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1.
Prediction of surface horizontal displacements, and gravity and tilt changes caused by filling the Three Gorges Reservoir 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Horizontal displacements, and gravity and tilt changes induced by filling the Three Gorges Reservoir are modeled using elastic
loading Green functions. When the water surface reaches its highest level, the effects become maximum on the reservoir banks.
The longitudinal and latitudinal components of the horizontal displacements reach −8.2 and 7.7 mm respectively, gravity is
increased by up to 3.4 mGal, and the prime vertical and meridian components of the tilt changes are −7.8 and −17.5 arcseconds
respectively. Accordingly, the filling of the reservoir will influence values observed from global positioning system (GPS),
gravimetry and tilt measurements in the area. The results given can be used to provide important corrections for extracting
earthquake-related signals from observed data.
Received: 19 January 2001 / Accepted: 3 September 2001 相似文献
2.
The gravitational attraction of any polygonally shaped vertical prism with inclined top and bottom faces 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
D. A. Smith 《Journal of Geodesy》2000,74(5):414-420
A closed formula for computing the gravitational attraction of a general vertical prism with N+2 faces (N faces are vertical planes, the other two are the inclined top and bottom planes) in Cartesian coordinates is presented. In
addition, the special case of a triangular prism is discussed. Algebraic differences and overlooked singularity conditions
of a previously published formula of this computation (which was only for the triangular special case) were identified and
are also presented.
Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 2 February 2000 相似文献
3.
The New Hebrides experiment consisted of setting up a pair of DORIS beacons in remote tropical islands in the southwestern
Pacific, between 1993 and 1997. Because of orbitography requirements on TOPEX/Poséidon, the beacons were only transmitting
to SPOT satellites. Root-mean-square (RMS) scatters at the centimeter level on the latitude and vertical components were achieved,
but 2-cm RMS scatters affected the longitude component. Nevertheless, results of relative velocity (123 mm/year N250°) are
very consistent with those obtained using the global positioning system (GPS) (126 mm/yr N246°). The co-seismic step (12 mm
N60°) related to the Walpole event (M
W = 7.7) is consistent with that derived from GPS (10 mm N30°) or from the centroid moment tensor (CMT) of the quake (12 mm
N000°).
Received: 19 November 1999 / Accepted: 17 May 2000 相似文献
4.
The latest gravimetric geoid model for Japan, JGEOID2000, was successfully combined with the nationwide net of GPS at benchmarks,
yielding a new hybrid geoid model for Japan, GSIGEO2000. The least-squares collocation (LSC) method was applied as an interpolation
for fitting JGEOID2000 to the GPS/leveling geoid undulations. The GPS/leveling geoid undulation data were reanalyzed in advance,
in terms of three-dimensional positions from GPS and orthometric heights from leveling. The new hybrid geoid model is, therefore,
compatible with the new Japanese geodetic reference frame. GSIGEO2000 was evaluated internally and independently and the precision
was estimated at 4 cm throughout nearly the whole region.
Received: 15 October 2001 / Accepted: 27 March 2002
Acknowledgments. Messrs. Toshio Kunimi and Tadashi Saito at the Third Geodetic Division of the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) mainly
carried out the computations of most of the updated leveled heights. With regard to the reanalysis of GPS data, the discussions
with Messrs. Yuki Hatanaka and Shoichi Matsumura of GSI were of great help in building the analysis strategy. Messrs. Kazuyuki
Tanaka and Hiromi Shigematsu collaborated in the preparatory stages of GPS data computation. The authors' thanks are extended
to these colleagues. Some plots were made by GMT software (Wessel and Smith 1991).
Correspondence to: Y. Kuroishi 相似文献
5.
