郯庐断裂带中南段前兆综合信息量地震预测方法研究

结合地震前兆信息量综合数学表达式和小波变换、EMD分解技术,遴选郯庐断裂带中南段及其附近地区67个台点91个测项的连续性、可靠性较高前兆观测资料,多频域剖析前兆观测资料的变化特征、多层次挖掘地震前兆观测异常、最大程度地展示前兆群体映震效能。结果显示,地震综合前兆信息量时序曲线,在ML≥5.0地震前会出现不同程度的高值异常(S时序≥0.1),一般高值异常出现1~6个月内,研究区有发生ML≥5.0地震的可能;地震前兆信息量综合空间扫描的结果显示,未来的震中区多位于最早出现S窗≥0.2异常区的边缘区域,但异常区域的迁移规律性特征不明显,这可能与资料分析时段研究区内发生地震的震级较小及前兆台点的空间分布不匀有一定的关系。     

西北地区地震综合前兆信息量S值的应用研究

一个地震前兆观测异常所提供的地震信息一般由异常地点、异常变化量、异常持续时间以及异常完成后的延续有效时间等诸多因素所决定,因此提出了用于描述地震异常的前兆信息量S值。根据地震前兆异常信息量综合数学表达式为基础,充分结合平滑滤波、消周期及趋势项和从属函数等数据处理方法,对西北地区67个观测资料较为连续的前兆主要台项进行地震综合信息量S值的计算与提取。结果表明,S值综合信息量时序曲线在西北地区1986年5月至2005年3月间的10次MS≥5.0地震震前均出现不同程度的高值异常(S≥0.154)。     

地震综合信息量S值在岫岩Ms5.4级地震前异常特征研究

本文以地震前兆异常信息量综合数学表达式为基础,结合平滑滤波、消周期及趋势项和从属函数等数据处理方法,对1999年11月29日岫岩5.4级地震前的11个有异常显示的前兆台项和7个无异常显示的前兆台项进行地震综合信息量S值的计算与提取。结果表明,岫岩地震前有异常显示的前兆台项S值计算结果异常显示更清晰突出,个别震前无异常显示的台项S值计算结果也有不同程度的异常显示;综合时序曲线在岫岩地震前约19个月(1998年5月开始)出现高值异常(S值≥0.18),在岫岩地震前一年(1999年初)达到最高值;S值的空间扫描图像也在震中附近出现高值异常集中区,岫岩5.4级地震震前3个月的图像尤为明显。     

2020年1月16日库车MS5.6地震前库尔勒地震台部分资料异常特征

2020年1月16日新疆库车县发生MS5.6地震,地震发生后对库尔勒地震台部分资料出现的中短期异常进行识别分析.得出,地震发生前"库米什地震窗"ML≥1.0级地震月频次出现高值异常,库尔勒台尾波持续时间比值、尾波衰减系数、周期比值出现低值异常,库尔勒台时间扫描计算AC值、A(b)值、P(b)值、最小二乘法b值等4个参数...     

地磁加卸载响应比异常与东北地区中强地震关系探讨

采用东北地区所有观测台站地磁垂直分量日变幅资料进行加卸载响应比方法的研究,选取资料范围为(35°~55°N;115°~135°E);选取资料时段为2010—2014年,分析了东北地区M≥4.5地震前加卸载响应比高值异常特征,结果显示,加卸载响应比异常高值的出现对东北地区未来半年发生M≥4.5以上地震有一定的指示意义,尤其是M≥5.0地震,对应效果更为显著。     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗及邻区中强地震前ECRS方法的异常特征研究

文章采用多种地震学参数的地震对应相关谱(ECRS)方法,分析研究阿拉善左旗及邻区ML≥5.0地震多种地震学参数的地震对应相关谱时空演化特征。结果表明,目标地震前多参数滑动极值平均概率时序曲线会出现高值异常;震前约1年左右,空间图像出现高值异常,接近临震异常区域会扩大增强,震后1~2年异常区域逐渐弱化消失。研究结果可为此地区中强地震危险性的判定提供科学依据。     

地震前兆异常的地震综合信息量

本文通过对台站分布、前兆异常分布进行空间(二维)扫描,得到台站密度分布及异常密度分布。根据各点在台站密度值n中存在k个异常的概率,取其倒数作为地震前兆异常的地震综合信息量,从而得到区域地震综合信息量分布图,为地震综合预报提供了一个有一定客观标准的方法。     

辽宁地区前兆异常空间分布的集中性与非均匀性研究

通过对1988年以来辽宁地区年度前兆异常空间分布特征的分析与计算, 结果发现, 辽宁及邻区5级以上地震前1～3年中短期异常空间分布非均匀性指标C_V值均出现明显的高值(大于等于2倍均方差)。 异常空间分布集中度R_V值与异常频次正相关, 与最大震级反相关, 可作为参考指标, 配合C_V值使用。 当C_V值出现高值异常期间, 若R_V低于均值并接近30 km时, 1年内辽宁地区发生M≥5.0地震的可能性较大。     

2013年云南洱源5级双震的中短临异常特征和短临预测研究

云南洱源2013年3月3日MS5.5和4月17日MS5.0地震前,滇西实验场(24°~28°N,98°~102°E)在地震活动性震兆、地震短临动态跟踪综合预测方案指标和地下流体前兆等方面,均存在中短临异常现象。地震活动性方面的异常有,云南自2008年以来M≥4.8地震成条带分布,且存在MS≥5.0地震背景性空区;滇西实验场小震平静异常;中甸窗口地震和程海断裂窗口地震中期震兆异常;洱源ML3.6前兆震群短临震兆异常。滇西实验场地震短临动态跟踪综合预测方案于2012年10月20日达到中期预测指标,且分别于2012年12月25日和2013年3月30日达到短临预测指标。在短期阶段,地下流体于2012年12月~2013年1月出现同测点不同测项的同步性异常和不同测点同测项的同步性异常现象。在长、中、短、临渐进式预报思路的指导下,综合分析以上异常,在时间上进行逐步逼近,于2013年2月对洱源2013年3月3日MS5.5和4月17日MS5.0双震作出了地震三要素的短临预测。     

华北地区地震异常前兆信息场演化特征及其与地震关系的研究

在对地震异常前兆信息量先前研究的基础上,进一步给出了描述各种地震异常前兆信息量的普适性综合数学表达式.从大量震例资料入手,再次研究了地震异常延续有效性的问题,进而建立了地震异常持续有效时间与延续有效时间的数学关系式.收集整理了1980～1997年华北地区水化、形变、地磁、应力、水位、地电等371个观测项目、上百万个前兆观测数据,对每一观测项目逐一计算了它们的地震异常前兆信息量.研究了华北地区近20年的地震异常前兆信息场的演化特征及其与地震的关系,建立了华北地区Ms≥5地震的中短期综合预报指标体系,经R值评分检验,表明该地震综合预报指标体系在中短期地震预测中具有一定效果.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.