西太平洋狗母鱼科鱼类种类多样性的研究

整理记述了西太平洋狗母鱼科Saurida、Synodus、Trachinocephalus 三属鱼类,给出了属以及主要种类的检索表,并报告了各个种的地理分布区。在此基础上,讨论了西太平洋狗母鱼科鱼类生物多样性特征、动物地理学特点及部分名称订正和资源与渔业上的意义。     

西太平洋海鲶(Ariidae)主要种类与分布的研究

简述海鲶科鱼类研究概况,并结合作者的调查研究列出了西太平洋海鲶科鱼类的主要种及其检索表;又描绘各个种的地理分布区,通过分析比较认为印度—西太平洋是该科鱼类的分布区;中日海域是该区的一个分布边缘;最后讨论了有关于印度—西太平洋海鲶科鱼类的起源与分化问题。     

中国鯵科鱼类地理分布的研究

鯵科鱼类是暖水性与暖温性的鱼类，主要分布于印度洋、太平洋、大西洋热带和亚热带水域，也可随暖流到达纬度较高的地区。它们在世界上的分布范围从南纬55°至北纬65°，主要集中于南北回归线之间。据初步统计，世界各海区的鯵科鱼类约有290种，以印度-西太平洋热带水域为最多，约有173种；东太平洋与西大西洋(美洲东西两岸)次之，约119种;东大西洋较少，约40种。 鯵科鱼类的分布与暖流的关系甚为密切。例如在非洲东西两岸，由于暖流分布的情况不同，鯵科鱼类的分布也有显著差异，东南沿岸可分布至南纬35°左右，种数也多，约61种，而西部沿岸一般不超过南纬12°左右，种数就很少，约20种。在北太平洋东西两岸，由于黑潮暖流和北太平洋暖流的影响，鯵科鱼类分布的北界均达北纬45°左右。在北大西洋两岸，它们的分布北界则有所不同，西岸因受拉布拉多寒流影响仅达北纬45°左右，而东岸由于墨西哥暖流的影响，可达北纬65°的冰岛东南岸与挪威西部海岸。在南大西洋西岸它们可分布至南纬55°左右，而东岸只到达南纬12°左右(图1)。中国鯵科鱼类的分布情况也与暖流有着密切关系，在各个海区有所差异，以南海种类为最多，东海次之，黄海最少，有些种类仅在一定季节随暖流到达东海与黄海。     

南海鱼类生物多样性与区系分布

分析了南海鱼类生物多样性与区系分布的生态地理条件,鱼类生物多样性特征。校核整理了南海鱼类2 321种,分属于六鳃鲨等35目,以鲈形目占绝对优势(979种),并以珊瑚礁栖,典型暖水种的隆头鱼科为优势科(占117种),而蝴蝶鱼和石斑鱼分别达到34种、31种,列为优势属,从而构成南海富有潜势的群落结构。文中进一步论述了南海鱼类区系属于以印度-西太平洋为主体的区系特征。     

广东沿海角毛藻(Chaetoceros)的种类多样性及其地理分布

2006年7月—2007年11月对广东湛江、大亚湾和汕头海域角毛藻的种类多样性、优势种群构成、细胞丰度、地理分布及其季节动态进行了4个季节的调查分析。调查期间,在上述海域共发现角毛藻40种(含变种、变型、2个未知角毛藻种),其中扁面角毛藻(Chaetoceros compressus)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)、拟旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus)和窄隙角毛藻(Chaetoceros affinis)等为优势种,且均为赤潮种。湛江海域角毛藻细胞丰度夏季远高于其他3个季节,而种类数则以冬季为多。大亚湾和汕头海域角毛藻的种类数和细胞丰度则是春季最高,冬季最低。湛江、大亚湾和汕头海域角毛藻细胞丰度的年平均值分别为602.31×106个/m3、49.89×106个/m3和1 032.11×106个/m3。各海域细胞丰度的地理分布因季节而异。整体而言,大亚湾海域的角毛藻是种类数较多,而细胞丰度较低;而湛江和汕头海域的角毛藻则种类数较少,但是细胞丰度很高,表明其群落结构不稳定。     

棕囊藻属(Phaeocystis)的种类多样性及地理分布特征研究进展

棕囊藻(Phaeocystis)是全球海洋广泛分布的有害藻华原因种,也是海洋初级生产力的重要贡献者,在极地和近海地区的碳、硫元素的生物地球化学循环、食物网结构及全球气候变化中都具有极其重要的作用.由于个体微小,形态特征观察困难,在常规观察中很容易被忽略.同时多数棕囊藻具有复杂的异型生活史,具有多种不同细胞形态,因此其传...     