Geodetic measurements from 1963 through 1994 are used to estimate horizontal strain rates across the Red River fault near
Thac Ba, Vietnam. Whether or not this fault system is currently active is a subject of some debate. By combining: (1) triangulation
from 1963, (2) triangulation in 1983, and (3) Global Positioning System (GPS) observations in 1994, horizontal shear strain
rates are estimated without imposing any prior information on fixed stations. The estimated rates of shear strain in ten triangular
subnetworks surrounding the fault trace are not significantly different from zero at 95% confidence. The maximum rate of dextral
shear is less than 0.3 μrad/year in all but one of the triangles. The estimates help bound the slip rate in a simple elastic
dislocation model for a locked, vertical strike-slip fault. By assuming a locking depth of 5–20 km, the most likely values
for the deep slip rate are between 1 and 5 mm/year of right-lateral motion. These values delimit the 23% confidence interval.
At 95% confidence, the slip rate estimate falls between 7 mm/year of left-lateral motion and 15 mm/year of right-lateral motion.
Received: 18 November 1997 / Accepted: 28 January 1999 相似文献
6.
Two long time series were analysed: the C01 series of the International Earth Rotation Service and the pole series obtained
by re-analysis of the classical astronomical observations using the HIPPARCOS reference frame. The linear drift of the pole
was determined to be 3.31 ± 0.05 milliarcseconds/year towards 76.1 ± 0.80° west longitude. For the least-squares fit the a priori correlations between simultaneous pole coordinates x
p
, y
p
were taken into account, and the weighting function was calculated by estimating empirical variance components. The decadal
variations of the pole path were investigated by Fourier and wavelet analysis. Using sliding windows, the periods and amplitudes
of the Chandler wobble and annual wobble were determined. Typical periods in the variable Chandler wobble and annual wobble
parameters were obtained from wavelet analyses.
Received: 21 January 2000 / Accepted: 28 August 2000 相似文献
7.
Least-squares prediction using an empirically deduced local covariance function was performed to investigate the temporal
change in the rates of vertical crustal movements in the Tohoku district, Japan. Levelling data covering an area of approximately
450 × 275 km2 observed between 1966 and 1995 were used and the results shown in the form of contour maps. Firstly we derived a covariance
function of the rates of vertical crustal movement with a Gaussian form function. We used this function to estimate the spatial
distribution of the rates of vertical crustal movements. By the present method, a steady tilt of the Tohoku district to the
east, toward the Japan Trench and an areal uplift in the southwestern part were well reproduced. Moreover, a significant temporal
change in vertical movement rates is clearly seen.
Received: 15 July 1996 相似文献
8.
J. Höpfner 《Journal of Geodesy》2001,75(2-3):137-150
The annual and semiannual residuals derived in the axial angular momentum budget of the solid Earth–atmosphere system reflect
significant signals. They must be caused by further excitation sources. Since, in particular, the contribution for the wind
term from the atmospheric layer between the 10 and 0.3 hPa levels to the seasonal variations in length of day (LOD) is still
missing, it is necessary to extend the top level into the upper stratosphere up to 0.3 hPa. Under the conservation of the
total angular momentum of the entire Earth, variations in the oceanic angular momentum (OAM) and the hydrological angular
momentum (HAM) are further significant excitation sources at seasonal time scales. Focusing on other contributions to the
Earth's axial angular momentum budget, the following data are used in this study: axial atmospheric angular momentum (AAM)
data derived for the 10–0.3 hPa layer from 1991 to 1997 for computing the missing wind effects; axial OAM functions as generated
by oceanic general circulation models (GCMs), namely for the ECHAM3 and the MICOM models, available from 1975 to 1994 and
from 1992 to 1994, respectively, for computing the oceanic contributions to LOD changes, and, concerning the HAM variations,
the seasonal estimates of the hydrological contribution as derived by Chao and O'Connor [(1988) Geophys J 94: 263–270]. Using
vector representation, it is shown that the vectors achieve a close balance in the global axial angular momentum budget within
the estimated uncertainties of the momentum quantities on seasonal time scales.
Received: 6 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 December 2000 相似文献
9.
Iterative vector methods for computing geodetic latitude and height from rectangular coordinates 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
J. Pollard 《Journal of Geodesy》2002,76(1):36-40
Two iterative vector methods for computing geodetic coordinates (φ, h) from rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) are presented. The methods are conceptually simple, work without modification at any latitude and are easy to program. Geodetic
latitude and height can be calculated to acceptable precision in one iteration over the height range from −106 to +109 m.
