诊断分析技术在山西强降雪预报中的应用

利用常规探测资料和诊断分析方法,对2009年11月9 12日山西大范围持续强降雪天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)500 hPa阻塞形势和低空低涡切变线稳定维持,700 hPa西南急流、850 hPa偏东急流、850 hPa和925 hPa强偏东北气流等三支强气流稳定维持,地面回流形势与河套倒槽共同强烈发展并稳定维持,是造成此次大范围持续强降雪的重要原因。(2)强降雪出现前,低层中纬度持续有暖湿空气向山西地区输送,暖湿中心强度持续增强;从其水平结构变化看,可将此次过程分为锢囚降雪、回流降雪、暖倒槽降雪和持续降温四个阶段,各个阶段降雪特点不同。(3)强降雪区上空垂直热力结构为上冷、中暖、下冷,低层冷平流强度为普通暴雪的3倍;对流层中低层持续存在对流性不稳定,不稳定区内存在空气辐散,且持续有暖湿平流输入,导致对流性不稳定及其降水不断增强。(4)此次强降雪天气过程中,山西上空大气可降水量累计达到35~88 mm;随着低层和近地层风场的加强和辐合,大气可降水量不断增加,强降雪也呈现持续增加的趋势。(5)强降雪前及整个强降雪期间,强降雪区上空300 hPa以下为水汽散度通量正值区,其强度在500~600 hPa达到最强,且强度为普通暴雪的6倍,而高层和低层均存在弱的辐散。     

2011年1月九江地区暴雪过程的流场特征及强回波成因分析

利用九江、南昌多普勒天气雷达资料和常规气象观测资料及0.5°×0.5°的NCEP再分析资料,对2011年1月19-20日九江地区的暴雪天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:南支槽前强盛的西南暖湿气流沿低层东北冷回流在长江流域形成的冷垫爬升是暴雪产生的动力机制;高低空急流的耦合作用形成次级环流,700 hPa以上正涡度平流和低层暖平流表明天气尺度上升运动较强;700 hPa等θ se线密集,表明锋区稳定维持.低层暖平流,中下层风速加强,急流中心降低,预示降雪回波将发展;低层暖平流结构转为冷平流漉场结构,预示降雪减弱.分析表明,本次过程没有强雷暴影响,回波异常增强不是由大水滴和霰雹等固态水凝物粒子造成,雪花下降经过0℃以上的暖层时表面融化,使雪花外裹了一薄层水膜,产生类似于大水滴的等同效果,从而出现了雷达图上反射率因子异常增强的现象;同时,中下层强的上升运动和凝结潜热释放的反馈机制可导致局部较强的反射率因子而产生强降雪.     

内蒙古东北部一次致灾大到暴雪天气分析

应用基本观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,对一次漏报的内蒙古东北地区致灾大到暴雪天气进行了诊断分析。结果表明:本次大暴雪天气过程与内蒙古大雪、暴雪天气学概念模型有所不同,没有强劲的水汽输送建立,垂直上升运动大值区集中在850～500 hPa层,强降雪呈现时间短、强度大、范围小、灾害严重的中尺度特点。这次过程中,850 hPa有很强的暖平流配合500 hPa西南气流中弱冷平流,对流层中低层温度平流随高度减小,有利于对流层中低层的不稳定层结的建立;地面副冷锋与气旋合并加强,850 hPa中尺度低涡强烈发展,加强了对流层低层的辐合上升运动,触发不稳定能量释放是强降雪形成的主要原因。边界层"冷垫"作用对强降雪有一定的增幅。     

