珊瑚骨架灰岩三轴压缩声发射特性研究

通过对珊瑚骨架灰岩在不同围压条件下的声发射监测试验,获取珊瑚骨架灰岩三轴压缩力学特性及其声发射（AE）基本特征。研究表明,珊瑚骨架灰岩强度特性符合Mohr-Coulomb强度准则。珊瑚骨架灰岩在三轴压缩作用下的宏观破坏特征表现出较明显的围压效应,即单轴压缩表现为劈裂式张拉断裂面;随着围压的增大,由两级台阶式宏观断口逐渐过渡呈现为单斜面剪切带。珊瑚骨架灰岩在三轴压缩作用下的AE时序演化规律与其应力-应变曲线特征基本吻合,等效破坏时间所对应的累计振铃计数、累计能量计数与围压之间呈良好的对数函数关系。峰前累计振铃计数、累计能量计数在长期强度?cd之前表现出稳定的平缓现象,符合岩石的线弹性变形特征,并在约90%处呈现剧增现象,即为岩石内部微裂纹快速不稳定扩展的开始。珊瑚骨架灰岩在单轴压缩作用下的峰前能量演化规律与其应力?应变曲线特征基本吻合,峰前弹性能、峰前耗散能同样在约90%处出现转折现象。     

砂岩试验强度与强度准则预测结果对比分析

对山西大同煤峪口矿巷道砂岩进行了巴西劈裂、单轴和常规三轴试验,分析了其变形和强度特性,以整体平方根误差最小为依据拟合确定了5种强度准则参数,比较各准则的整体拟合效果以及抗拉强度和抗压强度预测值与试验值之间的差异。结果表明:砂岩单轴和低围压下的脆性特征显著,随着围压增大屈服段明显增加,逐渐由脆性向延性转变;对试验数据的整体拟合效果,Mohr-Coulomb准则最不理想,指数强度准则最好,Hoek-Brown准则和Bieniawski准则相接近;对抗拉强度的预测,Mohr-Coulomb准则明显高估了砂岩的抗拉强度,不适合预测抗拉强度,指数强度准则最为理想,Bieniawski准则不能反映岩石抗拉特性;单轴和不同围压下砂岩强度,直线型Mohr-Coulomb准则偏离了大多数试验数据点,特别是高围压下偏离显著结果失真,Hoek-Brown准则和Bieniawski准则预测结果几乎一致,Sheorey准则高围压下预测结果稍有偏高,指数强度准则接近大多数试验数据,预测效果最佳。      

高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩试验研究

为综合考察温度、围压对花岗岩力学性质及破坏方式的影响,在高温（25℃～1 000 ℃）作用后,利用MTS815.02电液伺服材料试验系统对花岗岩岩样进行不同围压作用下的三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明,（1）围压一定时,经历不同高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩全应力-应变曲线经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏、塑性流动5个阶段;（2）经历不同高温作用后岩样三轴抗压强度与围压呈非线性二次多项式增长关系,围压为40 MPa时的抗压强度比单轴抗压强度提高了382.30%;常规三轴压缩条件下,400 ℃是花岗岩力学参数的阀值温度;（3）经历高温作用后,岩样弹性模量随围压升高呈增大趋势,围压为40 MPa时的弹性模量比单轴时提高了90.26%;随温度升高呈二次非线性减小,1 000 ℃时的弹性模量比25℃时降低了57.16%;（4）花岗岩的失稳型式同时取决于围压和温度。单轴压缩状态下,随着温度的升高,岩样变形破坏型式由脆性破裂向塑性变形过渡,失稳型式在低温时为突发失稳、中高温为准突发失稳,温度高于800 ℃为渐进破坏;三轴压缩状态下,随着围压的增大,岩样破裂型式由脆性张拉破裂逐渐向剪切破裂过渡,岩样的失稳型式以突发失稳为主。在试验温压范围内,影响花岗岩力学性质的首要因素是温度,其次是围压。     

