层次分析法在黄河口河海划界中的应用

黄河口河海划界涉及到法律、管理和科学3个子系统,是1个多准则的决策问题.本文是在黄河口生物地球化学(科学)指标对河海划界的基础上,进一步运用层次分析法,对法律、管理和科学指标下的不同方案进行定性和定量分析,采用分解、判断、综合的决策思维,得出在综合考虑法律、管理和科学的准则下,地质指标(地形法)为海陆划界的优选方案,即黄河口河海划界在距离新滩油田浮桥A03站位以东的2 km处 .     

黄河口生物地球化学指标特征在河海划界中的应用

为了寻找黄河口河海划界的科学依据,对影响黄河口河海划界的各种水文、地质、生物、物理、化学等要素进行了丰、平、枯水期的现场测定和室内分析.结果发现,除了以前学者经常采用的水文、地质、生物等指标具有划界的作用外,电导率、盐度、常量离子、硅酸盐等指标特征也具有很好的划界指示意义.综合各项科学指标的划界结果表明:黄河口河海划界在距离新滩油田浮桥A03站位以东的2～13.5 km处;其中水文指标和化学指标(盐度、常量离子、硅酸盐等)的河海划界在距离A03站位以东的9～10 km处;地质指标(地形法)在2 km处,地质指标(地貌法)在13.5 km处;生物指标法在7.5 km处;而重金属、有机物污染、有机碳等指标不宜作为河海划界指标.     

浙江省入海河流概况和河海区域管理及河海划界相关问题的建议

简要介绍了浙江省钱塘江(含曹娥江)、甬江等5条主要入海河流的基本情况与河口整治和开发利用的情况以及河口区域管理的主要相关法规和机构.由于海洋管理客体的特殊性,河口区域海洋管理中的涉海主体矛盾不断增多,指出并分析了河口管理中存在的3个方面的具体问题以及解决河口区域管理中存在问题的若干思考.当前河口区域管理的不甚协调局面是由于历史短暂的海洋专门管理与传统大陆型管理存在脱节造成的.目前,政府对河口区域的管理正处于由传统向现代的转型期,要解决这个问题,一是理顺依据不一问题,二是做好各部门管理工作的衔接.各行政主管部门应依据有关法律法规的要求,既不能缺位,也不能越位,建立以协调为核心的科学化管理机制已成为当今迫切需要解决的问题.在河口区域中相对有效地解决河海划界的问题,本质上就是解决该区域的陆海分界问题,选择海岸线作为标准较为恰当.当前在河海划界问题上存在诸多误区,科学认识河海划界,正确把握海陆分界的实质,才能把河海划界的研究及其成果最大限度地应用到维护国家权益上,同时从法制型政府建设的角度,站在当地经济社会谋求更大发展空间的全局高度,在法律的框架内更为理性地分析和处理河海划界中出现的各种矛盾和问题,在这一过程中,建立健全陆地与海洋管理的协调机制是十分必要的.     

河海分界与河海区域的综合管理

河海区域是大江、大河与海洋的交汇之处,是社会、经济、文化高度发达的区域.随着我国经济社会的快速发展,河海区域在我国经济发展中的重要地位日益显现.然而,在河海区域开发利用带来巨大经济收益的同时,也出现了一些亟待解决的问题:管理政出多门,执法各自为政;产业布局失衡,生态环境恶化;围海造地无序,采沙挖沙失控;海上走私猖獗,治安纠纷不断等.众所周知,我国在河海区域管理上实行各行业部门分散管理的行政体制,一个部门在制定相关管理法规或条例时,缺少与其他部门的沟通协商,没有形成综合统一的管理体系,以致在执法管理中出现土地、水利、海洋、环保、渔政、交通等部门"各自为政、多头管理"的局面.由此所发生的各种问题和引起的各种纠纷,以及随之而来的有关河海界线划分的争议,已成为社会各界关注的焦点.所提出的"打破管理上各自为政的局面,构建统一协调的河海区域管理体系,组建集中统一的多功能多专业联合执法队伍"设想,符合我国河海区域可持续发展战略,有助于实现资源与环境、经济和社会的可持续发展.     