Received: 13 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 July 2001 相似文献
10.
A potential-type Molodensky telluroid based upon a minimum-distance mapping is derived. With respect to a reference potential
of Somigliana–Pizzetti type which relates to the World Geodetic Datum 2000, it is shown that a point-wise minimum-distance
mapping of the topographical surface of the Earth onto the telluroid surface, constrained to the gauge W(P)=u(p), leads to a system of four nonlinear normal equations. These normal equations are solved by a fast Newton–Raphson iteration.
Received: 7 February 2000 / Accepted: 23 October 2001 相似文献
11.
Since the beginning of the International Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Experiment, IGEX, in October 1998,
the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) has acted as an analysis center providing precise GLONASS orbits on a
regular basis. In CODE's IGEX routine analysis the Global Positioning System (GPS) orbits and Earth rotation parameters are
introduced as known quantities into the GLONASS processing. A new approach is studied, where data from the IGEX network are
combined with GPS observations from the International GPS Service (IGS) network and all parameters (GPS and GLONASS orbits,
Earth rotation parameters, and site coordinates) are estimated in one processing step. The influence of different solar radiation
pressure parameterizations on the GLONASS orbits is studied using different parameter subsets of the extended CODE orbit model.
Parameterization with three constant terms in the three orthogonal directions, D, Y, and X (D = direction satellite–Sun, Y = direction of the satellite's solar panel axis), and two periodic terms in the X-direction, proves to be adequate for GLONASS satellites. As a result of the processing it is found that the solar radiation
pressure effect for the GLONASS satellites is significantly different in the Y-direction from that for the GPS satellites, and an extensive analysis is carried out to investigate the effect in detail.
SLR observations from the ILRS network are used as an independent check on the quality of the GLONASS orbital solutions. Both
processing aspects, combining the two networks and changing the orbit parameterization, significantly improve the quality
of the determined GLONASS orbits compared to the orbits stemming from CODE's IGEX routine processing.
Received: 10 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 October 2000 相似文献
12.
Robustness analysis of geodetic horizontal networks 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
13.
Bimal Kumar Bhattacharya Keshav R. Gunjal Sushma Panigrahy Jai Singh Parihar 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2011,39(3):393-406
Albedo determines radiation balance of land (soil-canopy complex) surface and influence boundary layer structure of the atmosphere.
Accurate surface albedo determination is important for weather forecasting, climate projection and ecosystem modelling. Albedo-rainfall
feedback relationship has not been studied so far using observations on spatial scale over Indian monsoon region due to lack
of consistent, systematic and simultaneous long-term measurements of both. The present study used dekadal (ten-day) composite
of satellite (e.g. NOAA) based Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) datasets between 1981 and 2000 over India (68–100°E, 5–40°N) at
8 km spatial resolution. Land surface albedo was computed using linear transformation of red and near infrared (NIR) surface
reflectances. The cloud effects were removed using a smoothening filter with harmonic analysis applied to time series data
in each year. The monthly, annual and long term means were computed from dekadal reconstructed albedo. The mean per year and
coefficient of variation (CV) of surface albedo over seventeen years, averaged over Indian land region, were found to show
a significantly decreasing (0.15 to 0.14 and 60 to 40%, respectively) trend between 1981 and 2000. Among all the land use
patterns, the inter-annual variation of albedo of Himalayan snow cover showed a significant and the steepest reducing trend
(0.42 – 0.35) followed by open shurbland, grassland and cropland. No significant change was noticed over different forest
types.. This could be due to increase in snow melting period and snow melt area. A strong inverse exponential relation (correlation
coefficient r = 0.95, n = 100) was found between annual rainfall and annual albedo over seven rainfall zones. The decreasing trend in snow-albedo
of accumulation period (September to March) follows the declining trend in measured south-west monsoon rainfall between 1988
(980 mm) to 1998 (880 mm) over India. This finding perhaps suggests the possible reversal of reported coupling of increased
snowfall followed by lower monsoon rainfall. 相似文献
14.