IV级软弱围岩相似材料的试验研究

以IV级围岩为参照对象,研制可用于隧道围岩稳定性物理模型试验的软弱围岩相似材料。采用的5种原材料（重晶石粉、石膏、细砂、洗衣液和水）,通过直剪试验、无侧限抗压强度试验及三轴压缩试验测得所配相似材料的强度特征和物理力学参数,包括黏聚力c、内摩擦角?、单轴抗压强度Rc、弹性模量E和泊松比?。首先,通过试验分析每种原材料的不同比例对所配相似材料强度特征及物理力学参数的影响,选择适合于模拟IV级围岩相似材料的原材料配比;其次,针对优选的材料配比所配制的相似材料,开展大量的三轴压缩试验,研究在不同围压下该相似材料的强度及其破坏特征。结果表明,含水率减少或石膏含量增加导致Rc、E和c明显增大,而?降低不明显;增加砂含量可增大E 和?,但Rc值减少;石膏含量对相似材料的脆性和延性影响最明显,而含水率对相似材料的强度影响最为突出。试验结果还表明,相似材料在低围压时呈现脆性,在高围压时呈延性;就破坏准则而言,试验所得结果小于Mohr-Coulomb准则,略大于Hoek-Brown准则,但更符合Hoek-Brown准则。研制软岩相似材料的试验数据可为下一步拟开展的隧道围岩稳定性模型试验和数值模拟提供重要的参考和依据。     

Predicting mechanical properties and ultimate shear strength of gypsum,limestone and sandstone rocks using Vipulanandan models

ABSTRACT

In this study, over 1000 data from the literature was used to characterize and compare the density, strengths, modulus, fracture toughness, porosity and the ultimate shear strengths of the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The compressive modulus and Mode-1 fracture toughness of the gypsum rock, limestone rock and sandstone rocks varied from 0.7 GPa to 70 GPa, and from 0.03 MPa.m^0.5 to 2.6 MPa.m^0.5  respectively. Vipulanandan correlation model was effective in relating the modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness with the relevant strengths of the rocks. A new nonlinear Vipulanandan failure criterion was developed to quantify the tensile strength, pure shear (cohesion) strength and to predict the maximum shear strength limit with applied normal stress on the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The Vipulanandan failure model predicts the maximum shear strength limit was, as the Mohr-Coulomb failure model does not have a limit on the maximum shear strength. With the Vipulanandan failure model based on the available data, the maximum shear strengths predicted for the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks were 64 MPa, 114 MPa and 410 MPa respectively.     

硬石膏常规三轴压缩下强度和变形特性的试验研究

采用伺服刚性试验机对硬石膏进行了不同围压下的常规三轴试验,研究了硬石膏的强度和变形特性。结果表明,在低围压下硬石膏破坏方式为剪切破坏;在围压超过10 MPa时,硬石膏表现出明显的塑性流动特性。观察试验后试样发现,在围压为18 MPa时,硬石膏已经没有明显的破坏面,而是表现出明显的膨胀现象。硬石膏的峰值强度与围压近似成正比例关系。分析了峰值应变、弹性模量随围压的变化规律,其结果表明：随着围压的升高,硬石膏的的峰值应变与弹性模量均逐渐增加。根据三轴试验结果绘制了摩尔包络线,采用回归分析得到了强度准则和抗剪强度参数c、? 值,其研究结果可为地下工程提供参考与借鉴。     

不同围压下砂岩的变形力学特性与损伤机制

开展不同围压下砂岩的强度、变形和损伤演化研究,对岩体工程的结构设计和稳定性评价具有重要意义。对赵固一矿二1煤层顶板砂岩进行试验获得其力学参数,并采用颗粒流程序获得砂岩细观力学参数,结合编制的fish语言程序进行试验,研究砂岩在不同围压的强度、变形和损伤演化机制,得到如下结论:随着围压增加砂岩的屈服段变长,围压小于40 MPa时峰值强度随围压变化敏感,大于40 MPa时敏感性降低,随着围压增加砂岩由脆性破坏逐步转变为延性破坏;砂岩的扩容经历线性体缩、线性扩容和非线性扩容3个阶段,围压增大线性扩容阶段缩短而非线性扩容阶段增加,扩容指数和扩容起始点轴向应变与围压存在指数变化规律;砂岩的损伤破坏经历损伤弥散分布、聚集成核、形成局部裂隙和主控破裂面形成4个阶段,低围压下砂岩沿单一主控破裂面发生压剪破坏,高围压下主控破裂面呈X型交叉破坏岩体,为X型共轭斜面剪切破坏形式。      

三轴压缩条件下冻融单裂隙岩样裂缝贯通机制

采用岩石力学伺服试验机,对预制单裂隙模型试样进行冻融循环后的三轴压缩试验,基于冻融循环试验对裂隙岩体的冻融损伤劣化模式进行研究,探讨经历不同冻融循环次数后的裂隙岩样在三轴压缩条件下裂缝的贯通机制。试验发现：裂隙岩体的冻融损伤劣化模式有颗粒散落模式、龟裂模式和沿预制裂隙断裂模式3种;在三轴加载条件下,冻融裂隙岩样的贯通模式呈现拉贯通、剪贯通、压贯通和混合贯通4种;贯通模式和冻融循环次数、围压的大小以及裂隙倾角有关,随着冻融循环次数的增加和围压的升高,岩样表面的破裂线越来越多,导致裂纹的贯通模式由单一贯通转换为混合贯通,在围压为2、6 MPa时,岩样的破坏模式为拉-压贯通,而围压为4 MPa时,岩样主要呈现拉贯通,裂隙倾角为30°的岩样主要贯通模式为拉贯通,裂隙倾角为60°的岩样主要贯通模式为剪贯通。     