“09.11.10”石家庄特大暴雪中尺度风场分析

利用常规观测、雷达资料以及四维变分方法反演的风场资料,对2009年11月10-12日石家庄特大暴雪过程的形势场和中尺度风场结构进行了详细分析.从影响系统来看,此次特大暴雪过程分为两个阶段:回流降雪和西来槽降雪.回流降雪是特大暴雪的主要时段,此阶段西部山区降雪明显大于东部平原;而西来槽降雪阶段全区降雪比较均匀.由雷达反射率因子和径向速度可见:10日降雪具有对流性质,而且回波不断地自西部山区向石家庄市区移动,产生“列车效应”,造成市区及西部降雪强度较大;11-12日回波强度弱,降雪强度也较弱.分析雷达四维变分反演风场得到如下结论:(1)反演风场能够准确展现东风影响的时间和高度、西来槽影响的始末,对预报员定性外推降雪的强度起到非常好的参考作用.(2)低层水平反演风场上,存在一个比较窄的东风带,回波沿东风带自西向东移动,石家庄市区处于北到东北风的“回流墙”附近,东移回波在此堆积,移速减慢,影响时间较长;同时,市区附近存在风向性和风速性辐合,致使回波在石家庄附近加强或维持.(3)反演风场垂直剖面图上,东风回流降雪阶段,低层东风区上空存在一个“反气旋”,强回波位于“反气旋”所包围的范围.     

2008年初湖北省低温雨雪冰冻天气温度平流配置分析

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,对2008年1月11日-2月1日湖北省低温雨雪冰冻过程进行温度平流空间分布诊断分析。结果表明：低温雨雪冰冻期间,湖北省近地层不断有弱冷空气补充和渗透;中层暖平流、低层冷垫和南方沿冷垫向上爬升的暖空气是湖北省降雪最基本的条件,而湖北省东部出现强降雪的另一个更重要的原因就是低层偏东回流带来的暖平流;当冷空气充斥湖北省上空整层大气时,则预示雨雪将减弱停止。     

2009年华北大范围暴雪成因及雷达回波特征分析

利用石家庄、济南和濮阳多普勒雷达资料,结合天气形势和实况,对2009年11月9—12日华北大范围暴雪天气过程的分析表明:(1)低层冷、中层暖、高层冷的"冷-暖-冷"层结造成了中层以上大气不稳定;中层急流将南方暖湿空气输送到北方,同时低层东北回流将东部海区的水汽向内陆输送,从而为持续性降雪提供了源源不断的水汽;700hPa切变线及低空急流为降水形成提供了触发条件,低空辐合、高空辐散的配置为降水持续提供了动力条件。(2)雷达回波呈现出大范围层状云结构,分布均匀连续,反射率因子一般在15～29dBZ之间;雷达径向速度图上低层零速度线呈"S"型结构,风向随高度顺转,有暖平流存在;2km左右高度存在切变层,低层东北回流把暖湿空气抬升,中层西南气流把暖湿气流源源不断地向华北地区输送。③降水区域与700hPa散度和水汽通量散度中心的叠加区域有较好的对应关系,低空急流和高空急流的加强使回波强度局部加强,达到30～35dBZ,导致局部强降雪的产生。     

2010年一次浙江省暴雪过程的诊断分析

利用常规的地面和高空观测资料,结合雷达资料和MM5中尺度数值模拟结果对发生在2010年12月15日08时-16日20时的浙江暴雪过程进行了分析.结果表明,本次降雪过程由北方强干冷空气与稳定加强的暖湿西南风气流交汇造成.冷空气南压使浙江省自北向南强烈降温,西南气流的稳定维持则提供了源源不断的水汽和能量,加上低层700 hPa出现强烈的逆温,这些都有利于降雪的产生和维持,最终达到大到暴雪的级别.利用雷达和数值模拟结果进行进一步分析还发现,浙中北地区降雪的主要影响系统是对流层低层的中尺度切变线.对流层低层的暖平流和对流层中下层的冷平流构成"上冷下暖"的层结.在这种不稳定的层结条件下,风场的切变配合低层气流的辐合,一起造成了浙江中北部地区的强降雪.浙中南部的降雪则主要是由于山区地形使得近地面空气堆积产生强辐合,配合高空较强的辐散气流,促使气流形成强烈的上升运动引发的.此外,对流层高层的正涡度输送对降雪的形成和维持十分有利,当高空出现正涡度时会有降雪形成,高空涡度的强度越强,降雪的强度也越强.     