Tide gauge records of Hong Kong covering the past 45 years (1954.0–1999.0) are adopted to analyze the basic features of sea
level changes in the region. Data sets of atmospheric pressure, southern oscillation index and sea surface temperature during
the same time span are also used to determine the possible link between the sea level changes in Hong Kong and local and global
geophysical processes. Results indicate that the sea level of Hong Kong has a rising trend of 1.9 ± 0.4 mm per year, and that
there is an upward offset of about 15 cm in the pre-1957.0 tide gauge records. The effect of local atmospheric pressure variations
on the amplitude of the annual sea level change is about 30% of the amplitude that is calculated after the effect is corrected.
It is also found that the interannual variations in the sea level of Hong Kong are related to El Ni?o and La Ni?a events that
happen frequently in the tropical Pacific.
Received: 27 October 1999 / Accepted: 15 August 2000 相似文献
15.
Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ten days of GPS data from 1998 were processed to determine how the accuracy of a derived three-dimensional relative position
vector between GPS antennas depends on the chord distance (denoted L) between these antennas and on the duration of the GPS observing session (denoted T). It was found that the dependence of accuracy on L is negligibly small when (a) using the `final' GPS satellite orbits disseminated by the International GPS Service, (b) fixing
integer ambiguities, (c) estimating appropriate neutral-atmosphere-delay parameters, (d) 26 km ≤ L ≤ 300 km, and (e) 4 h ≤T ≤ 24 h. Under these same conditions, the standard error for the relative position in the north–south dimension (denoted S
n
and expressed in mm) is adequately approximated by the equation S
n
=k
n
/T
0.5 with k
n
=9.5 ± 2.1 mm · h0.5 and T expressed in hours. Similarly, the standard errors for the relative position in the east–west and in the up-down dimensions
are adequately approximated by the equations S
e
=k
e
/T
0.5 and S
u
=k
u
/T
0.5, respectively, with k
e
=9.9 ± 3.1 mm · h0.5 and k
u
=36.5 ± 9.1 mm · h0.5.
Received: 5 February 2001 / Accepted: 14 May 2001 相似文献
16.
GPS signal diffraction modelling: the stochastic SIGMA-δ model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The SIGMA-Δ model has been developed for stochastic modelling of global positioning system (GPS) signal diffraction errors
in high precision GPS surveys. The basic information used in the SIGMA-Δ model is the measured carrier-to-noise power-density
ratio (C/N0). Using the C/N0 data and a template technique, the proper variances are derived for all phase observations. Thus the quality of the measured
phase is automatically assessed and if phase observations are suspected to be contaminated by diffraction effects they are
weighted down in the least-squares adjustment. The ability of the SIGMA-Δ model to reduce signal diffraction effects is demonstrated
on two static GPS surveys as well as on a kinematic high-precision GPS railway survey. In cases of severe signal diffraction
the accuracy of the GPS positions is improved by more than 50% compared to standard GPS processing techniques.
Received: 27 July 1998 / Accepted: 1 March 1999 相似文献
17.
Unification of vertical datums by GPS and gravimetric geoid models with application to Fennoscandia 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The second Baltic Sea Level (BSL) GPS campaign was run for one week in June 1993. Data from 35 tide gauge sites and five
fiducial stations were analysed, for three fiducial stations (Onsala, Mets?hovi and Wettzell) fixed at the ITRF93 system.
On a time-scale of 5 days, precision was several parts in 109 for the horizontal and vertical components. Accuracies were about 1 cm in comparison with the International GPS Geodynamical
Service (IGS) coordinates in three directions. To connect the Swedish and the Finnish height systems, our numerical application
utilises three approaches: a rigorous approach, a bias fit and a three-parameter fit. The results between the Swedish RH70
and the Finnish N 60 systems are estimated to −19.3 ± 6.5, −17 ± 6 and −15 ± 6 cm, respectively, by the three approaches.
