分布的影响.调查发现长江下游10个代表性湖泊主要水生植物共计6科7属11种,主要生活型为沉水植物.水生植物群落组成与环境因子的冗余分析结果显示,总氮、pH值和水深是显著影响这些不同营养水平湖泊水生植物分布的主导因子.     

富营养化浅水湖泊沉水水生植被的衰退与恢复

对国外近年来有关富营养化浅水湖泊的退化与恢复方面的研究进展以及生物操纵作用作了述评,对有关富营养化湖泊沉水植被衰退的有代表性的３种假说也作了介绍。根据“八五”期间武汉东湖水生植被重建的研究工作和多年积累的湖泊水生植被调查资料,提出了长江中下游浅湖富营养化过程中沉水植被演替的模式。     

持久性有机污染物在中国湖泊生物中分布与富集的研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在环境中分布广泛且持久存在并具有高生物富集性,通常具有致癌、致畸、致突变等危害.湖泊是POPs的主要环境归宿之一,湖泊中的POPs可被水生生物富集并通过食物网传递,对生态系统及人体健康构成极大的危害.中国是POPs生产及使用大国,也是世界上湖泊较多的国家之一.湖泊生物尤其是水产品是中国人饮食中的重要组成部分,因此POPs在中国湖泊生物体中的富集对当地的生态系统和人体健康存在很大的潜在危害.本文通过收集、分析1997年—2017年7月公开发表的中国湖泊生物体POPs数据,发现中国湖泊生物中POPs富集研究主要集中在东部平原湖区,青藏高原及云贵高原湖区有少量研究;不同POPs在不同湖区湖泊生物中富集的含量存在较大差异,DDTs和HCHs在各湖区生物中普遍检出且存在明显差异,东部平原湖区生物体内多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚含量高于其他湖区生物体内含量,其他POPs在湖泊生物体内的富集研究相对较少且主要集中在东部湖泊.中国湖泊生物中DDTs、HCHs、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚、多氯苯并二英和多氯苯并呋喃、全氟化合物、全氟辛酸、有机锡及六溴环十二烷脂肪归一化后的平均含量分别为454.56±653.40、153.57±435.99、2849.49±3092.52、118.40±20.28、18.40±20.28、17.43±19.43、147.17±192.93、1542.18±1347.64、11380.75±5316.75和2.19±1.92 ng/g.POPs在中国湖泊生物体内的含量水平与生物所处营养级、脂肪含量和年龄呈正相关,但并非完全一致,还受到生活习性、生物物种与结构、生存环境及生物量等多种因素的影响;生物不同组织对POPs的富集能力有较大差异,内脏器官对POPs的富集能力明显高于肌肉组织.     

浅水湖泊沉积物脱氢酶活性的测定及其生态学意义

以武汉市浅水湖泊(月湖)为实验对象确定了沉积物脱氢酶活性(DHA)测定的最佳条件:以经甲醛灭菌的沉积物为对照,以氯化三苯基四氮唑为电子受体(0.4%),沉积物用量为0.5g,pH值为7.5,培养时间为3h.据上二述条件测定的DHA比未优化条件下的相应值高3-5倍,且表现出与沉积物有机质含量更为显著的正相关关系.武汉东湖3个子湖共23个采样点沉积物样品的测试结果进一步证实了上述方法的可行性,同时初步揭示了湖泊沉积物脱氢酶反映微生物活性与有机质状态的生态学意义.     

太湖流域典型中小型湖泊富营养化演变分析(1991-2010年)

通过分析太湖流域的中小型湖泊富营养化指标近20年的变化趋势,探讨流域富营养化特征的总体演变趋势.从全流域看,总氮浓度在近20年里呈稳中略降的趋势;而总磷浓度在近20年里有较明显上升趋势;作为营养物上升的直接响应指标叶绿素a呈快速上升趋势,平均值从1991年的7.0μg/L上升至2010年的27.5μg/L,20年间上升了近3倍,叶绿素a数据离散程度出现大幅上升,标准差从1991年的1.25μg/L上升至2010年的19.06μg/L,说明各湖富营养化程度的空间分异性在加大,藻华风险增加;透明度在近20年中虽有波动,但整体仍呈下降趋势.综合营养状态指数(TLIc)计算结果显示,近20年过水型湖泊淀山湖和昆承湖的TLIc指数明显高于封闭型湖泊水源地尚湖和傀儡湖.典型过水型湖泊(淀山湖)、封闭型湖泊水源地(尚湖和傀儡湖)以及典型的渔业生产型湖泊(长荡湖)的富营养化演变过程有所差异,主要受湖泊本身自然属性、污染控制强度、管理模式、功能定位等影响.     

