利用多通道MODIS遥感资料反演沙尘气溶胶尺度分布的个例试验

为了利用水面进行大气气溶胶粒子尺度分布的反演,需要水体光谱反射率资料;本文利用水库上空MODIS观测的表观反射率资料来订正出实际的水体光谱反射率。假设在干旱的春季水库水面反射率变化不大,用订正的水库水面光谱反射率平均值进行大气气溶胶尺度分布的反演。从两天个例研究来看,利用多通道MODIS资料可以反演出大气气溶胶粒子的尺度变化。结合天气分析2002年4月11日水库上空气溶胶光学厚度增加、粒子变粗,是由于上游区域的沙尘在高空强西北气流引导下到达本地区。     

利用MODIS卫星资料对比反演兰州地区气溶胶光学厚度

Kaufman的暗像元方法是目前利用MODIS卫星资料反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法之一,但在获取可见光通道地表反射率时存在局限性。我们用一种对比方法进行了反演试验,研究了反演粒径较大的气溶胶光学厚度的可行性。用6S辐射传输模式模拟了两天的表观反射率差异对气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性;利用两天(“清洁日”和“污染日”)MODIS的红、蓝和近红外通道表观反射率资料,通过查算表反演了水面上空的气溶胶光学厚度和几何平均质量粒径;在此基础上反演了兰州地区气溶胶光学厚度的分布情况。反演结果与地面光度计观测作了比较,两者比较接近,说明反演方法是可行的。     

从反射太阳光谱反演大气气溶胶体积谱分布的理论研究

由大气顶射出太阳辐射的形式解出发,结合球形粒子的米散射理论,由反射太阳光谱推导获得了反演整层大气气溶胶粒子体积谱分布的权重函数。在权重函数特征分析的基础上,根据一个简单的线性反演算法,利用大气辐射传输计算模拟的大气顶反射太阳光谱,反演获得了不同气溶胶浓度和复折射率条件下的气溶胶粒子体积谱。结果表明,初步建立了一套自洽的大气气溶胶体积谱分布的反演方法。通过米散射计算获得的反演参数考虑了波长对粒子半径的权重特征,使气溶胶体积谱的反演具有了明确的物理依据;同目前常用的查算表方法相比,简化了反演方案中参数化的复杂程度。     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演Ⅰ.理论与模拟

陆地上空标量辐射对地表反射率和大气气溶胶散射都具有很强的敏感性, 而偏振反射只对大气气溶胶敏感, 对地表不敏感.根据这个原理并结合POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectance) 资料的特点, 作者提出综合利用标量辐射和偏振反射信息来实现陆地上空大气气溶胶和地表反照率的同时反演.首先, 利用多角度偏振辐射观测提取大气气溶胶光学参数, 再利用标量辐射测量对偏振反演结果作进一步筛选和订正, 同时获得地表反射率.数值模拟试验结果证明, 仅利用偏振信息只能获取大气气溶胶信息, 而且其结果误差较大, 特别是对于散射作用较强的短波长通道如670 nm误差更大, 但经过标量辐射订正后的结果得到明显改善, 气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率与真实值之间相关系数都达到0.99以上.为提高查找表的计算效率, 提出并建立了反演方案所需要的半参数化数值表, 利用内插方法寻求气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的数值解的反演方法.     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 I. 理论与模拟

陆地上空标量辐射对地表反射率和大气气溶胶散射都具有很强的敏感性,而偏振反射只对大气气溶胶敏感,对地表不敏感。根据这个原理并结合POLDER(POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectance)资料的特点,作者提出综合利用标量辐射和偏振反射信息来实现陆地上空大气气溶胶和地表反照率的同时反演。首先,利用多角度偏振辐射观测提取大气气溶胶光学参数,再利用标量辐射测量对偏振反演结果作进一步筛选和订正,同时获得地表反射率。数值模拟试验结果证明,仅利用偏振信息只能获取大气气溶胶信息,而且其结果误差较大,特别是对于散射作用较强的短波长通道如670 nm误差更大,但经过标量辐射订正后的结果得到明显改善,气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率与真实值之间相关系数都达到0.99以上。为提高查找表的计算效率,提出并建立了反演方案所需要的半参数化数值表,利用内插方法寻求气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的数值解的反演方法。     

