汾河谷地大气环境容量与大气污染过程的数值模拟与敏感性分析

对汾河谷地及太原市在2015年1月的一次重污染过程运用WRF-Chem模式进行污染过程的数值模拟、观测验证和地形敏感性实验,分析了河谷地形对区域污染过程和大气环境容量的影响机制。结果表明:太原市及周边汾河谷地大气边界层环流和大气污染传输受天气系统、地形和城市化共同影响;地形环流强度明显强于太原城市热岛环流,且对其发展存在明显抑制作用,从而限制了城市大气环境容量,加剧城市近地面大气污染物的堆积和空气质量恶化;研究区域大气环境容量受气象主导风向影响:当天气主导风向偏南北向,也即与狭长的汾河谷地走向一致时,有利于该区域大气污染物的扩散清除,而当天气主导风向偏东西向时,则该区域大气环境容量明显减小,且近地面大气污染物浓度与大气环境容量之间呈强相关性,相关系数达到0.74;当地形敏感组实验中取消太原市周边河谷地形特征时,上述相关系数降低到0.21。     

不同地形下辐射收支各分量的差异与变化

给出了确定山区辐射收支各分量的方法,并根据计算结果分析了在不同纬度和季节各种地形下辐射收支各分量的差异及其随坡地倾角或谷地周围地形遮蔽角的变化规律。     

三峡谷地三类突发性中尺度暴雨概念模型研究

利用2003—2013年湖北省三峡谷地加密自动站资料、常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h再分析资料,对三峡谷地突发性中尺度暴雨过程进行分型,并从环流背景及天气系统、环境场、地形影响等方面分别进行分析阐述,确立有预报意义的概念模型。结果如下:2003—2013年间,三峡谷地突发性中尺度暴雨过程分为西南低涡前冷暖切变结合型、东北冷槽尾部南北气流汇合型和副高内部边界层辐合型三类。其中,西南低涡前冷暖切变结合型,以天气尺度强迫为主,低层冷暖切变结合区对中尺度暴雨预报指示意义强,地面上以北风气流为主,峡谷入口处南侧迎风坡抬升作用强,峡谷附近温度场呈Ω型,中尺度对流系统(MCS)形成后多沿峡谷向东移动;东北冷槽尾部南北气流汇合型,天气尺度系统明显,低层冷切变尾部辐合区对中尺度暴雨预报指示意义强,地面上南、北两支气流并存,在峡谷入口处交汇进入峡谷,MCS形成后多由北向南移动;副高内部边界层辐合型,以边界层辐合和地形强迫抬升为主,边界层弱切变对预报指示意义强,地面上以偏南气流为主,进入峡谷后受地形阻挡作用,形成逆时针旋转的中尺度辐合中心,配合峡谷入口北侧迎风坡地形抬升作用,动力强迫达到最强,MCS形成后多由南向北移。在上述分析基础上,建立了三峡谷地三类中尺度暴雨概念模型。     

小尺度深凹地形边界层影响因子的数值试验研究

建立了一个针对小尺度深凹地形的、高分辨的、三维非静力的边界层试验模式,通过求解非定常的方程组获得边界层的定常解。有选择地对影响深凹地形边界层结构的不同因子进行了数值试验研究。结果表明,深凹地形的深度Ｈ、坡度α以及初始地面风速ｕ０的大小和初始风速的垂直切变（Ｐ）等因子对边界层的结构有较大的影响,且模式具有较好的稳定性。     

深凹露天矿内复环流和高湍能区的三维细网格非静力模拟

建立了一个准定常的三维非静力能量闭合的PBL模式模拟了深凹露天矿内复环流和高湍能区。针对露天矿具有范围小、地形复杂的特点,放弃了静力近似的假定,且采用了在复杂地形下应用较好的能量闭合方案,采用细网格系统对一个水平只有2 km×2 km的实际矿区进行了模拟,并将结果与同样条件下的风洞试验结果进行了比较。结果表明,矿坑的开口宽度与深度比和来流的性质对坑内气流和湍流情况有了较大影响。     

伴随同化系统中用云导风修正模式地形的试验

以2002年7月23日的天气过程为例,利用中尺度模式MM5伴随模式同化系统,进行了修正模式地形高度的试验研究。结果发现,MM5伴随模式同化系统可以对地形进行修正,并得到与资料更为协调一致的地形高度。另外,利用非常规云导风资料能够比仅使用常规资料更有效地修正模式地形高度。将修正后的地形场作为模式地形,所得的预报结果比未经修正的地形有所改进。     