浅水湖泊湖泛(黑水团)中的微生物生态学研究进展

"湖泛"是指湖泊水体中(包括沉积物)富含大量藻源性(或草源性)的生物质,在微生物的分解作用下,大量消耗氧气,出现厌氧分解,微生物在还原条件下,促进许多"黑臭"物质的形成,进而影响水质和湖泊生态系统结构与功能乃至造成环境灾难.与湖泛发生时的环境特征(如低溶解氧,低p H,高有机质,高总磷、总氮)相对应的是其简化的食物网结构和特殊的微生物类群.本文将主要针对湖泛中的微生物群落及其在物质循环中的作用展开综述.研究显示湖泛水体中主要微生物类群,如真菌、细菌厚壁菌门的梭菌以及产甲烷古菌等,在有机质的快速分解和厌氧矿化过程中发挥着重要作用;沉积物中主要的微生物功能群,如硫酸盐还原细菌、铁还原细菌、甲烷厌氧氧化菌和反硝化细菌等,是湖泛致黑物质形成的关键.缺氧及厌氧条件下碳、硫和铁等元素生物地球化学过程的相互关联以及多种微生物之间形成的互营共生可能是湖泛过程中功能微生物的重要特征.湖泛中微生物功能的进一步研究,亟需借鉴海洋低氧区及深海沉积物的经验,引用先进研究手段,提出可靠的生物地球化学证据.浅水湖泊湖泛(黑水团)中的微生物生态学探索将有助于从机理上揭示湖泛黑臭的成因.     

The importance of aquatic macrophytes in a eutrophic tropical shallow lake

Inlay Lake is the second largest natural lake in Myanmar. Located in Shan State, in the eastern part of the country, it is a known biodiversity hotspot. The lake is negatively affected by an increasing local human population and rapid growth in both agriculture and tourism. In recent decades, several studies have listed faunistic and floristic groups in Inlay Lake, but there is still a general lack of knowledge about the aquatic macrophyte and phytoplankton community composition and abundance, and their interactions. To fill this knowledge gap, field surveys of biological and physical and chemical parameters were carried out in the period 2014–2017. They show that Inlay Lake is a shallow, clear water and calcareous lake, with nutrient concentrations indicating mesotrophic-eutrophic conditions. However, close to the shore, nutrient concentrations are generally higher, reflecting pollution from inflowing rivers, shoreline villages and floating gardens. Both the richness and abundance of aquatic macrophytes in Inlay Lake were high, with several species forming extensive stands in most of the lake over the whole survey period. Total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomass were low, but cyanobacteria included toxin-producing strains of Microcystis, suggesting that cyanobacterial and total phytoplankton biomass need to be kept low to avoid potentially harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Submerged macrophyte abundance and phytoplankton biomass were inversely correlated in the heavily vegetated northern lake area. Our survey suggests a great importance of the submerged macrophytes to the general water quality and the clear water state in Inlay Lake. Maintaining high macrophyte abundances should therefore be a goal in management strategies, both for Inlay Lake and other lakes in Myanmar. It is highly desirable to include macrophytes and phytoplankton in the lake monitoring in Myanmar.     