西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区沉积物中生物硅含量分布

分析了大洋40航次在西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区山间海盆采集的表层沉积物中生物硅和有机质的含量,并对其分布特征和来源进行了初步的研究。结果表明,马尔库斯-威克海山区附近海域深海表层沉积物中生物硅含量总体较低,含量在0.88%～12.41%之间,平均含量为2.19%,分布上呈现西南含量高,向东北方向递减的趋势;深海表层沉积物中有机碳含量较低,δ¹³C同位素组成分布与生物硅相同。沉积物柱状样的研究表明研究区在过去的100～200 ka期间表层水体中硅质生物的初级生产力是逐渐增加的。     

西太平洋及其边缘海的浮游动物系统分类、物种多样性及新物种-中国海洋生物分类专著的简要编目

生物多样性的研究和保护首先从认识物种开始,并需要内容全面的的基础资料,这很大程度上依赖于通过现场调查和文献研习所获得的物种编目和分布图集研究成果。由于分类学人才储备不足,重要标本的收集和鉴定变得越来越困难。西太平洋是全球海洋生物种源中心,许多海洋生物类群的最高物种多样性都出现于该区域。本文在西太平洋及其边缘海（105-152°E,0–45°N）701个测站获取的6203份浮游动物样品分类鉴定基础之上,对1965-2008年该区浮游动物主要类群的系统分类、物种多样性和新物种新纪录进行了汇编和总结。本文共记录和编入西太平洋及其边缘海10个浮游动物类群206科686属2657种（含亚种）。包括水螅水母类99科251属697种,栉水母类12科22属59种,浮游软体动物14科36属85种,介形类8科91属416种,桡足类51科156属908种,糠虾类4科60属202种,磷虾类2科8属56种,十足类8科23属105种,毛颚类5科13属48种,被囊类5科26属81种。文中详细列举了10大类群的主要优势种,并记述了筒螅水母科2新种以及棒状水母科1新属2新种。许多赤道热带海、高纬度寒带海、深海深层的浮游动物物种在我国首次记录,较以往我国所记录的1852种增加了806种,增录43.5%,包括赤道热带种增录1.4%,高纬度冷水种增录3.5%,深海深水种增录3.2%。作者还对中国海洋浮游动物研究的5个主要领域进行了展望。本文的定性系统分类信息对海洋浮游动物多样性和生物地理学研究具有重要意义,特别是对2008年以后中国海洋生物种类全面系统总结的专著而言。     

6种科(Teraponidae)经济鱼类的染色体组型研究

采用胸腔注射植物血球凝集素(phytohemagglutinin, PHA)及秋水仙素溶液, 取活体头肾组织低渗、固定和空气干燥, 分析比较了(Terapon theraps)、细鳞(Terapon jarbua,/i>)、尖吻 (Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus)、叉牙 (Helotes sexlineatus)、列牙 (Pelates quadrilineatus)和高体革 (Scortum barcoo)的核型。结果表明, 6种鱼中期染色体均为二倍体, 除尖吻外均未发现异型性染色体、随体和次缢痕。其核型如下: 的核型为2n=48=48t, 臂数: NF=48; 细鳞的核型为2n=48=48t, NF=48; 叉牙2n=48=48t, NF=48; 列牙的核型为2n=48=48t, NF=48; 高体革2n=48=2m+2sm+44t, NF=52; 尖吻 2n=48=4m+2st+42t, NF=52。科这6种鱼染色体均属于典型的高位类群。同时, 将科6种鱼与前人已完成的科其它鱼类的核型进行比较, 发现尖吻的核型出现异型性染色体, 并对尖吻出现罕见的异型性染色体进行分析讨论。除高体革外, 其余5种核型为国内首次报道。     