海域划界方法

随着社会经济的不断发展,陆上资源日趋紧张,人类的海洋意识不断增强,人们的目光逐渐投向海洋,沿海国家社会经济的发展和进步越来越多地依赖于海洋。海洋边界的确定不仅对各国国家主权和管辖范围内的海洋区域有直接影响,也关系到这些国家在海洋渔业、海洋科学研究和海洋生物资源、     

关于我国县际间海域勘界的探讨

海域行政区域界线是沿海各级政府行政管辖范围的重要标志,是国家实施有效的海洋行政管理必不可少的依据。随着海洋经济开发的发展,海洋经济已成为沿海省市经济发展不可缺少的一部分。与此同时,由于长期以来并未正式确定沿海各省市的海域管辖范围,国内省间、省内县市间海域使用纠纷日益突出。为了保障海洋经济的可持续发展,保持沿海地区社     

现行黄河口海域泥沙冲淤的定量计算及其规律探讨

本文利用现行黄河口海域多年的水深测量资料,用计算机绘制了黄河口冲淤等值线图和冲淤立体图.在此基础上,详细地分析研究了黄河口海域泥沙冲淤变化的规律和特点.从定量的角度,为河口治理及各种海洋工程建设提供了科学依据.     

现行黄河口海域泥沙冲淤的定量计算及其规律探讨

本文利用现行黄河口海域多年的水深测量资料,用计算机绘制了黄河口冲淤等值线图和冲淤立体图。在此基础上,详细地分析研究了黄河口海域泥沙冲淤变化的规律和特点。从定量的角度,为河口治理及各种海洋工程建设提供了科学依据。     

黄河口埕岛海域表层沉积物土性的区域变化及其机理分析

搜集汇总黄河口埕岛海域地质勘察资料,研究该区土性参数区域分布特征,包括分析海域内土体类别,绘制不同区域内地基承载力、标贯击数、粘粒含量、含水量、孔隙比和液塑限等值线图.研究发现,海域表层土体主要由粉土和粉质粘土组成,此外还有小面积的粉砂和淤泥质土,中部大面积地区为粉土,东南区域分布有粉质粘土和淤泥质土;地基承载力较高的区域主要分布在海域中部与西南部,海域的北部与东南部土体强度较低,并且含水量、孔隙比和液塑限也较大,土性区域变化与水深变化特性较为一致.最后分析土性区域变化机理认为,极端海况下该区土体发生液化剪切破坏,沿斜坡滑移运动一定距离后再次沉积可形成这种现象.     

浙江海域勘界中岛屿处理问题的探讨

在海域行政区域勘界中,岛屿归属和滩涂划分是海域勘界中矛盾的焦点,尤其是如何确定岛屿归属是能否搞好浙江海域行政区域勘界的关键。本文根据浙江实际,就解决海岛的归属问题作一探讨。     

Sedimentary framework of the modern Huanghe (Yellow River) delta

The geometry, stratigraphy, and structure of recently deposited Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta sediments were examined by high resolution subbottom profiles and medium-penetration boomer profiles. The results indicate that the active (post-1976) subaqueous delta advances as a single thin localized lobe with a maximum thickness of only 15 m. Calculations of sediment volumes indicate that 90% or more of the sediment supplied by the Huanghe remains within 30 km of the mouth. Sediment on the delta platform near the mouth is fine sand; elsewhere silts and clays prevail.[/p]     

The subaqueous delta of the modern Huanghe (Yellow River)

The subaqueous delta of the Huanghe (Yellow River) has been studied using high-resolution acoustic systems. There are many subtle variations in sea floor morphology and sediment geometries; smooth, featureless areas are rare. The main components of the subaqueous delta include broad, shallow channels; moderately disturbed areas with near-surface cut and fill structures; heavily disturbed areas with sea floor depressions, pits, and gullies; and a smooth, gently sloping distal delta apron or rise. These features are not directly related to sediment settling from dilute surface plumes but are due to gravity-driven hyperpycnal underflows, submarine mass movements, and silt flows.     