淮北平原中小型湖泊鸟类多维度多样性

湿地介于陆地和水生生态系统之间,具有丰富的生态价值,湿地公园在维持生态平衡,提高鸟类多样性等方面具有重要作用。2022年3月-2023年2月,采用样点法和样线法对淮北平原地区颍州西湖国家湿地公园进行鸟类调查,通过对鸟类群落的物种多样性、分类学多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性4个维度多样性指数以及鸟类生态类群的分析探究湿地公园鸟类群落的时空分布格局。本轮调查共记录鸟类153种共26107只次,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物16种;IUCN红色名录极危物种1种,易危物种2种。结果表明:春季功能丰富度、物种丰富度和香农-威纳指数在湖泊、防护林和绿化带3种生境之间差异显著,夏季湖泊生境中物种丰富度(24.67±0.94)和系统发育多样性(985.14±52.57)显著高于绿化带和防护林,秋季功能丰富度(8.24±0.90)和系统发育多样性(935.34±37.12)在湖泊中均最高,冬季湖泊香农-威纳指数(2.31±0.03)、功能丰富度(3.73±0.77)显著高于绿化带和防护林2种生境;绿化带生境中,多个多样性指数在春季最高,在冬季均达到最低水平,湖泊生境冬季的物种丰富度(25.00±0.82)、香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数(0.84±0.01)在冬季最高,夏季系统发育多样性最高;防护林生境中物种丰富度(22.67±2.87)在秋季显著高于其他3个季节。单次调查中发现并记录青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)15只,超过东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线该物种种群数量的1%,达到国际重要湿地标准。结果显示秋季为该湿地公园鸟类多样性保护的重点季节,湖泊生境为该湿地公园的重点保护区域,颍州西湖国家湿地公园对迁徙及越冬水鸟具有重要生态价值,应进一步加强鸟类监测,提升其生态功能。     

浅水湖泊动力作用下水-土界面底泥起悬驱动力野外观测

动力扰动引起的水-土界面沉积物悬浮是浅水湖泊蓝藻水华控制的难点,本文基于声学高频流速仪、浊度仪、气象、波浪等观测仪器获取的高时空分辨时间序列参量,以太湖为例对动力扰动下的底泥起悬驱动力进行研究.结果表明风速小于3 m/s时,水-土界面处平均悬浮物浓度为59 mg/L,波流综合切应力小于0.015 N/m~2,底泥未起悬或在底床附近极小范围内发生起悬;风速在3~6 m/s时,水-土界面处平均悬浮物浓度为103 mg/L,波浪产生的底切应力大部分情况远大于湖流产生的切应力,波流综合切应力处于0.015~0.25 N/m~2范围内,底泥中等规模起悬;风速大于6 m/s时,水-土界面处平均悬浮物浓度为174 mg/L,波浪产生的底切应力占据绝对的主导地位,波流综合切应力大于0.25 N/m~2,底泥大规模起悬.梅梁湾底泥起悬的临界切应力在0.015 N/m~2左右,临界风速大约为3 m/s.     

The taxonomical and functional diversity of three groups of aquatic insects in rheocrene karst springs are affected by different environmental factors

Karst springs represent valuable and often the most threatened habitats in the riverine landscape. Unlike other stream habitats, they have several specifics that determine their insularity in the river continuum, e.g., high seasonal thermal and chemical stability. The presented study aimed to find out the taxonomical and functional richness of three groups of aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) in the Western Carpathians karst springs, as well as uncover the mechanism of the EPT community assembly. Low within-site species richness was generally found, however, there was high between-site diversity and thus high total diversity of the studied groups of benthic invertebrates as well. Species richness of the EPT community was higher in larger and colder springs: those with lower concentrations of CO₂ and Fe, as well as higher concentrations of SO₄²⁻. Analysis of functional richness, as well as functional dispersion, did not reveal any clear assembly mechanism in the spring EPT community; however, both analyses indicated a higher proportion of environmental filtering there. Unlike the taxonomic richness, the functional richness of the EPT community was significantly higher in small and medium springs with higher water temperatures, as well as in springs with the presence of deadwood. Between-site dissimilarities in the functional composition of EPT were significantly correlated with environmental differences of springs, which determined variables such as spring size and temperature, as well as the concentration of CO₂ and SiO₂.     

江湖阻隔背景下东部平原湖泊鱼类功能特征及多样性变化

东部平原湖泊区是我国淡水湖泊最集中的地区,分布着我国的五大淡水湖等诸多湖泊.然而,江湖阻隔对该区域湖泊的生物多样性造成严重威胁.本文选取东部平原的9个湖泊,对江湖阻隔前后鱼类功能性状（3组分类性状和6个连续性状）和功能多样性指数的变化规律开展了研究.结果表明,9个湖泊的鱼类总物种数由江湖阻隔前的140种减少为江湖阻隔后的100种,平均物种数由79.6种减少到52.1种（减少34.4%）.江湖阻隔后鱼类群落的功能性状和功能多样性指数发生了显著变化,洄游性鱼类（包括河海洄游和江湖洄游）物种占比（由39.7%降至32.6%）和鱼食性物种占比（由31.1%降至25.2%）显著下降,而非洄游性物种占比（由60.3%升至67.5%）和浮游生物食性物种占比（由13.5%升至15.5%）显著上升.连续型性状中,平均营养级（由3.14降至3.10）显著下降、平均生长速率（由0.57 a^-1升至0.65 a^-1）显著上升.阻隔后的物种数（SR）、功能丰富度指数、功能离散度指数和功能分散指数显著低于阻隔前.本研究表明江湖阻隔后鱼类群落不仅物种丰富度下降,且功能性状趋向同质化（或单一化）发展,致使功能多样性下降.研究结果可为东部平原湖泊的渔业资源管理及湖区生态修复和保护提供重要的理论依据.     