包络地形和重力波拖曳对区域气候模拟效果的影响

用NCAR区域气候模式(RegCM2)的数值试验，研究了包络地形和地形重力波拖曳作用对1991年5、6月份中国区域内气候模拟效果的影响。通过试验结果的对比分析发现，在模式中引入地形重力波拖曳作用可在一定程度上改善模式对气候系统和要素的模拟效果，使模拟结果更符合气候实况。包络地形对模拟结果也有一定的改善，但对于细网格的区域气候模式(RCM)来说，其效果不如重力波拖曳明显。不论是地形重力波拖曳还是包络地形，在模式积分的初期，它们的作用并不明显，随着积分时间的增长，它们对模拟结果的影响程度增大。     

丘陵山地总辐射的计算模式

本文根据对丘陵山地地形参数(平均坡向、坡度和地形遮蔽角)的数值模拟结果,应用试验观测资料,较详细地讨论了山地总辐射的理论计算模式。文中主要讨论了三个问题:山地总辐射理论模式的建立;模式参数的数值试验;模式在大别山南部局部地区的模拟结果及其分析。结果表明,山区总辐射受地形影响非常明显。本模式原则上适用于任何地区各种地形下总辐射的数值模拟。     

地形效应影响数值预报结果的试验研究

本文利用P-σ混合坐标系的有限区域嵌套细网格原始方程模式，选取Wayne台风天气形势演变过程为个例，试验讨论了地形效应对数值预报结果的影响。 试验方案分三类，一是真实地形，二是部分真实地形，三是均匀地形。文中着重比较了不同地形方案对Wayne台风天气形势演变过程的影响。结果指出，对西太平洋副热带高压进退及高空西风槽的活动，地形的影响极为显著，真实的地形有助于改善预报质量，使得形势预报结果更为接近实际。地形对温度场的影响局地性较强，模式地形过矮和过于平滑将使得地面温度的预报偏高。对降水场的预报，数值模式普遍存在的降水区域过于分散的问题，可能是由于模式地形影响的缘故。但对大范围雨带的分布来说，地形不具有决定性的因素。模式地形对降水的影响，主要表现在其增幅效应和降水区分布的结构上，即模式地形增高，降水量将适度增大，雨区结构将更为复杂。地形的影响在风场环流预报中体现得也极为明显。最后作者指出，在数值模式中引入合理的模式地形，是改善预报质量的有效途径之一。     

在低阶谱模式中、地形对动量、热量和水汽输送的全球特征的影响

为了确定低阶谱模式的模拟能力,分析了模拟的热量、动量和水汽的垂直和径向输送,包括它们的季节、年际变化和地形的影响。对有地形的模式模拟的输送量与实际大气和无地形的模式模拟的结果进行了比较。比较结果表明截断波数为10的低阶谱模式是能够模拟总动量、热量和水汽输送的主要气候特征的。在冬季,地形对模拟的输送量的影响与Manabe和Terpstra(1974)的结果是一致的,他们的结论是一月份地形增加了各种物理量向北的常定涡旋输送而减少了瞬变涡旋输送,我们的模拟结果进一步指出不仅地形对输送的影响随季节变化,而且影响的地理范围也随季节改变。地形不仅对经向输送有影响,而且对垂直输送也有影响。在我们的模拟中经向输送的年际变化是存在的,而且定性地与实际大气的观察结果相吻合。     

多云天气下海南岛海风环流结构的数值模拟

利用WRF-Noah耦合中尺度模式对海南岛2012年7月5日的多云海风个例进行三维高分辨率数值模拟,重点分析多云天气条件下复杂地形区域的海风环流结构及其演变特征。通过观测资料与模拟结果的对比发现,WRF模式能够合理地模拟出岛屿四周的海风演变特征。与少云海风日相似,多云海风日中全岛海风于12时开始形成,15时海风发展最为强盛,影响范围最广,18时全岛海风的辐合程度最强,海风辐合区是主要的潜在降水区域。对比山区与平坦地区的海风环流发现,山区海风环流强盛期为13—18时,而平坦地区海风环流强盛期为15—18时。复杂的山地对海风环流结构有直接和间接的影响:一方面在山地地形动力阻挡和抬升作用下,海风环流变得更加清晰完整,间接延长了海风环流的维持时间;另一方面局地地形热力作用形成的谷风环流与海风几乎同时产生和消亡,两者汇合后,谷风的瞬间加强会引起海风锋锋消,瞬间减弱会引起海风锋锋生;两者同相叠加会使得海风环流结构更加完整。相比之下,平坦地区的海风受到的地形动力和热力作用小,海风水平分布比较规则,海风环流垂直结构的变化主要取决于不同方向海风之间的相互作用。     

The effects of ambient winds on valley drainage flows

The interaction of katabatic winds with ambient winds has been investigated for an idealized valley using Clark's nonhydrostatic model. Ambient ridgetop wind speeds ranged from 0.5 to 6 m/s, and made angles with the valley axis ranging from 0 ° to 90 °: cooling of the valley was based on measured values of sensible heat fluxes taken from observations in Colorado's Brush Creek Valley. The depth and strength of the down-valley winds decreased with increasing ambient wind speeds but showed relatively little sensitivity to wind directions in the range of 10 ° to 60 ° from the valley axis. An observed inverse linear decrease of drainage depth with wind speed in a 100 m thick layer above the ridgetops was also found in the simulations for parts of the valley but not near the valley mouth. Vertical motions over the valley showed marked patchiness, and implications of this structure on valley flow dynamics are discussed.This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830.     