暴雪过程中多普勒雷达速度产品分析

利用多普勒天气雷达提供的强度、径向速度、风廓线产品及衍生产品对2008年1月25—29日南京持续性暴雪天气回波的演变过程以及回波不同阶段风场垂直结构及其动力条件的变化进行了分析,结果表明:存在持续的低空东北气流以及风向垂直切变的风场结构是这次暴雪天气产生的主要环境特征,暖平流和中层强西南急流有利于产生持续的暴雪,低层辐合、高层辐散及较大的垂直上升运动为暴雪的产生提供了动力条件;任意高度出现西北风,可以作为强降雪将会趋于减弱的临近预报指标。     

一次入海气旋局地暴雪的结构演变及成因观测分析北大核心CSCD

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对山东半岛东部地区一次局地暴雪过程的成因及动力结构演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次局地暴雪过程分为两个阶段,第1阶段为典型的黄河气旋槽前降雪,降雪强度弱,雷达回波自西南向东北传播;第2阶段降雪为气旋后部的海效应降雪,降雪强度大,1 h降雪量可达到大雪量级,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,较为少见。(2)第1阶段降雪发生在对流层中层有明显低槽、低层有气旋性环流和西南低空急流及地面有气旋的天气系统配置下,水汽来源于中国南海,降雪落区位于高空槽前西南低空气流的右前方和地面气旋的东侧。(3)第2阶段降雪发生在高空槽过后,冷空气自渤海海峡和黄海北部入侵,降雪区域低层的主导风向为东北风,东北风强于西北风,降雪的水汽和热量来源于渤海海峡和黄海,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,降雪落区位于低层的东北风中。(4)海效应降雪各时段对流层低层风场结构不同。降雪初期,山东半岛北部沿海地面存在γ中尺度低压环流,雷达径向速度上表现为低层有β中尺度涡旋,东部沿海有东南风与西北风辐合;强降雪时段,边界层内存在东北风和西北风的切变线,低压环流和切变线是造成强降雪的有利动力条件。该个例揭示了发生在黄河气旋后部、由渤海海峡和黄海影响产生的山东半岛海效应降雪,其风场结构、雷达回波移向、降雪落区与风场的关系及降水相态等和常见的典型渤海海效应降雪有明显差异。     

一次入海气旋局地暴雪的结构演变及成因观测分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对山东半岛东部地区一次局地暴雪过程的成因及动力结构演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次局地暴雪过程分为两个阶段,第1阶段为典型的黄河气旋槽前降雪,降雪强度弱,雷达回波自西南向东北传播;第2阶段降雪为气旋后部的海效应降雪,降雪强度大,1 h降雪量可达到大雪量级,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,较为少见。(2)第1阶段降雪发生在对流层中层有明显低槽、低层有气旋性环流和西南低空急流及地面有气旋的天气系统配置下,水汽来源于中国南海,降雪落区位于高空槽前西南低空气流的右前方和地面气旋的东侧。(3)第2阶段降雪发生在高空槽过后,冷空气自渤海海峡和黄海北部入侵,降雪区域低层的主导风向为东北风,东北风强于西北风,降雪的水汽和热量来源于渤海海峡和黄海,雷达回波自东北向西南移动,降雪落区位于低层的东北风中。(4)海效应降雪各时段对流层低层风场结构不同。降雪初期,山东半岛北部沿海地面存在γ中尺度低压环流,雷达径向速度上表现为低层有β中尺度涡旋,东部沿海有东南风与西北风辐合;强降雪时段,边界层内存在东北风和西北风的切变线,低压环流和切变线是造成强降雪的有利动力条件。该个例揭示了发生在黄河气旋后部、由渤海海峡和黄海影响产生的山东半岛海效应降雪,其风场结构、雷达回波移向、降雪落区与风场的关系及降水相态等和常见的典型渤海海效应降雪有明显差异。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.