Morphological and molecular analysis of bloom-forming Cyanobacteria in two eutrophic, shallow Mediterranean lakes

We investigated the diversity of Cyanobacteria by microscopic observation and sequencing of cyanobacterial-specific amplified 16S rRNA genes in the water column of two shallow, eutrophic lakes (Doirani and Kastoria, northern Greece) during summer blooms. Previous phytoplankton studies in these lakes have shown that prolonged cyanobacterial blooms can occur, which are dominated by known toxic species, as well as other less known, co-occurring species. A total of 118 clones were sequenced which were grouped in 23 Cyanobacteria and 11 chloroplast-like phylotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each library included several unique phylotypes, as well as members of all common bloom-forming Cyanobacteria. Most of the phylotypes belonged to the genera Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis-Raphidiopsis group, Limnothrix and Planktothrix, comprising most of the diversity previously recognized by morphological observations in cyanobacterial morphospecies in these lakes. In addition, novel phylotypes belonging to the Chroococcales were recognized in both lakes. The structure of the cyanobacterial communities of the lakes were very similar, as revealed by the diversity index H (2.06 and 2.01 for L. Doirani and Kastoria, respectively) and LIBSHUFF analysis (XY₁₂P-value = 0.122 and YX₁₂P-value = 0.536), due to occurrence of groups of common phylotypes. This study gives an example for successful cyanobacterial bloom analysis by the combination of morphological and phylogenetic methods useful for monitoring cyanobacteria and water quality in freshwaters.     

Picoplankton structure in clear and turbid eutrophic shallow lakes: A seasonal study

The relative abundance of the different picoplankton components (eukaryotic picophytoplankton (Peuk), picocyanobacteria (Pcy) and bacterioplankton), and their relationships with the lake conditions were studied in three types of shallow lakes from the Pampa Plain (Argentina) that differ in their optical properties: clear-vegetated, phytoplankton-turbid and inorganic-turbid. All the selected lakes, but one, are characterized by their different alternative steady state (clear-vegetated and phytoplankton-turbid water phases) following the model proposed by Scheffer et al. (1993).Autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton abundances were analyzed seasonally in relation to environmental variables. All the lakes presented high concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) (>229 μg L⁻¹), total phosphorus (TP) (>46 μg L⁻¹) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (>13.7 mg L⁻¹). Clear-vegetated lakes were characterized by vertical diffuse PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) attenuation coefficient (kd_PAR) lower than 11 m⁻¹, whereas inorganic-turbid lake always showed values higher than 21.1 m⁻¹. The euphotic zone depth (Z_1%) was wider in clear-vegetated lakes (40–140 cm) and thinner in the inorganic-turbid (10–20 cm). The phytoplankton-turbid lakes presented a wide range in the values of these variables (kd_PAR: 5.2–35.8 m⁻¹; Z_1%: 10–90 cm). Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) strongly differed, ranging from 1.6 to 334.6 μg L⁻¹. Picophytoplankton was mainly represented by phycocianine-rich (PC-rich) Pcy in all cases, dominating over Peuk algae. The total and relative abundances of eukaryotic picophytoplankton, Pcy and bacterioplankton, as well as the size structure of the phytoplankton community differed among the water bodies. In general, clear-vegetated water bodies exhibited similar abiotic characteristics, picophytoplankton/bacterioplankton ratios, and phytoplankton size structure. Contrarily, no clear trend was identified for the group of turbid lakes. The contrasting results obtained for the importance of the picoplankton components in phytoplankton-turbid shallow lakes evidence that the availability of the energetical and nutrient resources cannot be solely considered to predict their relative importance in this type of shallow lake.