Numerical studies on the failure process and associated microseismicity in rock under triaxial compression

In this paper, firstly the mesoscopic elemental mechanical model for elastic damage is developed and implemented into the rock and tool interaction code (R-T^2D). Then the failure processes of a heterogeneous rock specimen subjected to a wide variety of confining pressures (0–80 MPa) are numerically investigated using the R-T^2D code. According to the simulated results, on the one hand, the numerical simulation reproduced some of the well-known phenomena observed by previous researchers in triaxial tests. Under uniaxial compression, rock failure is caused by a combination of axial splitting and shearing. Dilatancy and a post-failure stage with a descending load bearing capacity are the prominent characteristics of the failure. As the confining pressure increases, the extension of the failed sites is suppressed, but the individual failure sites become dense and link with each other to form a shear fracture plane. Correspondingly, the peak strength, the residual strength and the shear fracture plane angle increase, but the brittleness decreases. When the confining pressure is high enough, the specimen behaves in a plastic manner and a narrow shear fracture plane leads to its failure. The prominent characteristics are volume condensation, ductile cataclastic failure, and a constant load bearing capacity with increasing strain. On the other hand, the numerical simulation revealed some new phenomena. The highest microseismicity events occur in the post-failure stage instead of the maximal stress, and most of the microseismicity energies are released in the failure localization process. As the confining pressure increases, the microseismicity events in the non-linear deformation stage increase dramatically and the ratio between the energies dissipated at the non-linear deformation stage and those dissipated in the whole loading process increases correspondingly. Therefore, it is concluded that the developed mesoscopic elemental mechanical model for elastic damage is able to reproduce accurately the failure characteristics in loading rock specimens under triaxial conditions, and the numerical modelling can furthermore obtain some new clarifications of the rock fracture process.     

含单一贯通破裂面岩石注浆试验及加固机制分析

针对单一贯通结构面注浆加固影响围岩承载力的问题,提出了一种制作含单一贯通破裂面岩样的方法,并对此种岩样分别注入超细水泥和环氧树脂材料,进而借助RMT-150 C试验系统探究了固结体单/三轴压缩下强度及变形特征,最后,采用理论分析结合电镜扫描手段,揭示了结构面注浆微观固结机制。研究发现,三轴加−卸载条件下制备的破裂结构面更接近工程实际,符合试验要求;从应力−应变特征曲线来看,注超细水泥试件表现出阶段性,注环氧树脂试件曲线较为平滑;从强度特征来看,围压影响程度明显高于注浆材料的选择;注浆加固手段可提高岩体的残余强度,随着围压的提高,残余强度提高系数越不明显,固结体峰值强度愈发接近完整岩石峰值强度;从破坏特征来看,注超细水泥试件主破裂面沿原始破裂面剪切滑移,注环氧树脂试件主破裂面为新的贯通破裂面;最后,以摩尔−库仑准则为理论基础,建立了注浆材料黏结力与结构面强度提高系数关系式,发现结构面强度提高系数与浆液黏结力呈线性关系。与试验结果的对比表明,该公式较为合理,可为深部围岩支护优化提供参考。     

不同应变率下砂岩动态强度准则的试验研究

分别利用RMT－150C和多功能分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统对砂岩进行了不同应变率下的单轴压缩、三轴压缩和拉伸试验。结果表明,在围压为0或围压一定的情况下,应变率低于102 s-1时,抗压强度的增加与应变率的量级呈正比;在应变率高于102 s-1时,岩石的抗压强度增加趋势与应变率的1/3次方呈正比。拉伸强度也存在类似规律。针对101～102 s-1应变率范围内缺少岩石动态强度准则这一现状,根据上述试验规律,结合Mohr-Coulomb准则、Hoek-Brown准则和Griffith准则的原理,给出了不同应变率范围内动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和动态Hoek-Brown准则的具体表达形式。研究结果表明,在低应变率情况下,动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和动态Hoek-Brown准则均适用,但Griffith准则判别结果误差很大。在高应变率情况下,动态Mohr-Coulomb准则比较适用,Griffith准则仅适用于评估高应变率单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度之间的关系。     