西太平洋暖池时空分布特征及其与ENSO的关系

应用NCEP/NCAR SST资料和SODA海温资料,分析研究了热带太平洋海温场的变化特征,讨论了气候突变前后热带西太平洋暖池(以下简称WPWP)形态的显著变化及其差异,由此重新界定了WPWP的范围,并进一步分析了WPWP的时空变化特征。结果表明,新界定的WPWP气候平均场与前人定义的气候平均场分布特征基本相同,但也存在一定的差异。新界定的WPWP的优点在于它不仅能够客观反映出气候(海洋)突变前后西太平洋暖池的时空变化特征,而且重要的是可以避免由前人定义的WPWP与东太平洋暖池合为一体的现象发生,从而避免人为地计算WPWP面积变化带来的结果差异。新界定的WPWP平均深度可达130 m左右,呈现出西浅东深的"耳状"分布特征,在冬春季节,南北(经向)窄东西(纬向)宽,呈纬向带状分布;在夏秋季节,WP-WP明显向北扩展。平均深度最大中心位于(5°S,180°)附近。由WPWP区域不同深度的异常海温变化与Niño3指数的相关分析可知,WPWP次表层异常海温变化与Niño3指数呈显著的负相关关系,而与表层的异常海温的关系并不密切,这一结果进一步证明了西太平洋暖池对ENSO的贡献是来自次表层异常海温的东传。     

热带西太平洋次表层叶绿素α最大值和亚硝酸盐最大值的分布特征

1985～1990年的TOGA(热带海洋全球大气)计划,在热带西太平洋(123～165°E,10°N～6°S)进行了综合性多学科的联合调查。本文利用“中-美热带西太平洋联合调查”资料,对热带西太平洋上层水体的叶绿素α和亚硝酸盐的垂直分布进行研究。研究结果表明调查海域上层水体普遍存在叶绿素α最大值(SCM)和第一亚硝酸盐最大值(PNM);它们出现的深度分别在50～150m和75～175m之间,该深度与密度跃层及营养盐跃层密切相关。本文也从分析热带西太平洋上层水体温、盐及生态结构出发,探讨了热带西太平洋SCM和PNM的形成机理。     

Spatial Variability of Living Coccolithophore Distribution in the Western Subarctic Pacific and Western Bering Sea

Vertical distributions of coccolithophores were observed in the depth range 0–50 m in the western subarctic Pacific and western Bering Sea in summer, 1997. Thirty-five species of coccolithophores were collected. Overall, Emiliania huxleyi var. huxleyi was the most abundant taxon, accounting for 82.8% of all coccolithophores, although it was less abundant in the western Bering Sea. Maximum abundance of this species was found in an area south of 41°N and east of 175°E (Transition Zone) reaching >10,000 cells L⁻¹ in the water column. In addition to this species, Coccolithus pelagicus f. pelagicus, which accounted for 4.2% of the assemblage, was representative of the coccolithophore standing crop in the western part of the subarctic Pacific. Coccolithus pelagicus f. hyalinus was relatively abundant in the Bering Sea, accounting for 2.6% of the assemblage. Coccolithophore standing crops in the top 50 m were high south of 41°N (>241 × 10⁶ cells m⁻²) and east of 170°E (542 × 10⁶ cells m⁻²) where temperatures were higher than 12°C and salinities were greater than 34.2. The lowest standing crop was observed in the Bering Sea and Oyashio areas where temperatures were lower than 6–10°C and salinities were less than 33.0. From the coccolithophore volumes, the calcite stocks in the Transition, Subarctic, and the Bering Sea regions were estimated to be 73.0, 9.7, and 6.9 mg m⁻², respectively, corresponding to calcite fluxes of 3.6, 0.5, and 0.3 mg m⁻²d⁻¹ using Stoke's Law. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

热带西太平洋潜流模拟:(Ⅰ)模式配置与模拟结果验证

利用高分辨率准全球海洋模式HYCOM(HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model),采用局部加密网格的方法,模式积分30年,模拟了热带西太平洋环流的年平均状态和季节变化.通过与实测的海表面高度、测流资料、温盐资料等对比分析,验证了模拟结果的有效性,认为模式结果可以用于研究热带西太平洋潜流及其季节变化.     