Some problems on dynamical sedimentology in sea area near Huanghe Seaport

In this paper, two problems on dynamical sedimentology in the sea area near the Huanghe(Yellow) River Seaport are studied. Firstly, with synchronously observed data of bed-load trap and winds, starting and transporting dynamical mechanism of sediments on the intertidal shoal is analysed and studied. It is considered that starting and diffusing of sediments on the intertidal shoal near the Huanghe Seaport are controlled by waves and their surf currents. Secondly, with the help of data observed through observation concentration of suspended sediments, current velocity and wave height, starting and diffusing dynamical mechanism of sediments on the seabed near the Huanghe Seaport are analysed. It is considered that at a water depth of about 15 metres, starting and diffusing of the sediments are mainly controlled by tidal currents and at 5 metres or on the intertidal shoal by waves. At about 10 metres, their effects are rather similar.     

黄河不同粒径组入海泥沙通量的变化及其对三角洲造陆的影响

以黄河流域1955~1990年的资料为基础,研究了不同粒径组入海泥沙的变化趋势及其成因以及各粒径组泥沙对三角洲造陆过程的相对贡献率.研究表明,四个粒径组入海泥沙通量都呈减少的趋势,各粒径组入海泥沙通量减少趋势的显著性按由细到粗的顺序递减,即细颗粒泥沙入海通量的减少趋势要比粗泥沙明显.20世纪70年代以来,水土保持面积增大、人类引水增大和年降水量减少是黄河各粒径组入海泥沙通量减小的原因.大规模的水土保持措施实施以后,细泥沙入海通量的减少幅度要大于粗泥沙.多元回归分析结果表明,年降水量变化对小于0.010,0.010~0.025,0.025~0.050及大于0.050 mm四个粒径组泥沙入海通量变化的贡献率分别为58.52%,62.05%,71.16%,83.37%,随粒径的变粗而增大;水土保持措施变化对小于0.010,0.010~0.025,0.025~0.050和大于0.050 mm四个粒径组泥沙入海通量变化的贡献率分别为41.48%,37.95%,28.89%,16.63%,随粒径的变粗而减小.四个粒径组泥沙入海通量与人类净引水量之间的相关系数也按泥沙粒径由细到粗的顺序减小,即人类引水的变化对细泥沙入海通量的影响较大,对粗泥沙入海通量的影响较小.四个粒径组泥沙入海通量与年降水量之间的相关系数按泥沙粒径由细到粗的顺序增大,即年降水的变化对细泥沙入海通量的影响较小,对粗泥沙入海通量的影响较大.建立了黄河三角洲造陆速率与利津站年径流量和小于0.010,0.010~0.025,0.025~0.050及大于0.050 mm四个粒径组的泥沙量之间的多元回归方程.计算结果表明,入海泥沙量和径流量对三角洲造陆速率变化的贡献率接近相等.在四个粒径组中0.010~0.025 mm的泥沙对三角洲造陆速率变化的贡献率最大,0.025~0.050 mm粒径组次之,大于0.050 mm的粒径组再次之,小于0.010 mm的粒径组最小.中等粗细的粒径组对三角洲造陆的贡献率最大.     

Hyperpycnal plumes and plume fronts over the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta front

The Huanghe (Yellow River) discharges extremely high suspended sediment concentrations (25 to 220 g/l) which favor sustained hyperpycnal plumes (underflows). Observations of weakly hyperpycnal unchannelized plumes and indirect evidence of strongly hyperpycnal channelized underflows over the delta front indicate the importance of these modes of sediment dispersal. The weakly hyperpycnal plumes occupy the entire water column over the shallow (<5 m) delta top. From a pronounced front near the break in slope at about 5 m depth, they descend over the delta-front slope as wide-spread underflows. Evidence of strongly hyperpycnal underflows was shown from subaqueous valleys partly filled with low-density mud.     