Thermally induced flow in valleys with tributaries part I: Response to heating

Summary Flow in long and deep main valleys with tributaries is studied for constant surface heating switched on att=0. The valley flows are obtained from a numerical model which combines slope wind layer equations with equations for the valley flow off the slopes. Much simpler linear models are used for the intepretation of the model results. If there are no sidevalleys an up-valley wind regime evolves in the main valley after the switch-on of the heating which protrudes towards the head. It is shown that the topographic amplification factor which captures the geometry of the valley and stratification are important factors in determining the intensity of the along-valley flow. However the up-valley winds are also quite sensitive to the specification of the boundary conditions at the upper end of the slope wind layers. If sidevalleys are added strong inflow to these tributaries is found only if their topographic amplification factors are larger than that of the main valley. This flow into the tributaries is mainly balanced by downward motion on top of the main valley but flow entering through the mounth of the main valley can contribute as well. Tributaries can induce flow in the main valley long before the main valley's own up-valley wind regime has reached the location of the tributary.With 10 Figures     

The development and structure of nocturnal slope winds in a simple valley

The results of an observational and modeling study of the nocturnal slope winds in a simple valley are presented. The valley was approximately 225 m deep in the region of the measurements, and featured a uniform slope angle of approximately 23 ° on one of its sidewalls. The wind and temperature structure of the katabatic flows on the valley sidewalls were measured with tower-mounted instruments, and a Doppler sodar and instruments on a tethered balloon and a 61-m tower were used to determine the atmospheric conditions near the center of the valley. The temperature structure of the slope flows was summarized by characteristic scale parameters h and T for the inversion depth and strength, respectively. On the sidewalls 50 m above the valley floor, the inversion depths were generally smaller and the inversion strengths were weaker than they were on the sidewalls 100 m higher. These results differ significantly from those obtained over a simple slope of an isolated mountain or ridge. The down-valley winds are shown to be important in limiting the strength of the sidewall inversions. The formation of an inversion in the valley also has a pronounced effect on the structure of the slope flows. Numerical simulations suggest that the presence of adiabatic layers in the valley atmosphere is associated with decreases in the slope-flow inversion depth with increasing downslope distance. The simulations also indicate that the length scales that characterize the momentum and inversion depths behave similarly in flows down simple slopes but not in flows down the sidewalls of a valley.Work supported by the U.S. Army Research Office under Contract DA-AG29-K-0231 and the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830.     

我国淮河流域夏季降水长期预报的回归模型的初步研究

本文用１９５１－１９９６年资料,研究了我国淮河流域夏季降水的前期大气环流及北半球海平面气压场的异常特征．结果表明,秋季中国南海地区、冬季１月份白令海地区的海平面气压中有预报我国淮河流域夏季雨型的强信号。前者有很长的预时效,并且与ＥＬ Ｎｉｏｎ事件有关。用１９５１－１９９５年４５年资料建立的二因子回归预报模型的复相关系数可达到０．６６。     

Turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy parameters over a heterogeneous terrain of Loess Plateau

A deep understanding of turbulence structure is important for investigating the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer, especially over heterogeneous terrain. In the present study, turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) parameters are analyzed for different conditions with respect to stability, wind direction and wind speed over a valley region of the Loess Plateau of China during December 2003 and January 2004. The purpose of the study is to examine whether the observed turbulence intensity and TKE parameters satisfy Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), and analyze the wind shear effect on, and thermal buoyancy function of, the TKE, despite the terrain heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that the normalized intensity of turbulence follows MOST for all stability in the horizontal and vertical directions, as well as the normalized TKE in the horizontal direction. The shear effect of the wind speed in the Loess Plateau region is strong in winter and could enhance turbulence for all stability conditions. During daytime, the buoyancy and shear effect together constitute the generation of TKE under unstable conditions. At night, the contribution of buoyancy to TKE is relatively small, and mechanical shearing is the main production form of turbulence.     