碎屑砂岩三轴压缩下强度和变形特性试验研究

基于碎屑岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差、呈孔隙式胶结接触等特点,对碎屑砂岩首先开展了物理特性试验分析,认为其微、细观结构复杂、内部破坏严重,矿物成分为石英、长石、绢云母等,化学成分以SiO2为主,属微透水、小孔隙率砂岩,且渗水化学侵蚀并不显著。其次,开展了静水压力、单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验,研究了碎屑砂岩的强度和变形破坏特性。最后,初步探索了物理特性与强度变形特性的关系。结果表明,静水压力为2.6 MPa时,岩样内部微缺陷压密完成;单轴压缩曲线呈明显6阶段特征,峰值应力达0.98 MPa,属脆-延性破坏;三轴压缩条件下,岩样呈压缩为主的延性扩容破坏,轴向压缩和环向体积扩容达6%和4%;曲线无明显破坏荷载,呈现非线性、塑性硬化、存在屈服平台和体积由压缩向扩容过渡等特性。且体积扩容破损应力与屈服应力基本相同,扩容转折点随围压增加而增大,围压可增强岩样抵抗变形破坏的能力。试验结果旨在为岩石工程稳定分析及本构模型构建提供可靠的依据。     

人工单节理砂岩的三轴试验研究

采用云石胶黏结岩块的方法制备人工节理面,通过直剪试验获得人工节理面的抗剪强度特性,基于完整和单节理砂岩的常规三轴试验,分析不同倾角（0°,30°,60°,90°）对单节理岩体试样力学响应的影响。结果表明:人工节理面在直剪试验中呈现脆性破坏,其抗剪强度符合M-C准则;不同围压下（2.5,5 0和7.5 MPa）完整砂岩的破坏形态和弹性模量基本相同,峰值强度随围压增大;相同围压下（2.5 MPa）不同倾角单节理岩体的破坏形态、弹性模量、峰值强度均不相同,单节理岩体试样的峰值强度-倾角曲线呈反对号“”形,节理倾角对岩体力学性质的影响明显,其中60°节理岩体试样的强度最低,仅为完整岩石强度的19.7%。推导了过圆柱体试样中心任意斜截面内力的三维计算公式,根据其理论预测所得完整岩石的破裂面角度和60°节理试样的破坏方式均与试验结果相符,其吻合度较传统的二维分析更高。     

几种岩石强度准则的对比分析

采用常规三轴试验数据,以最小平均拟合差为评价指标定量地对比分析5种强度准则描述岩石非线性强度特征的适用性。结果表明：直线型Mohr-Coulomb准则不能描述岩石强度的非线性特征;抛物线型Mohr-Coulomb虽能描述岩石强度的非线性特征,但拟合误差较大,计算所得强度参数与事实不符,不宜使用;对于中低围压（ ）下岩石强度的非线性特征,单参数Bieniawski准则拟合精度与Hoek-Brown准则相当或稍好,拟合精度接近于指数强度准则,均优于双参数Bieniawski准则;在高围压下岩石强度非线性特征较为显著,应用单参数Bieniawski 准则或Hoek-Brown准则描述误差较大,三参数Bieniawski准则和指数强度准则拟合误差较小,可用于评价深部或特深部高应力状态下岩石的强度特征。     

常规三轴压缩条件下的负乘方型岩石强度准则

为较高精度地评估岩石在不同围压条件下的三轴强度，根据岩石破坏时的主应力差与围压呈上凸的非线性特征，提出负乘方型强度准则。通过将该准则与Mohr-Coulomb准则和Hoek-Brown准则进行精度比较，结果表明，乘方型准则参数对围压变化具有较低的敏感度，且该准则可以更高精度地评估岩石三轴强度。应用公开发表文献中多种不同类型岩石的三轴试验数据，对负乘方型强度准则的适用性进行验证，结果显示，在不同围压条件下，该准则评估的岩石三轴强度与试验强度均非常一致，说明负乘方型准则对评估不同类型岩石的三轴强度具有较好的适用性；同时，通过与目前岩石力学界认为较好的指数型准则的比较，得到两种准则评估的岩石三轴强度平均相对误差MRE均在5%以内，其中负乘方型准则具有更高的精度。该准则可为深部岩石工程开挖与支护等设计提供参考。      

An experimental study on deformation and failure mechanical behavior of granite containing a single fissure under different confining pressures