Short period internal waves over the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta front

Internal waves with periods of about 5 minutes and trough to crest heights of up to 6.2 m were observed acoustically over the actively accreting delta front of the Huanghe (Yellow River) in the western portion of the Gulf of Bohai, Peoples Republic of China. The radian frequency of the internal waves was close to the locally-observed Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Through the relatively short (one hour) duration of an internal wave train, the amplitude was observed to decrease progressively with time. These internal waves may cause resuspension of delta-front sediments.     

Suspended sediment advection by tidal currents off the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta

Studies to date indirectly indicate that only a small percentage of the sediment discharged by the Huanghe (Yellow River) is presently transported from the Gulf of Bohai to the Huanghai (Yellow Sea). Direct measurements in early summer 1985 show low concentrations of suspended sediment east of 119°45E but high concentrations in Bohai Bay. Stokes drift associated with an amphidrome of the M₂ tide may contribute to a northwestward transport of Huanghe sediment.     

黄河水下三角洲高浓度黏性泥沙流变特性及其影响因素

黏性泥沙在黄河水下三角洲广泛分布,其在外部载荷作用下易引发泥沙淤积、冲刷、海床流化等问题,对港口、航道、海底管线等工程设施构成巨大威胁。利用黄河水下三角洲埕岛海域所取海底表层沉积物,制备不同固结时间和不同含水率的高浓度黏性泥沙样品。采用R/S流变仪,对所制备高浓度黏性泥沙样品进行全剪切速率下的流变试验,分析黄河水下三角洲高浓度黏性泥沙流变特性及含水率和固结时间对流变特性的影响。结果表明,高浓度黏性泥沙在剪切荷载作用下流化失稳,发生相态转化;屈服应力在固结120 min后增加了35%;含水率50%以上高浓度黏性泥沙在高剪切速率下表现出剪切增稠行为,且随含水率增加剪切增稠行为越明显;Power模型适用于含水率大于50%的高浓度黏性泥沙在高剪切速率下的流变行为。本研究可为海底黏性泥沙运动过程数值模拟与海底重力流等灾害预测提供参考。     

Response of coastal marine eco-environment to river fluxes into the sea: a case study of the Huanghe (Yellow) River mouth and adjacent waters

The impact of the Huanghe (Yellow) River outflows on its estuary was investigated with river gauging and shipboard hydrographic observations. The river flux has been decreasing dramatically; the discharges of water and sediment in the 1990s dropped to 27.4% and 31.9% of those in the 1950s, respectively, resulting in frequent and lengthy events of downstream channel dry-up since the 1970s. There were accumulatively 897 zero-flow days during the 1990s in the river course below the Lijin Hydrological Station, 100 km upstream from the river mouth, which is 82.4% of that in 1972. As freshwater input decreases, river-borne nutrients to the estuarine increased significantly. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the 1990s was four times of that in 1950s. Changes in amount and content of the riverine inputs have greatly affected the estuarine ecosystem. Over the past several decades, sea surface temperature and salinity in the estuary and its adjacent waters increased and their distribution pattern altered in response to the reduction of freshwater inflow. The distribution of and seasonal succession in nutrient concentrations in the surface layer have also changed with a shift of river outlet and the decrease in riverine nutrient loads. Furthermore, deterioration of estuarine ecosystem by less river input has decreased primary productivity in the deltaic region waters, and in turn depressed the fishery.     

Trace metal concentration in marine organisms of Huanghe River estuary and adjacent sea region

The Huanghe River estuary, as one of world-known large river estuary and its adjacent sea re-gion are important aquatic product base with rich marine product resources in North China. The au-thors collected about 60 species of fishes. crustacea. mollusca and polychaeta in this region (119°05′-20′E,37°15′-38°15′N) from Apri1 to May. 1984. The concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in eachmarine organisms was measured and concentration factors of trace metals were calculated. The ashingmethods was used for sample treatments. The concentration of trace metals was determined by anti-adsorption physical coating mercury electrode inverse polarography (Davis A1660 Differential CathodRay Polarograph).