兰州城区冬季大气气溶胶粒子谱的反演研究

从实测的兰州城市冬季大气气溶胶多波段光学厚度资料出发,应用消光法反演了大气柱气溶胶粒子谱,并对反演程序的可行性、反演结果的可靠性进行了分析讨论。结果表明,反演出的大气柱气溶胶粒子谱分布都为三峰型分布。通过正算方法计算出的光学厚度值检验反演方法,检验结果说明,反演程序是可行的,结果是可靠的。     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 II. 实例分析

由于陆地地表反照率的复杂性,陆地上空气溶胶的反演一直是卫星对地观测的一个难点,针对这个难点,作者提出联合利用偏振反射率和总反射率提取陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率及其区域分布的反演方案,提出了利用NCEP资料订正由海拔高度引起的Rayleigh散射变化的具体方法,并利用POLDER（POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectance）的LEVEL-1B资料进行实际反演计算,给出中国华北地区气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的区域分布。反演结果与地基观测进行了对比验证分析,结果表明,综合利用标量辐射和偏振信息的可以实现区域乃至全球尺度的大气气溶胶和地表反照率的定量反演。     

太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度的分布及其在大气校正中的应用

采用太湖地区水面光谱数据以及MODIS遥感影像数据,利用辐射传输模式6S,选择自定义气溶胶类型,反演得到太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)分布,将其与太阳光度计CE318实测气溶胶光学厚度分别应用于太湖区域的大气校正中,得到不同的水面反射率,并参考实测水面反射率进行对比分析。结果表明:反演的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度分布较为合理,造成此分布的原因可能是太湖北岸工业较发达,污染较严重。太湖颗粒物的吸收特性和卫星接收到的表观反射率导致反演数据的差异,是反演气溶胶光学厚度分布不均匀的主要原因。使用MODIS数据反演得到的太湖地区AOD进行大气校正,更加精确。该研究方法和结果可为气溶胶光学厚度反演、精确卫星数据大气校正提供参考。     

GMS5卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度的试验研究

通过模拟 GMS5卫星可见光通道的表观反射率 R对不同大气气溶胶模型、不同下垫面反射率以及不同气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性 ,对利用 GMS5卫星资料反演湖面上空气溶胶的可行性进行了分析 ,并结合地面多波段太阳光度计观测数据 ,反演了巢湖上空大气气溶胶光学厚度。结果表明 ,反演所得 0 .5336μm气溶胶光学厚度强烈依赖于湖面反射率的选取 ,通过选取合适的湖面反射率 ,卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度和地面光度计遥感的月均值相对误差不超过 30 %。     

卫星遥感中国海域气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用搭载在Terra卫星上的CERES和MODIS两颗传感器所提供的大气辐射通量和气溶胶数据,结合Fu-Liou辐射传输模式和SPRINTARS气溶胶模式,对中国海域气溶胶在大气顶的短波直接辐射强迫进行了研究.结果表明:(1)在中国海域,CERES的大气顶短波辐射通量与MODIS在550 nm处气溶胶光学厚度(AOT550)存在着非常好的线性相关关系,相关系数0.9左右,说明中国海域气溶胶对于大气顶的短波辐射通量作用是显著的;(2)利用这一线性相关关系,在中国海域,结合CERES和MODIS两颗传感器数据直接计算获取气溶胶瞬时短波直接辐射强迫(Fs).计算发现Fs具有明显的时间变化规律和空间分布特征:在时间上,Fs具有明显的季节变化,春季最大而夏季最小,秋、冬季介于两者之间.在空间上,Fs具有明显的区域分布特征,等值线沿着海岸线分布,随着离岸距离的增加而减小,这一特征说明陆源气溶胶是中国海域气溶胶的主要来源.同时,在数值上,AOT550与Fs在4个季节中都存在着相当好的负相关关系,说明气溶胶减少了进入大气顶的短波辐射,总体来说是"冷室作用";然后,利用Fu-Liou辐射传输模式计算获得修正因子,将卫星获得的Fs转化为日平均短波直接辐射强迫(Fd),得到中国海域的气溶胶日平均短波直接辐射强迫的分布;最后,利用SPRINTARS气溶胶模式的模拟结果,与上述卫星获得的日平均短波直接辐射强迫进行了比较,两者具有非常好的一致性.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.