A numerical study of boundary-layer dynamics in a mountain valley

The characteristics of dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer in a part of the Colorado River Valley, centered around Lake Mohave, have been investigated by analysis of measurements conducted during a field program in late spring and early summer of 1986 and a series of numerical simulations by a three-dimensional second-moment turbulence-closure model. The model was validated against measurements described in a companion article (Engeret al., 1993). According to airsonde measurements performed on eight nights, the depth of the surface inversion was around 200 m with an average temperature gradient of about 30 K km^–1. Analysis of acoustic sounder data collected during one month revealed significant diurnal variations ofU andV wind-speed components related to slope and valley flows, respectively. Some of the dynamics properties have been explained by the simulation results. It has been shown that the appearance of supergeostrophic southerly valley flow is associated with the westerly component of the geostrophic flow. Since a westerly component of the geostrophic wind is quite common for this area in summer, this effect also explains the frequently observed southerly valley flow in summer. Elevated minima of the measured wind speed around valley ridges appear to be related to the interaction of conservation of momentum in theX andY directions. The critical direction of the geostrophic wind relevant for reversal of up-valley flow to down-valley flow has also been studied. The critical direction is about 300° for one of the measurement sites and, depending on the angle between valley axis and south-north direction, the critical direction is expected to vary by about 15–20°. The scale analysis of the simulated equations of motion and turbulence kinetic energy emphasizes the strong impact of meandering of the flow due to actual topographic complexity.     

Evolution of the atmospheric boundary-layer structure of an arid Andes Valley

Summary The boundary-layer structure of the Elqui Valley is investigated, which is situated in the arid north of Chile and extends from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes in the east. The climate is dominated by the south-eastern Pacific subtropical anticyclone and the cold Humboldt Current. This combination leads to considerable temperature and moisture gradients between the coast and the valley and results in the evolution of sea and valley wind systems. The contribution of these mesoscale wind systems to the heat and moisture budget of the valley atmosphere is estimated, based on radiosoundings performed near the coast and in the valley. Near the coast, a well-mixed cloud-topped boundary layer exists. Both, the temperature and the specific humidity do not change considerably during the day. In the stratus layer the potential temperature increases, while the specific humidity decreases slightly with height. The top of the thin stratus layer, about 300 m in depth, is marked by an inversion. Moderate sea breeze winds of 3–4 m s⁻¹ prevail in the sub-cloud and cloud layer during daytime, but no land breeze develops during the night. The nocturnal valley atmosphere is characterized by a strong and 900 m deep stably stratified boundary layer. During the day, no pronounced well-mixed layer with a capping inversion develops in the valley. Above a super-adiabatic surface layer of about 150 m depth, a stably stratified layer prevails throughout the day. However, heating can be observed within a layer above the surface 800 m deep. Heat and moisture budget estimations show that sensible heat flux convergence exceeds cold air advection in the morning, while both processes compensate each other around noon, such that the temperature evolution stagnates. In the afternoon, cold air advection predominates and leads to net cooling of the boundary layer. Furthermore, the advection of moist air results in the accumulation of moisture during the noon and afternoon period, while latent heat flux convergence is of minor relevance to the moisture budget of the boundary layer. Correspondence: Norbert Kalthoff, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Universit?t Karlsruhe/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany     

太平洋年代际振荡与中国气候变率的联系

利用 195 1～ 1998年的太平洋年代际振荡 (PDO)指数、全球海洋和大气分析资料及中国降水和气温站点观测资料 ,分析了太平洋年代际振荡在海洋中的特征及其与东亚大气环流和中国气候变率的联系。结果表明 ,PDO与东亚大气环流及中国气候年代际变化关系密切。对应于PDO暖位相期 (即中纬度北太平洋异常冷、热带中东太平洋异常暖 ) ,冬季 ,阿留申低压增强 ,蒙古高压也增强 (但东西伯利亚高压减弱 ) ,中国东北、华北、江淮以及长江流域大部分地区降水偏少 ,东北、华北和西北地区气温异常显著偏高 ,而西南和华南地区气温偏低 ;夏季 ,海平面气压在北太平洋的负异常较弱 ,而在东亚大陆的正异常较强 ,东亚夏季风偏弱 ,西太平洋副热带高压偏南 ,热带太平洋信风减弱 ,赤道西风增强 ,此时华北地区降水异常偏少而长江中下游、华南南部、东北和西北地区降水异常偏多 ,东北、华北及华南地区气温异常偏高 ,而西北、西南和长江中下游地区气温异常偏低。对应于PDO冷位相期 ,上述形势相反。结果还表明 ,处于不同阶段的ENSO事件对中国夏季气候异常的影响明显受到PDO的调制。在PDO冷位相期 ,当ENSO事件处于发展阶段 ,华南地区夏季降水偏少 ,东北地区夏季多低温 ,在其衰减阶段 ,华北地区和长江流域降水偏多 ,淮河地区降水偏少 ;