Vertical Distributions of Phyllosoma Larvae of Palinurid and Scyllarid Lobsters in the Western North Pacific

Vertical distributions of phyllosoma larvae were examined in waters east of the Philippines or west of the Mariana Islands (18°56′ N to 19°04′ N; 129°10′ E to 129°35′ E) based on zooplankton samples collected with an Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl on September 22–24, 1986. Phyllosoma larvae belonged to the two families Scyllaridae and Palinuridae comprising 4 genera and 9 species. Of the collected phyllosoma larvae, those of Scyllarus cultrifer and Panulirus longipes were most abundant and showed similar vertical distributions: (1) both species were collected from the mixed layer at night but not in the day, (2) their vertical distributions did not change with their stages, and (3) the upper limit of their vertical distributions during the day accorded with the base of mixed layer. Furthermore, their vertical distributions were similar to those of lepthocephalus larvae which were collected using the same sampling stations and gear in the present study. Vertical distributions of phyllosoma larvae were discussed in relation to their horizontal distributions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Vertical Distribution of Gelatinous Macroplankton in the North Pacific Observed by Manned Submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2

The vertical distribution of several medusa species in the Kurile-Kamtchatka region of the Pacific Ocean is described. Animals were observed in the light cone from deep-sea submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 throughout the water column, from the surface to 5000–6000 m at four different sites. Bathy- and abyssopelagic species are noted along with the species living in an extremely wide depth range. A faunistic border is revealed at a depth of 3000 m. The contribution of gelatinous animals (medusae, siphonophores, salps) to the total deep-sea plankton biomass was estimated using a wire reference cube during nine dives in the highly productive areas of the northwest Pacific, eastern Pacific (California, Costa-Rica Dome), and subtropical oligotrophic areas. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中西太平洋紫魟渔业生物学初步研究

紫魟(Pteroplatytrygon violacea)作为金枪鱼延绳钓中最常见的副渔获物,对海洋生态系统的稳定和物种多样性起着重要的作用。根据2017年7月-2018年2月间我国远洋渔业科学观察员在中西太平洋作业中采集的紫魟生物学特征、渔获等数据,初步研究紫魟的生物学信息。结果发现:(1)紫魟的体盘宽范围在28～66cm间,优势体盘宽范围在35～45cm,雌性紫魟优势体盘宽(50cm)大于雄性紫魟(45cm),且紫魟雄性最大体盘宽比雌性短;(2)研究捕获紫魟基本已成年,雌雄比达到1︰2.7;(3)摄食等级以0级为主,达41.79%,胃含物中频率最高为沙丁鱼类和鱿鱼类等;(4)紫魟雌雄性体盘宽与体质量的关系式分别为:W_R=0.1447T_W~(3.3287)(n=482, R~2=0.8032)、W_R=0.1447T_W~(3.3287)(n=482, R~2=0.8032)。     

Subsidies to tuna fisheries in the Western Central Pacific Ocean

Tuna fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean are among the most valuable resources in the region. These fisheries, worth an estimated $4.1 billion each year, play a pivotal role in supporting incomes and development goals in the region. However, due to the twin, and potentially inter-related effects of harmful fishing practices such as the use of fish aggregating devices, overcapacity, and fisheries subsidies, many of these tuna fisheries are currently at risk of over-exploitation—putting the livelihoods of countless local fishers at risk. This study finds that government fisheries subsidies in the region represent 37% of the ex-vessel value of tuna fisheries in the region. Fuel subsidies are estimated at US$ 335 million and non-fuel subsidies are estimated at US$ 1.2 billion for the year 2009. Developed countries are responsible for more than half of the subsidies spent in the predominantly developing region, underlying the fact that the majority of tuna value extracted from the national waters of developing countries in the region benefit larger, developed countries. The total resource rent, or return to society, from tuna fisheries, once adjusted for subsidies is a net negative US$750 million in 2009. Fisheries subsidies are enabling foreign fleets to operate at sub-market rates, putting local fleets out of competition for their own fishery resources.     

热带西太平洋海洋事件与初级生产力的关系

本文依据“中、美热带西太平洋联合调查研究”资料,分析了正常年份,El Ni(?)o及La-Nina事件热带西太平洋165°E断面(10°N～6°S)的初级生产力。结果发现,El Ni(?)o及La-Nina期间热带西太平洋165°E断面的海洋初级生产力较正常年份分别增加50%和70%左右。