Fissures in natural rocks play an important role in determining the strength, deformability and failure behavior of rock mass. However in the past, triaxial compression experiments have rarely been conducted for rock materials containing three-dimensional (3-D) fissures and the failure mechanical behavior of fissured rocks is not well known due to the difficulty of conducting triaxial experiments on fissured rocks. Therefore in this research, conventional triaxial compression experiments were performed to study the strength, deformability and failure behavior of granite specimens with one preexisting open fissure. Thirty-one specimens were prepared to perform conventional triaxial compression tests for intact and fissured granite. First, based on the experimental results, the effects of the confining pressure and the fissure angle on the elastic modulus and the peak axial strain of granite specimens are analyzed. Second, the influence of the confining pressure on the crack damage threshold and the peak strength of granite with respect to various fissure angles are evaluated. For the same fissure angle, the crack damage threshold and the peak strength of granite both increase with the confining pressure, which is in good agreement with the linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion. With increasing fissure angle, the cohesion of granite first increases and later decreases, but the internal friction angle is not obviously dependent on the fissure angle. Third, nine crack types are identified to analyze the failure characteristics of granite specimens containing a single fissure under conventional triaxial compression. Finally, a series of X-ray microcomputed tomography (CT) observations were conducted to analyze the internal damage mechanism of granite specimens with respect to various fissure angles. Reconstructed 3-D CT images indicate obvious effects of confining pressure and fissure angle on the crack system of granite specimens. The study helps to elucidate the fundamental nature of rock failure under conventional triaxial compression.     

冻结粉质黏土三轴抗压强度和变形特性试验研究

通过对-6℃冻结粉质黏土在1～9 MPa的围压范围内进行一系列的三轴压缩试验,分析了冻土的变形和强度特性.结果表明：不同围压下,冻结粉质黏土的应力-应变曲线形态基本相似,而软化程度及初始阶段的硬化速率则有所不同.根据摩尔-库仑准则,得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角随围压的变化规律,同时基于包络线理论建立非线性强度准则,以描述冻结粉质黏土强度随围压先增大后减小的变化规律.     

无粘性土的一种破坏准则

研究表明,在三轴压缩和伸长试验条件下,土的抗剪强度与莫尔-库仑准则是一致的,而对于一般应力状态下,土体破坏时的应力状态与莫尔-库仑准则有一定的出入。结合以往的真三轴试验结果,建议了一个复杂应力状态下的等效内摩擦角,在此基础上提出了一个考虑中主应力影响的无粘性土（c＝0）的破坏准则。通过和真三轴试验结果比较,发现该准则在π平面内比莫尔-库仑准则更接近于试验结果。该准则有望推广应用到粘性土中。     

冻融循环条件下粗砂岩物理力学性质变化规律

岩体经受自然冻融循环过程后,其物理力学性质的劣化是引起岩石工程灾害的主要原因。借助于MTS815液伺服岩石试验系统对经历不同冻融循环次数的粗砂岩进行三轴压缩试验,研究经历不同冻融循环次数后岩石在不同围压下的强度和变形特性,分析冻融循环次数和围压对岩石强度和变形的影响规律。研究结果表明,在冻融循环次数一定的条件下,随着围压的增加,岩石的三轴抗压强度、弹性模量和峰值轴向应变逐渐增加,表明粗砂岩的破坏逐渐由脆性破坏向塑形破坏变化;在围压相同的情况下,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩石的三轴抗压强度、弹性模量逐渐减小,峰值应力对应的轴向应变逐渐增加;随着冻融循环次数的增加,粗砂岩的黏聚力均呈指数衰减形式降低,内摩擦角变化很小。      

Mechanical properties and permeability evolution in gas-bearing coal–rock combination body under triaxial conditions

With the development of deep mining in recent years, coal and gas compound dynamic disasters become increasingly serious. In this study, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests were conducted on gas-bearing coals, coal–sandstone combined bodies and coal–mudstone combined bodies and the permeabilities in the triaxial tests were measured simultaneously. The mechanical behavior and seepage characteristics of coals and coal–rock combination bodies under triaxial conditions were compared in details. The results show that the peak strength among three samples is: coal–sandstone combined body > coal–mudstone combined body > coal. If other conditions were held constant, the strength and the elastic modulus of all specimens show that tendency increases with the increment of the confining pressure or with the decrease in the gas pressure. The strength characteristics of all three specimens met the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, and the residual strength has an increasing trend with the increase in confining pressure. The permeability evolutions of gas-bearing coals and coal–rock combination bodies which are determined by the crack propagation in the coals and rocks are not exactly the same. This preliminary study is intended to deepen our understandings of the mechanisms of coal–gas compound dynamic disasters and provide theoretical bases for their predictions.