The results of the three indirect methods are in an agreement with those of a direct approach from levelling and gravity measurements.
Received: 3 April 1996 / Accepted: 4 August 1997 相似文献
18.
ZHAN F. Benjamin 《地球空间信息科学学报》2011,14(1):1-9
Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005 at stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) and examined gravity changes be-fore the occurrence of nine large (Ms≥6.8) earthquakes that ruptured within or near mainland China and Taiwan from November 2001 to August 2008. Results from this analysis show that significant gravity changes occurred across a large region before each of these nine large earthquakes, and these changes were detected by repeated ground gravity surveys through CMONOC. Although these gravity changes were significant, more research is needed to investigate whether these gravity changes could be viewed as precursors of large earthquakes. Limitations and uncertainties in the data include sparseness of the gravity monitoring network, long time intervals between consecutive gravity surveys, inevitable measurement errors, hydrological effects on gravity, and effects of vertical crustal movements on gravity. Based on these observations, we make several recommendations about possible future direc-tions in earthquake-related research using gravity monitoring data. 相似文献
19.
An algorithm for very accurate absolute positioning through Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite clock estimation has
been developed. Using International GPS Service (IGS) precise orbits and measurements, GPS clock errors were estimated at
30-s intervals. Compared to values determined by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the agreement was at the level of about 0.1 ns
(3 cm). The clock error estimates were then applied to an absolute positioning algorithm in both static and kinematic modes.
For the static case, an IGS station was selected and the coordinates were estimated every 30 s. The estimated absolute position
coordinates and the known values had a mean difference of up to 18 cm with standard deviation less than 2 cm. For the kinematic
case, data obtained every second from a GPS buoy were tested and the result from the absolute positioning was compared to
a differential GPS (DGPS) solution. The mean differences between the coordinates estimated by the two methods are less than
40 cm and the standard deviations are less than 25 cm. It was verified that this poorer standard deviation on 1-s position
results is due to the clock error interpolation from 30-s estimates with Selective Availability (SA). After SA was turned
off, higher-rate clock error estimates (such as 1 s) could be obtained by a simple interpolation with negligible corruption.
Therefore, the proposed absolute positioning technique can be used to within a few centimeters' precision at any rate by estimating
30-s satellite clock errors and interpolating them.
Received: 16 May 2000 / Accepted: 23 October 2000 相似文献
20.
R. P. Singh S. Rovshan S. K. Goroshi S. Panigrahy J. S. Parihar 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2011,39(3):345-353
The monitoring of terrestrial carbon dynamics is important in studies related with global climate change. This paper presents
results of the inter-annual variability of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) from 1981 to 2000 derived using observations from
NOAA-AVHRR data using Global Production Efficiency Model (GloPEM). The GloPEM model is based on physiological principles and
uses the production efficiency concept, in which the canopy absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) is used
with a conversion “efficiency” to estimate Gross Primary Production (GPP). NPP derived from GloPEM model over India showed
maximum NPP about 3,000 gCm−2year−1 in west Bengal and lowest up to 500 gCm−2year−1 in Rajasthan. The India averaged NPP varied from 1,084.7 gCm−2year−1 to 1,390.8 gCm−2year−1 in the corresponding years of 1983 and 1998 respectively. The regression analysis of the 20 year NPP variability showed significant
increase in NPP over India (r = 0.7, F = 17.53, p < 0.001). The mean rate of increase was observed as 10.43 gCm−2year−1. Carbon fixation ability of terrestrial ecosystem of India is increasing with rate of 34.3 TgC annually (t = 4.18, p < 0.001). The estimated net carbon fixation over Indian landmass ranged from 3.56 PgC (in 1983) to 4.57 PgC (in 1998). Grid
level temporal correlation analysis showed that agricultural regions are the source of increase in terrestrial NPP of India.
Parts of forest regions (Himalayan in Nepal, north east India) are relatively less influenced over the study period and showed
lower or negative correlation (trend). Finding of the study would provide valuable input in understanding the global change
associated with vegetation activities as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. 相似文献